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11 Shoot if you must, this old gray head, But spare your country'sftaf.," she said. The United States anny is massed in Texas, ready to invade Mexico because American investments are in danger. There is JUST ONE BOOK out of the many books on Mexico that tells the terrible truth about those investments. Men, women and children are being worked to death, starved to death, beaten to death in Mexico for the profit of American capitalists. Diaz has for years furnished them the soldiers to keep their wretched slaves from rising against them. They in turn have supplied his tyrannical government with the sinews of war. They have enabled him to sup­ press free speech in Mexico and to murder in cold blood all Mexicans who struggled for a democratic government. All this and more is told with ample proofs in John Kenneth Turner's Barbarous Mexico Handsomely printed and bound· 340 large pages, with 20 engravings from photographs, many of them taken by the author when traveling through Mexico to gather materials for his work. the American If people knew a tenth this book contains, they would insist that the army be used not to protect slavery but to end tt. Extra cloth, $1.50 postpdid. CHARLES H. KERR COMPANY, Publishers 118 West Kinzie Street, CHICAGO THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL/ST REVIEW 657

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l'l‘l/L" /1\"I'L"li’[\"'.~'l'I'IONAL SOCIAL/ST REV/lle ()58

% by Step True Education Leads t2 the Socialist Commonwealth

The progress of mankind, step by step, from ignorance, supersti tion and slavery --- through slavery, serfdom, feudalism, wage slavery and capi talism ---shows how the Socialist Common wealth will gradu ally evolve out The of the present Library of Original system Sources tra ces the evolu tion of social pro gress through the past 7,000 years, giving complete, in their orig inal form, the documents Get (translated). containing all Your the ideas that have influenced

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that the cen turies have U n H'Ufflmg it. The Library of Original Sources is the 1 produced Extension 00., work of over 100 European and American pro Milwaukee. Wis. Send me editor." gressive scholars who for years have been by Victor]. Bemr. Av M. Simon! and gathering, classifying and translating these Jack London. list cl source documents and rare documents, many in manuscript form, tell me how I ran get I library on vour co-Opqro some only on tablets and monuments in mu tire plan. 0 obllnntlon seums—documents that for obvious reasons involved by this request. capitalistic influence has prevented from being published. Not over 5%, of the material in this work can be found in and other compilation. THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST REVIEW

OF, BY AND FOR THE WORKING CLASS

EDITED BY CHARLES H. KERR ASSOCIATE EDITORS: Mary E. Marcy, Robert Rives LaMonte, Max S. Hayes, William E. Bohn, Leslie H. Marcy

CONTENTS

War on War ...... , ...... , ...... Robvrt Rives LaMonIc From a U. S. Marine ...... , ...... , ...... Jack Morton The Murder of the Shirt-Waist Makers ...... Louis Duchcs Why a Working Man Should Be a Socialist ...... 511. Moore Our Glorious Navy ...... Lindsay Lewis The General Strike ...... William D. Haywood Shall This Man Serve Ten Years in Sing Sing? ...... li/izabeth Gurley Flynn The Largest Locomotive in the World ...... J. A. Jones Revolution in the Coke Industry ...... Thomas F. Kennedy U. S. Steel Profit Sharing and Production ...... John D. Study Course in Economics, VII. Wages ...... Mary E. Marcy Compulsory Compensation or State Insurance—Which? ...... Henry L. Slobodin Demands of the Mexican Liberal Party ...... Frederic M. Noa Haywood Drawing Record-Breaking Crowds . . . . . , ...... Secretaries and Newsflapers The Class War in England . , . . . , Y ...... Tom Mann

DEPARTMENTS Editorials: Working-Class Socialism; The Work of the Socialist Party; Our Volun teer Army; Chicago Starts the Referendum. _

International Notes : : The World of Labor : : News and Views

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60" @56 INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST REVIEW

