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A Perceived Discrimination Against Female Ministers Filling Leadership Positions in the GBC

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A Perceived Discrimination Against Female Ministers Filling Leadership Positions in the GBC CHRISTIAN SERVICE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES GENDER AND LEADERSHIP: A PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION AGAINST FEMALE MINISTERS OF THE GHANA BAPTIST CONVENTION SETH AGYEI FRIMPONG DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY AUGUST, 2017 i CHRISTIAN SERVICE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES GENDER AND LEADERSHIP: A PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION AGAINST FEMALE MINISTERS OF THE GHANA BAPTIST CONVENTION BY SETH AGYEI FRIMPONG (60000252) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN CHRISTIAN MINISTRY WITH MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY AUGUST, 2017 i DECLARATION I Agyei Frimpong Seth do hereby declare that this thesis report is the result of my own original research, except for sections for which reference have been duly made, and to the best of my knowledge, no part of it has been presented to this University College or any other institution for the award of a degree. Signed: ……………………………..………. Date: ……………………………….. Agyei Frimpong Seth Index Number: 60000252 Signed: ……………………………..………. Date: ……………………………….. Rev. Mrs. Christine Adjei Glover (Supervisor) Signed: ……………………………..………. Date: ………………………………………….. Dr. Samuel B. Adubofuor (Head of Department of Theology) ii i DEDICATION To the glory of God, this work is dedicated to my dearest wife, Mrs. Eunice AgyeiFrimpong, my children – Rufus, Anesis, Exell and Makary. iiiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I first and foremost thank the Almighty God for giving me wisdom, knowledge, understanding and strength to write this project. I would like to thank my supervisor, Mrs. Christine Adjei Glover, who guided me in every step of the way to writing this paper. I would also like to thank my wife and children for their love, patience and understanding during the long hours of research and writing. Many thanks to Rev. George Owusu-Mensah (St. Baptist Church – Bantama Kumasi), Rev. AkwasiDomfe (Trinity Baptist Church – Patasi Kumasi) and Deacon Ben Adams Osman (St. James Baptist Church – Bantama Kumasi) for providing all the relevant information about the churches necessary for the research. My special appreciation goes to the Believers Baptist Temple (Anomangye Kumasi) for a hand of help they offered me during this one year post graduate degree programme. I say thank you to all the lecturers at the Theology Department of Christian Service University College for contributing immensely to my studies. I am also indebted to Dr. Yaw Adu-Gyamfi (Ghana Baptist University College – President) for his advice to take this course. Finally, I would like to thank Mrs.YaaOwusuaa, Sister AdjoaBirago for their support. iv iii ABSTRACT Central to leadership is the ability to influence people within a jurisdiction towards the achievement of goals and not gender. However, around the world there is the view that men should naturally lead. This has resulted in low or non-representation of women in major decision bodies in the world. This research examined the perceived discrimination against female ministers in the Ghana Baptist Convention. In the study, an attempt was made to examine the opinion of some members of the Ghana Baptist Convention in the St. James Baptist Church – Bantama and Trinity Baptist Church – Patasi, all in Kumasi, Ghana. The data collected were analysed with simple summary descriptive statistics in accordance with the aim of the study. The findings revealed that the perceived discrimination is as a result of the tradition they inherited from the Southern Baptist Convention/USA. The female ministers raised the issues of discrimination with some of the male ministers agreeing with them. The responses of the members from the churches affirmed the perception of discrimination the female ministers raised. The study recommended that the Ghana Baptist Convention should attempt to remedy the situation and put measures in to improve the competencies of female ministers for effective ministry. v iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGES Declaration … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ….i Dedication … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .ii Acknowledgement … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...iii Abstract … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … iv Table of Contents … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …..v List of Abbreviations … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … x CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.0 General Introduction ………………………………………………………………………... 