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The London School of Economics and Political Science Phd Candidates The London School of Economics and Political Science PhD Candidates at the University of Berlin and at Columbia University, New York, from 1871 to 1913 Daniel Hardegger A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, January 2018 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 99’894 words. Abstract This thesis describes and analyses the PhD candidates in the Humanities at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin and at Columbia University, New York, from 1871 to 1913 as well as the reforms related to the PhD programs at said institutions. The thesis uses primary sources such as the theses and curriculum vitaes of the PhD candidates but also the reports of the universities, statistics released, census records of government institutions as well as newspapers and biographical collections. The goal is to compare the PhD candidates at these two universities according to their numbers, age, gender, religion, place of birth and social background. It further includes a comparison of the reforms and transformation of the two universities with a focus on those which most affected PhD candidates. Instead of focusing on the careers of PhD candidates after they acquired their degree (as in most other studies), this thesis focuses on the background and the life of PhD candidates before they received their degree from their university. By doing so, this thesis will contribute to the understanding of the development of the universities and societies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, taking into account the debates regarding the German Sonderweg, the professionalisation of education and cross-border exchange among academics wherever possible. Thesis Daniel Hardegger International History 2018 LSE PhD Candidates in Berlin and at Columbia, New York, 1871-1913 Table of Content 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Context........................................................................................... 6 1.2 Germany ........................................................................................................ 8 1.3 United States of America ...............................................................................13 1.4 International Comparisons .............................................................................18 2. Sources and Methodology .................................................................................. 23 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................23 2.2 Methodology ..................................................................................................24 2.2.1 Classification of Data ..............................................................................25 2.2.2 Gender ....................................................................................................26 2.2.3 Date of Birth/Age ....................................................................................26 2.2.4 Geographical Background .......................................................................27 2.2.5 Religion/Denomination ............................................................................32 2.2.6 Social Background ..................................................................................33 2.3 Sources .........................................................................................................38 2.3.1 Berlin ......................................................................................................38 2.3.2 Columbia ................................................................................................41 2.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................45 3. Berlin & Columbia ............................................................................................... 48 3.1 The Germany Empire and the University of Berlin .........................................49 3.2 The USA and Columbia University ................................................................59 3.3 Conclusion ....................................................................................................71 4. The University of Berlin ....................................................................................... 78 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................78 4.2 Numbers .......................................................................................................80 4.3 Age ...............................................................................................................89 4.4 Geographical Background .............................................................................92 Thesis Daniel Hardegger International History 2018 LSE PhD Candidates in Berlin and at Columbia, New York, 1871-1913 4.5.1 Candidates from the German Empire ......................................................94 4.5.2 Non-German Candidates ........................................................................97 4.5 Religion ....................................................................................................... 117 4.6.1 The Christians ....................................................................................... 119 4.6.2 The Jews .............................................................................................. 124 4.6.3 Other Religious Affiliations .................................................................... 128 4.6 Social Background ...................................................................................... 129 4.6.1 The Upper Class ................................................................................... 131 4.6.2 The Middle Class .................................................................................. 135 4.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 140 5. Columbia University .......................................................................................... 148 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 148 5.2 Numbers ..................................................................................................... 151 5.3 Age ............................................................................................................. 159 5.4 Geographical Background ........................................................................... 162 5.4.1 Candidates from the US ........................................................................ 163 5.4.2 Non-American Candidates .................................................................... 170 5.5 Religion ....................................................................................................... 177 5.5.1 The Christians ....................................................................................... 179 5.5.2 The Jews .............................................................................................. 181 5.6 Social Background ...................................................................................... 183 5.6.1 The Upper Class ................................................................................... 186 5.6.2 The Middle Class .................................................................................. 188 5.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 200 6. Female PhD Candidates ................................................................................... 207 6.1 The Admission of Women in Berlin and at Columbia University ................... 207 6.2 Female PhD Candidates ............................................................................. 219 6.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 233 7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 237 Thesis Daniel Hardegger International History 2018 LSE PhD Candidates in Berlin and at Columbia, New York, 1871-1913 8. Table of Figures ................................................................................................ 256 9. Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 258 9.1 Primary Sources .......................................................................................... 258 9.1.1 For Columbia University ........................................................................ 259 9.1.2 For the University
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