Vol. XI. MAY, 1911 No. 11

WAR ON WAR

BY ROBERT RIVES LA MONTE

AY DAY is Labor’s Labor Day. The apparent lack of hope of the So M The September Labor Day is cialists has hitherto been the most 0b Capital's Labor Day. To take vious defect of the Socialist propaganda part in a celebration of the latter in America. To read a Socialist daily is openly to acknowledge the brand of paper in America has been a more de slavery your masters have placed upon pressing ordeal than listening to an old you. To join in the celebration of the fashioned funeral sermon or a German former is publicly to renew your oaths of Christmas hymn. This is all wrong. Life lealty to the cause of Human Freedom. The one is the act of a slave proud of his slavery. The other is the act of a slave resolved to end his slavery. But there is another difference. The September day is kept only in the United States; the May day is gladly and brave— ly, yes, joyously celebrated all over the world, wherever a ray of hope from the rising sun of Socialism has penetrated the cheerless gloom and misery of cap italist slavery. By your May Day demonstrations, then, you affirm three things: (1) Your class-consciousness; (2) your dauntless hope; and (3) your world-wide brother hood as workers. The revolutionary labor movement in America needs all three. The lack of class-consciousness has done more than any other one thing to check and retard the growth of Socialism in America. But the courts are doing their best (and their best is mighty good) to arouse class-con sciousness in the American workers. We can leave the creation of class feeling very largely to the master class. They are on the job and working over-time. \Vhat we have to do is to open up the channels into which this force can flow RORFRT RIVFS [A MONTY (K11 H/AR ON ll/rI/f