1 1.1 Background of the Study …………………………………………………………………….2 1.2 Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………………………....5 1.3 Research Questions ………………………………………………………………………….6 1.4 Aim and Specific Objectives ………………………………………………………………..6 1.5 Scope and Focus of the Study ……………………………………………………………….7 1.6Research Methodology ……………………………………………………………………...7 1.6.1 Methods of Data Collection ………………………………………………………………8 1.6.1.2 Participant Observation …………………………………………………………............8 16.1.3 Primary Sources …………………………………………………………………............9 vi v 1.6.1.4 Secondary Sources ……………………………………………………………………..10 1.6.2 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size ………………………………………………….. 11 1.6.3 Data Analysis Methods ……………………………………………………………......... 13 1.7 Significance of the Study …………………………………………………………………..13 1.8 Organization of Chapter …………………………………………………………………...14 CHAPTER TWO: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GHANA BAPTIST CONVENTION 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………16 2.2 Brief History of Ghana Baptist Convention …………………………………………......16 2.2.1 Northern Ghana Sector ………………………………………………………………...18 2.2.2 Mid-Ghana Sector ……………………………………………………………………..18 2.2.3 South-East Ghana Sector ……………………………………………………………...19 2.2.4 South-West Ghana Sector ……………………………………………………………..19 2.3 Brief Introduction to Mid-Ghana Sector of the GBC …………………………………...19 2.4 Brief History of St. James Baptist Church – Bantama Kumasi ………………………...20 2.5 Brief History of Trinity – Patasi Kumasi ……………………………………………….21 2.6 Brief History of the Women Missionary Union of the GBC …………………………...22 2.7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………24 viivi CHAPTER THREE: THE CHURCH AND THE LEADERSHIP OF WOMEN IN THE GBC 3.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………. 25 3.1 Socio-economic status of women in the Ghanaian society …………………………......25 3.2 Gender Stereotyping …………………………………………………………………....30 3.3 Womanism and Struggle ………………………………………………………………..33 3.4 Religion and Gender …………………………………………………………………….38 3.5 Female Gender and Leadership …………………………………………………………43 3.6 Women and Church Leadership …………………………………………………….......46 3.7 The New Testament Church and the Role of Women ………………………………….47 3.8The Emergence of women leadership in the Baptists fraternity ………………………..50 3.9 Female ministers and leadership in the Ghana Baptist Convention……………………..52 3.10 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………..54 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….56 4.2 Analysis of findings ……………………………………………………………………56 4.3 Demographic characteristics of the respondents ……………………………………….57 4.4 Determination of discrimination in the Ghana Baptist Convention …………………....60 4.4.1 Incidence of discrimination on the biblical beliefs and practices: Female Ministers Experience ……………………………………………….……………….61 4.4.2. Incidence of discrimination on the grounds of Socio-Cultural factors: viiivii Female Ministers Experience……..………………………………………………………...62 4.4.3 Incidence of discrimination on the grounds of Socio-Cultural: Female Ministers Experience ………………………………………………………………..63 4.4.4Views on women’s leadership in Ghana Baptist convention ………………………..…63 4.5 Male ministers, their responses and position ………………………………………….....64 4.5.1Views on women’s leadership in Ghana Baptist convention …………………………..66 4.6The Congregation’s stands on female ministers and leadership ……………………….....67 4.6.1 Views on roles of women in Ministry ………………………………………………… 67 4.6.2 Views on Women’s Leadership in Ghana Baptist Convention ………………………...68 4.6.3 Further analysis of the finding on women leadership ………………………………......70 4.6.4 Discussion of Findings ………………………………………………………………….71 4.6.5Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………. ...72 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIOS 5.1 Summary of the Study ……………………………………………………………………..73 5.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………74 5.3.0 Recommendations ………………………………………………………………………..75 5.3.1Recommendation for Further Academic Research ………………………………….........75 5.3.2Recommendation to GBC …………………………………………………………………75 5.3.2.0 Steps for Women Empowerment ……………………………………………………….76 5.3.2.1 Women and Seminars as a form of Empowerment …………………………………..…76 ix viii 5.3.2.2 Women and Mentorship as a form of empowerment …………………………………...76 5.3.2.3 Team building among female ministers …………………………………………………77 5.3.2.4 Christian education on women ministry in the church ………………………………….77 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..……...79 Appendices ………………………………………………………………………………............89 x ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GBC – Ghana Baptist Convention WUM – Women Missionary Movement BMM – Baptist Men’s Ministry BYL – Baptist Young Ladies BYM – Baptist Young Men xi x CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction From time immemorial, there has been a strong view against women occupying leadership positions of any kind and this will not be the first or the last paper addressingperceived discrimination against women in leadership. Gender is about the functions and roles attributed to women and men in society and not about sex.Headlee& Elfin in their reference to a US Republican Congresswoman, Constance
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