DRILLING Back FUTURE
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November 26, 2006 Drilling Back to the Future The ANDRILL drill camp on the Ross Ice Shelf. ANDRILL seeks core records to predict ice changes Story and photos including mud, sand, rounded Ross Ice Shelf by the ANtarctic ANDRILL educates, page 4 by Peter Rejcek pebbles, fossilized diatoms and geological DRILLing program Sun staff forams, volcanic ash and min- known as ANDRILL. A small, ANDRILL goes deep, page 13 The storybook of geo- erals. international army of scientists, logic and climatic history in That list is just a short selec- support staff and professional ANDRILL gets support, page 17 Antarctica is a dirty one. It’s a tion of the material being drawn drillers make up ANDRILL, vari-colored array of sediment out of the seafloor beneath the Story continued on page 7 Marching to a different beat Quote of the Week Herzog after the unseen Antarctic “The cargo ship By Steven Profaizer Foundation’s Antarctic Artists and Writers isn’t coming just Sun staff Program. to take away your Werner Herzog lists the U.S. Antarctic His forthcoming film is backed by the food scraps.” Discovery Channel. It will be his sixth film Program orientation video on the very short — Man commenting on list of Antarctic films he has seen. The prolific completed in five years and his first documen- pile of leftovers on a plate. German director, who has made over 50 films tary since 2005’s “Grizzly Man.” in his 45-year career, said he avoided watching Herzog said he is not just an observer in movies about Antarctica before heading to the his documentaries. Instead, his interests and Inside Ice. fascinations guide his films, and his documen- Nothing bugs the midge “I wanted to come here and get the sur- taries reveal their director along with their Page 3 prises,” the 64-year-old Herzog said. He is subjects. The tempo of each film varies as he at McMurdo Station this season filming a takes the scenic route to the feature’s destina- The dog days of Alaska documentary about life and science on the tion. He said he is discovering exactly what his Page 20 continent as part of the National Science See HERZOG on page 18 AntarcticSun.usap.gov 2 • The Antarctic Sun November 26, 2006 Cancer claims ice core pioneer Dedicated ice core driller and engineer Bruce Raymond Koci died Nov. 13, 2006, in Madison, Wisc., as a result of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. His career in the ice core field spanned more than 30 years, including the Ross Ice Shelf, AMANDA and IceCube projects. He created the IceCube hot water drill now being used at the South Pole to Cold, hard facts construct the world’s largest neutrino detector. Koci was a member of teams that drilled in ANDRILL Peru, Bolivia, Tanzania, Tibet, China, Greenland Number of programs related to and Baffin Island, as well as Antarctica. ANDRILL: 21 Told that the Quelccaya Ice Cap in the Peruvian Andes was too high for humans and that technology Number of ANDRILL acronyms: did not exist to drill it, Koci designed a lightweight 55 solar-powered drill and drilled a core to bedrock. Memorials on the IceCube Web site remembered Number of countries involved in Koci as tough, legendary, loyal and the owner of an ANDRILL: 4 Bruce R. Koci unrestrained creative imagination. Mast height of drill rig on jack- up platform: 20 meters Drill rod pull capacity: 9 meters Weight of drill rig and platform: 40 tons Main winch capacity: 30 tons Total cost of drilling system (including drill pipe and ancillary equipment): $3 million U.S. Current budget (two-thirds for research, education and out- reach; one-third for operation): $30 million U.S. Source: The ANDRILL program media guide The Antarctic Sun is funded by the National Level 1 Comix Matt Davidson Science Foundation as part of the United States Antarctic Program (OPP-000373). Its primary audience is U.S. Antarctic Ben Bachelder, Program participants, their Jesse Hastings, Traci families, and their friends. Macnamara, Erin NSF reviews and approves Popelka, , Travis Senor, material before publication, Emily Stone but opinions and conclusions expressed in The Sun are not necessarily those of the Foundation. Use: Reproduction is encouraged with acknowledgment of source and author. Senior Editor: Peter Rejcek Editors: Steven Profaizer, Steve Martaindale Copy Editors: Rob Jones, Cori Manka, Bethany Profaizer Publisher: Valerie Carroll, Communications manager, RPSC Contributions are welcome. Contact The Sun at [email protected]. In McMurdo, visit our office in Building 155 or dial 2407. Web address: AntarcticSun.usap.gov Subscribe: Click on the link on the right side of the homepage and follow the directions. November 26, 2006 The Antarctic Sun • 3 Team uncovering strengths of ‘How do they do that?’ Antarctica’s toughest resident By Steven Profaizer Sun staff Very few creatures can claim to be as tough as Antarctica’s largest year-round land animal. It can survive extreme dehy- dration, freezing and weeks without oxy- gen. So, which beast can withstand such a bruising and be the reigning king of Antarctica? Belgica antarctica – a flightless fly. This 7- to 8-millimeter-long midge lives on the Antarctica Peninsula and lays claim to the title of the insect distributed farthest south in the world. “Why can it survive here where we don’t find other insects? How can you be Photos courtesy of Robert Lee / Special to The Antarctic Sun tolerant to so many stresses all at once Above, two specimens of Belgica antarctica and still be able to undergo normal feed- mate during their brief lifespan as adults. ing and growth?” said Rick Lee, principal The species is the most southerly distrib- investigator of a science project studying uted insect in the world and has the ability this incredible survivor. “We’re here look- to withstand a wide spectrum of environ- ing at an animal that’s absolutely living mental stressors. on the edge at a place where other insects cannot survive.” Left, Rick Lee is the principal investigator This is Lee’s second stint on a project for the project studying the coping capa- studying the midge’s coping capabilities. bilities of the Antarctic midge. He first came to Antarctica as a post-doc- toral fellow in 1981 and documented the being produced at the same time that nor- Unlike many other chironomids, which midge’s tolerance to various environmen- mal growth, feeding and developing were fly briefly during their life cycle, the tal stressors. occurring.” Antarctic midge remains wingless. “The plan for our new project, some 25 Only a few animals demonstrate this Wings are certainly an important trait years later, is to come back and take a look ability, and Lee said all of them, includ- of flies, but Lee said the rest of a midge’s at these adaptations with new molecular ing a fish and a protozoan, live in the anatomy keeps it firmly in the fly cat- tools and more sophisticated physiologi- Antarctic. Lee said he wants to try to egory. And since its relatives have wings, cal techniques to address, ‘how do they do discover why that is the case – is living the Antarctic midge probably had them at that?’” he said. in the Antarctic so constantly hard on the some point and lost them secondarily. Lee is collaborating with Dave system that some animals require these “It’s very expensive to support flight Denlinger from The Ohio State University proteins all of the time, or is it that they muscles and wings, and without them they for his current project. Their research are exposed to intermittent periods of can use that energy for growth and repro- focuses on the midges’ resistance to extreme conditions and so they have to be duction instead,” Lee said. “If you take a extreme temperatures and dehydration prepared? look at many insects that live on islands, – both observations with roots in the 1981 It takes two years of growing and mountaintops or places where it’s very project in which he was involved. feeding for the midges to complete their windy, there’s strong natural selection “You could dry a midge out to 35 metamorphosis to adulthood. They have against flight. We often see a reduction in percent of it normal body mass,” he said. a spotty distribution on the Antarctic flight muscles and a shortening of wings “It shriveled up like a little raisin, but yet Peninsula and can be located in a variety – a tendency toward flightlessness. In this when you added water to it, it plumped of microhabitats. Lee’s group has found case, it went as far as to completely do back up, wiggled away and was doing just them in conjunction with algae, penguin away with the wings.” fine.” guano and an Antarctic grass. Lee said he hopes that the unassuming The project is in its third year, and “They really get into a lot of differ- midge may allow us to learn more about new molecular techniques have allowed ent habitats,” Lee said. “It suggests that how it can be so tough, specifically when researchers to identify the year-round maybe generalists do better in really rigor- it comes to the freezing of its tissue. There presence of stress proteins. ous, living-at-the-edge environments.” are only a few animals that can withstand Such proteins are only activated in most After the midges make it to adulthood, freezing without sustaining damage, and organisms when cells are under stress. the payoff is short-lived, as they only have most of them have that ability to a much When this response occurs, cells normally seven to 10 days to mate and lay eggs lesser degree than the midge.