today is a tragedy. But it requires no placent cannibalism of capitalist civiliza Socialist philosopher to announce that. tion, with its royal pageants above and Any fool can see the miserable inanity its sweat-shops and brothels below, is of most human lives today. Our glory more hideous than war.‘ The cruelty of as Socialists is that we can see the bright the battle-field is not more cruel; it is light of hope through all the clouds of simply more obvious. misery and tragedy. Our chief business We Socialists mean to put an end to is to proclaim this hope. The Socialist both kinds of war—military war and in speaker who does not leave his hearers dustrial war. The second is far the more cheerful than he found them has worse, but none the less we must for the made a dismal failure. He would have moment concentrate our fire on the done better as an expounder of brim former. stone theology. Why? Because the war against indus But while we have our part to do in trial war is almost won. We are in truth creating'and spreading Socialist hope, a world-wide conquering army, and the here again the capitalists are helping us, world is almost conquered. The day, are doing our work for us. Every dis yes, the hour of victory is at hand. play of capitalist fear creates at once its For remember this: the class struggle reflex of Socialist hope. The despairing in which we are engaged is an interna fear which drove Taft to pardon Fred tional struggle. Lincoln spoke the truth Warren is mirrored as joyous hope in when he said: “This nation cannot sur thousands of happy Socialist faces. vive half free and half slave.” But it is So that while May Day means class equally true today to say: Civilization consciousness, while it means Socialist cannot survive half Socialist and half hope, too, as well as industrial working Capitalist. It is today almost possible to class solidarity, it is this last meaning foretell the hour of Socialist victory in of the day which we Socialists must drive France, in Germany, in Belgium, in Den home. mark, and Sweden, and Norway. Comradeship must be world-wide in Capitalism is international today just fact as it is in name. And this appeal of as Socialism is. Socialist victory in Ger mine for more vital, actual, consciously many and France must herald the col felt international brotherhood is no empty, lapse of capitalism in England. Capital slushy sentimentality. There is real ist defeat in England means Socialist work for this international solidarity to victory in America, and Socialist victory do—work that sadly needs doing, and in America can but usher in that “Fed that nothing else on earth can do. eration of the World” of which Tennyson There is the great War on War that sang. must be fought, and can only be won by It is hard for Americans to realize the comrades in whose hearts world-wide immense power wielded by the Socialists comradeship is too stron a passion to of Germany, France and Belgium. In be driven out by the artfu appeals of the France no cabinet can remain in power master class to jingo patriotism. long if assaulted simultaneously by the Sherman was right when he said: confederated labor unions and the So “War is hell.” But the daily life of the cialist party. The recent downfall of the wage—slave is too often a worse hell than Briand cabinet proves that. The labor the battle-field. On the latter, death is unions of France snatched the condemned often merciful and comes quickly. Many labor leader, Durand, out of the very a working woman and girl suffers daily jaws of death. for decades tragedies more heart-rending Here in Germany the rulers in Berlin than those of the battle-field. are so fully aware of the tremendous I am no apologist for war. The pic— growth of the Socialist party, that they ture of War (by van Stuck in the gal are resorting to every trick to postpone lery just across the street, and which l the general election to the last possible am asking the editor to reproduce with moment. For they well know that when this article), terrible and haunting as it it comes the enormous vote of the So is, falls far short of the dread reality. But cial Democracy will startle the world. I do say that to the seeing eye the com Most significant was the election the ROBERT RIVES LA MONTE 663 other day in Numcnstadt in the Bavarian tries involved should and would do their mountains south of here. The district utmost to bring about a general strike is Roman Catholic; it contains no large in the transportation industries and in towns. The Centrum (Catholic party) those industries providing the munitions worked hard and spent money freely. of war. There was a very popular Liberal candi This amendment received such strong date in the field. Conditions more un support from France and England that favorable could not well be imagined. had the American delegation taken a llut the Socialist vote exactly doubled strong stand in its favor, it is possible since 1907, in which year we polled three it would have been passed. But the and a quarter million votes in the empire. American delegation took no such stand. And the trade union organization in It was not built that way. It did not Germany is even more perfect and com want to “recognize the principle of the plete than the political. Here in Munich, general strike.” It was afraid of “playing a city the size of Milwaukee, the per into the hands of the Impossibilists.” It centage of workers unorganized is so apparently believed that the best way to small as to be negligible. follow Comrade Hillquit’s advice to “dis Think what these facts mean! Don’t card the revolutionary phrases for revo you hear the tolling of the funeral knell lutionary action” was carefully to avoid of Capitalism in France and Germany? both. \Vell, our opponents hear it, too. To you But the timidity (if that be the right the sound is cheerful; to them it is dole word) of the American delegation did lit ful. And they know of but one way to tle harm. For in response to an appeal stop the clangor of these bells; and that for unity from Vandervelde, the Congress is to unchain the dogs of war and appeal unanimously referred the amendment to to the old, dying, but far from dead, spirit the comrades in the various countries for of chauvinistic or jingo patriotism. discussion and consideration, to be \Vould such an appeal be successful? brought up for final action at the Con Under some circumstances it might be. gress in Vienna in 1913. The comrades in Norway and Sweden May Day is the day of days for the con did splendidly in preventing war at the sideration and discussion of this amend time of the separation of Norway from ment. On this day should the War on Sweden. But had Sweden actually de War be waged in every Socialist platform. clared war, would comradeship have tri Let us make the capitalists of America umphed over Swedish “patriotism” in the and the world understand that our oppo hearts of our Swedish comrades? \Vho sition to war is no platonic sentiment. shall say? but a fixed resolution to shrink from no The French and German comrades means of preventing war. Let us show showed a splendid spirit of solidarity at that we mean what we say. the time of the Morocco trouble. But The power of the Socialists has ren should the capitalist class of France bring dered the ruling classes prudent and thus about a war to regain the lost provinces prevented war more than once. But if of Alsace-Lorraine, would the German the rulers come to believe that Socialists, comrades prove equal to the test? Would though they may dislike war, will follow they be more Socialist than German? the flag like other citizens when war Or more German than Socialist? comes, what then? I have asked these questions many There to my mind is the one great times, and the answers are so unsatisfac ' peril, that may indefinitely postpone the tory I do not care to record them. triumph of Socialism. But it is a peril The Keir Hardie-Vaillant Amendment. that we can avert. If the Keir Hardie At the International Socialist Congress Vaillant amendment, or some similar res at Copenhagen our comrades, Edward olution, is adopted at Vienna, war will Vaillant of France and Keir Hardie of soon become impossible. England, went to the root of the matter And nothing but war can prevent the by introducing an amendment to the triumph of Socialism in Europe and Peace Resolution, declaring that in the America within two decades. event of war the Socialists in the coun Let the Vienna Congress declare that 664 WAR ON W'AR

Socialists mean what they say when they to raise your eyes above the confines of oppose war, and the splendid discipline your' own town, state and country. You and solidarity of the German Social De are in an international movement. If mocracy can be relied on to comply with you are to play your part worthily you the resolution. And it is within the must think internationally. - power of the German Social Democracy From this international viewpoint there to make any great European war impos is no one thing so vitally important as sible. For the German Kaiser and his the action of the Vienna Congress on the army are the great threats against the means of waging war against war. This world’s peace. action may be decided by the stand of Once let the French and Belgian peo the delegates from America. ple realize that they are safe from Ger What that stand shall be depends in man aggression and they will rise in the last analysis on you comrades of the revolution like tidal waves. rank and file. Moreover, when once the danger of You can make the will of the Ameri war has been anihilated by the Social can Socialist party so plain that no Amer ists, the expenditures for naval and mili ican delegate at Vienna will dare oppose tary purposes will drop like a sand bag it. Better yet, you can send a delegation from an airship, and this will hasten tre that will have no inclination to oppose it. mendously the economic collapse of cap The most effective way to fight capital italism. But this economic aspect of the ism today is to fight war. May Day is matter is, in the words of Kipling, “an the enlistment day for the War on War. other story.” Every Socialist is a recruiting officer. Comrades in America, let me beg you May we all do our duty!

FROM AN U. S. MARINE

Dear Comrades: We are anchored in “protection of the interests in Mexico." Guantanamo for almost two weeks. The Like attracts like. Capitalists serve Capi sudden development of new diplomatic re talists. Taft is to the rescue, as Com lations with Mexico caused us to be sent mander-in-chief of the Military forces. away from the United States. \Ne were which were snubbed by him while he was in New York when the hurry—up orders Military Governor in the Philippine Islands. came to proceed to this harbor. But in the interests of Wall Street’s rich There are four armored cruisers, two Clique, he has ordered the Army and Navy transports, one hospital ship and two col to be prepared for trouble, at a moment’s liers here now. Twenty-two hundred ma notice. rines are encamped ashore. Men are undergoing all kinds of depriva What has aroused all this unexpected tions to stand ready to trot, or fight at the mobilization, this convulsive activity is yet bidding of this Wall Street Clique. Would unknown. Are the oppressed workingmen the people as a whole gain anything if the of Mexico to be deprived of all right to United States Government declared war— free themselves from the slavery they live on any other nation? Would the working under? class gain anything? No. The Clique is The possibility of raising another storm the only class that will gain anything. The under the cry “Remember the Maine” is people will have an increased national debt nearly past. The workingmen are wide and the working class will possess many awake. Their eyes were opened during the more widows and orphans. last war when the numbers of orphans and Troops are on the Mexican border ready widows swelled into the thousands. The to shoot down those fighting for freedom workers will refuse to be led astray again. and for progress, FOR THE GREAT But when Capital demands the sacrifice of AMERICAN SPIDERS, the Wall Street the youths and men of our land, who is Clique. there who dares to say, No? It looks dark for the working class. Capi The Mexican workingmen were unable talism is growing and Capitalists want new to stand while their blood was sucked from markets. Mexico is that market for which them. The result is a revolution. The Capitalists are looking, and the United cry was, “To Arms!” They are bombard States Government is hunting for an excuse ing the Bastiles of Diaz as the French to conquer and oppress the weaker nation. workingmen did in the days of their revo What the foreign powers will say is not lution. The Mexican workingmen, well ac yet known. But it is all a world old farce. customed to the wolfish instincts of Ameri When the conquering nation seeks to ad can Capital, see no longer the Stars and vance into a new market, the other “civi Stripes as their Liberator from oppression lized” nations cry “Peace!” The wolves and slavery but as a symbol of blood and talk like lambs. workingmen's tears. Arise, ye slaves. Stand together and free The American capitalist knows all this. yourselves from the chains that keep you He knows that when the Mexican working in captivity. Be blind no longer. We must men fight and win democratic liberties, their know the truth. We must save ourselves. glory will not last. If Mexican capital be We must refuse to protect our oppressors— comes developed, American capital will lose to fight and die for their interests. profits. To prevent this disaster there is We have nothing to lose but our chains much noise about the Monroe Doctrine and and a whole world to gain!

THE MURDER or THE SHIRT WAIST MAKERS in NEW YORK CITY

BY

LOUIS DUCHEZ

Photographs by American Press Ass'n.

TRUTH is, indeed, stranger than fic A general rush was made for the elevat— tion. ors and stairways. The elevators did their As I write this story of the bold, best, but during the few minutes in which brutal and cold-blooded murder of the tragedy occurred only fifty girls were one hundred and twenty—five girls, averag lowered. ing nineteen years of age, and twenty men, The stairways were the principal ways here in New York, I wonder if what I have of escape—and lhe doors leading to these seen and heard and felt is real. stairways were locked. For it was the cus It was Saturday evening, March 25. Only tom of this firm, as it is the custom in other five minutes more and the slaves at the shirtwaist factories in New York, to lock sewing machines would be hurrying to their the doors after work begins in the morn "homes," carrying their starvation wages ing and to keep them locked all day, so for the week. More than 500 of them were that the employes may be searched before employed by the Triangle Waist Company, going home for pieces of goods, thread or the non-union concern which led the fight buttons, and so that they’ may be prevented on the shirt waist girls more than a year from going out and “stealing time" during ago. The slave pen was located on the the day. eighth, ninth and tenth floors of a “fire Everywhere throughout the three floors proof” building in the very heart of the silk and cotton goods hung from racks or congested section of the city. were piled up on tables, and the little blaze In some corner unknown on the eighth which started in the unknown corner was lloor higth inflammable materials caught like a spark in a powder magazine. In ten tire. llcfore anyone had time to look minutes the three floors were all atire. I'Iugc around big tongues of flame were licking clouds of flame helched from nearly every up everything in the room. window.

666 LOUIS DUCHEZ (>67

Finding the doors locked to the stair— shriek. A few moments laid the lone girl A ways, the girls rushed to the windows. With raised her hands above her head, looked their hair and clothes afire, they leaped upward, then shot feet foremost off the from the eighth, ninth and tenth story win— ledge to the street upon the already large dows. Some were seen climbing upon the pile of burned and mangled human flesh sills and deliberately plunging to the pave and bones. ment. Others, it is said, were pushed out One girl, after falling six stories, was by the pressure behind. In one instance rescued from a large hook beside a window two girls came down from the ninth story at the third story, where she was hanging in each other‘s arms. Others were seen by her clothes, face downward. Another embracing and kissing each other before saved herself by leaping on top of the making the fatal leap. elevator roof and grabbing the cable as One man, excited and perhaps realizing it passed the eighth floor. that they would all be burned to a crisp if Below, the sight was sickening. Th0us~ they remain in the building a few min ands of people had gathered and the fire utes longer, anyway, picked up six girls men were doing their best to save as many one after another, and threw them out the lives as possible. Nets were spread and window of the ninth story, after which even horse blankets used in an effort to he plunged to his death, also. catch some of the falling bodies. But the At the height of the fire, when all the nets and blankets broke under the weight girls had either been burned to death in of three and four bodies falling into them the building or had leaped to the pavement. at the same time. Those who plunged two young women, about seventeen, stood from above did not have time or they were out on the ledge of rock which marked the too excited to wait on each other or to tenth story. They were both facing the judge correctly regarding the location of wall and embracing each other. Apparent the nets. On the other hand, those in ly one was attempting to prevent the other charge of the nets could do very little under from jumping. but the latter broke away the rain of bodies. and threw herself of? the ledge with a All that was left of the victims was

VICTIMS n08 'I‘HE MURDER OF THE SHIRT WA/S'l' MAKERS placed in rows along the pavement, where at the morgue when relatives and friends they were tagged and numbered. Then came to identify their dead. It was impos came the rough, brown police coffins in sible to recognize most of them, the ma which the remains were placed and taken ‘jority being burned or mutilated beyond to the Municipal Ferry and strung out on identification. Many bundles of bone and the clock. They were afterwards hurried dry flesh, doubtless, were taken away by to the morgue. Scores of injured were hysterical relatives who, in their mad de rushed to the hospitals and many died on sire to get a last look at a dear one, were the way. only too willing to believe that this or that By ten o'clock after the fire 135 bodies hunk of flesh and bones was their daughter were discovered. Fifty were taken from or sister. Many of the victims were iden a single heap five feet high where the help— tified only because of jewelry which was less victims battered in vain at one of the found on skeleton fingers, necks and ears. locked doors leading to the stairway. Two The flesh on many bodies lay in blackened girls were taken from an iron picket fence shreds. In several cases heads were burned upon which they had fallen. Twelve others off completely. Arms and legs, too, were were discovered in the basement. They had missing. The clothes and hair had been plunged throught the street pavement, mak eaten by the flames from most of them. ing a hole in it six feet in diameter. All In a large number of cases faces were flat those that leaped to the street were killed tened and skulls sunk in, as a result of strik instantly or died a few minutes afterwards. ing the pavement. Those that remained in the building were The mental and physical agony resulting burned to death. Some of the bodies were from this terrible murder of industrial so badly burnt and torn to pieces that they slaves will stretch out into the years. Many had to be gathered up in blankets, tied to a young girl perished who was the only the end of a rope and lowered to the street. support of her widowed mother and young— Horrors beyond description were seen er brothers and sisters. One girl was killed

PLUNGED THROUGH PAVEMENT. LOU/S DUCHEZ

MORE VICTIMS. who, with her brother, had been sent to Regardless of a steady rain all day the this country to make enough money to sup largest working class crowd that has ever port a family of twelve in Russia. One turned out in New York City followed the woman, the only bread winner in a fam— eight cofiins to the cemetery and carried ily, perished, leaving a husband out of work banners in memory of the 145 martyrs of and five children. One of the children lost “peaceful industry.” a leg recently and another is now sick. It was estimated that between 150,000 Scores of such incidents could be related. and 200,000 workers were in line, that The \Vomen's Trade Union League about 300,000 mourners lined the sidewalks. planned for a parade and the burial of the and that a million wage slaves did not work unidentified victims on Monday, the second during the day because of the funeral. The day after the fire. But the city officials following account of the procession, which refused to turn over the bodies and forbade appeared in the Sun, an ultra—conservative the parade. Feeling among the workers supporter of Wall Street, will give a fair in the city had been stirred to a high pitch. idea of the gigantic turnout: and the masters thought it would not be “Sweatshops and garment factories were a healthy thing for them to permit the pa empty this afternoon. The garment work rade so soon after the fire. So the union ers in cOuntless numbers were marching leaders gave in for a few days, finally de through the wet streets to pay, after their ciding to parade. regardless of what the fashion, a tribute to the 145 who met their city heads decided to do, and to hold the death in the Triangle Shirtwaist fire hor' demonstration on Wednesday, April 5th, ror.” eleven days after the fire. Seeing that the The Sun also said the crowd was “liter workers were in earnest, the city authorities ally uncountable because of its size and gave in and handed over seven c'of’fins, each the way in which it spread through the containing a whole body, or what was left various streets. The throng was estimated of it, and one coffin in which was placed by the marshals as totaling about 150,000. a pile of bones and flesh, representing three Uptown in the other division of the pro or more victims. cession was a gathering of similar if not 670 'l‘HE MURDER 0/" THE SHIRT IVA/ST .l/IAKIi/(h

PARADE IN MEMORIA M. equal magnitude. It looked as if in spite one to point to. One of these gentlemen of such a slight matter as weather, the orig divides the guilt between God and the “pub inal estimate of 200,000 paraders had been lic conscience.” exceeded.” The more important facts, however, are The most striking feature of the demon as follows: While the holocaust was tak stration was the enormous number of un— ing place the superintendent of public organized workers in line. And to the dis— buildings, Rudolph P. Miller, was on a grace of the building trades unions in New pleasure trip to Panama. Under question York, with their “sacred contracts,” they ing conducted by Fire Marshal Beers he ad did not show up. mitted that the Asch building, in which the One 80-year old woman, poorly clad and fire took place, had not been inspected since without an umbrella, tottered along for a it was built, ten years ago. He said he way with the endless column. She was was not even sure that he passed on the mother of one of the girl victims. But building before it was occupied. Miller is she was too weak to walk far. After a few not an architect; he is simply a civil en blocks she faltered and would have fallen gineer—with a “pull.” In his testimony but for friends, who carried her to the he also admitted that he knew of “graft” sidewalk and took her home. from building owners being accepted by in Violations of the law? Yes, enough to spectors. Miller blamed the police depart— hang half a dozen rich exploiters and poli— ment. ticians. But these men won’t hang. According to the state law, “fire-proof” The owner of the building claimed he buildings need not put up more than one lived up to the letter of the law. So did fire escape. And that’s all the Asch build the owners of the shirtwaist concern, ing had. And this one was useless. When Blanck and Harris. They blame the city the flames heated the flimsy iron work. it officials. The State Commission of Labor bent like wire. Besides, the scaling ladders also blames the city officials. On the other were not fit to use and the extension lad hand, the city officials are hunting for some ders reached only to the‘6th floor. The LOUIS [)UCHEZ 67] hose, tou, was rotten, and the fire apparatus A Miss Deutchman, who took part in the was only so in name. Then iron shutters shirtwaist strike in 1909 and who worked blocked the fire escape, such as it was. five months for the Triangle concern, con The locked doors have been mentioned. cealing the fact that she was a member of There was no fire escape to the roof. The the union, tells the following story of this machines were so closely packed together, scab concern: in order to save space. that a panic resulted “This is one of the worst shops that I when the fire first started. Large piles have ever worked in. When applying for of combustible goods obstructed every aisle work you have to undergo a half hour or and opening. also. If the building and con~ more of examination about union afiilia ditions had been deliberately planned for tions. When a person was hired, after working at a machine, she would again be the cremation of human beings, it could not asked by Mr. Bernstein, a man in charge have been more perfect. of the floor, when she or he was a member To look at the Asch building since the of the union. One of my friends who was fire one could not tell from the outside that hired about two weeks ago, was asked anything had happened to it, were it not whether he was a member of the union, and for the broken windows. As a matter of Bernstein asked him to bring the union fact, the damage only reached $5.000. book to the shop or he could not work Everything was insured—but the slaves. It there. My friend left the shop and never is also stated that both Blanck and Harris returned to give up his union book. were in the building an hour before the “In the shop there is always a bunch of fire. Bernstein. the superintendent of the people spotting the girls at work. Colored factory and a stockholder, incidentally, was women are employed to look out for the not among those that perished. The junior girls. When a girl stays in the toilet longer member of the firm testified that they than the woman thinks she ought to stay cleared $1,000,000 in 1908. there. she is told to get out."

LOCKED GATE TTTAT PRE\’F.\'TED ESCAPE. 672 '/‘HE MURDER OF THE SHIRT WAIST MAKERS

Another girl tells the following story: gled so desperately in 1909 against the Tri “About two and a half years ago I went angle and other firms, the workers would to work for the Triangle Waist Company. have controlled this shop and the organized At that time there was no talk of organiz and unorganized would have prevented the ing the shop. The spy system the firm em recent horror. Where the boss is supreme ployed was simply horrible. They could and where a committee of the workers is trace every movement of a girl. For "ilk not on the look-out, there isn't the least ing in the shop the girls would immediately thought given the lives of the slaves. be fired. Although the shop was big and There should have been a general strike supposed to have enough light, there was in the city the Monday following the fire, no light whatsoever in there. regardless of what the city heads thought “The machines were kept together in or threatened. Then the masters would long rows. A girl could not pass between have been taught a lesson which they would the machines. The girls sat back to back, and if one moved her chair, others could have long remembered, and this was the not pass. sentiment of the rank and file, too. At the conclusion of the day’s work girls The Newark girls, after the fire there. were searched, like thieves. When a fire went around to the bosses and said they engine passed the block and the girls got would not work until the factories were nervous and excited, they were not allowed made safer, and there was a change. That to move from their places and go over to is what the workers in New York City the window to see if the fire was in the should do. The secretary-treasurer of the building. Finding the conditions so bad, International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ I left my job on the fourth day, although Union, John A. Dyche, had the right idea I badly needed the money.” when he said a day or so after the fire: Perhaps “public sentiment” in Greater “Workers should lay down their tools and New York has never been so stirred as by refuse to work until the fire escapes are this fire. But it will soon blow over. In installed.” Let us hope that he will put vestigations since the horror have shown forth strenuous efforts to realize the fol that there are more than 10.000 buildings lowing statement, which he madeabout the in the city equally as dangerous as was same time: “I will move that the workers the Asch building. A fire such as took employed in these 180 shops, no matter place had been predicted several times since whether they are under association bosses the Newark, N. 1., massacre a few weeks or under agreements with the union, should ago. It didn’t come as a great surprise. lay down their tools and strike for the wip Nor will others that are sure to follow come ing out of death-trapping shops." as a surprise. Just prior to the terrible The workers are being driven by cvery holocaust there was an organization, known such disaster to look to themselves, to their as the “Property Owner’s Protective own organized power to change things. League,” formed for the purpose of smoth Miss Rose Schneiderman, vice-president of ering city ordinances detrimental to prop the Women’s Trade Union League. in erty owner’s interests and for the purpose speaking before the “citizens’ meeting," en of “seeing” inspectors, etc. gineered by millionaires, preachers and poli There is one big lesson which the fire ticians in the Metropolitan Opera House, should teach the workers, and if this les April 2, in behalf of the fire victims, said son is not learned, all the propaganda and that the workers cannot expect to be secure investigations and demonstrations will be from fires or anything else, for that mat of little value. That lesson is UNIONISM ter, until the working class has a strong —strong, aggressive, MILITANT UN movement which will compel the employers IONISM. to recognize them. She opened her speech The blame for the Triangle slaughter with the following striking paragraph: weighs more heavily upon the back of or “Citizens, you have been tried time and ganized labor in New York City than upon again and found wanting. Every time the all the politicians and inspectors combined. working people try to protest for their If organized labor in this great metropolis rights, the law says, ‘Be orderly.’ The had struck as one man when the girls strug strong band of the law beats us back. and ED. MOORE 673 back we go to conditions that make our of class feeling is like attempting to smoth— lives unbearable. It would be treachery er a volcano. and treason to those burned bodies if I May that day soon come. However much came here to talk fellowship. Too much it may stir up things, it cannot be any blood has been spilled." worse than the daily slaughter of indus The most deplorable thing about it all is trial slaves. The terror which the middle that the great masses are ready to act. but class mind holds toward the Social Revo the cliques, with their organized machines, lution is a daily hope to the machine trained are afraid that the movement might get too mind. The worker welcomes its approach, big for them to control. for he knows instinctively that it brings But the day is rapidly approaching when with it power, intelligence and solidarity. the conservative leaders will and must be We cannot begin to rehearse the Social swept aside. To smother the spontaneity Revolution too soon.

WHY A WORKING MAN SHOULD BE A SOCIALIST

BY ED MOORE

T one time the struggle for exist began to whip the weak men and to take A ence was a fight to conquer the from them what they had taken from forces of nature. Thousands died Nature. From all men fighting to conquer of cold and hunger because man her, some men began to fight other men did not know how to grow food and to whip and rob them. build himself a shelter. Single strong men soon found out they _He has learned from his experiences could not whip a crowd of weak men. in this fight how to conquer Nature and Then they joined together in force to how to use her forces for his own benefit. go against the weak ones. When united He has tempered the winds; tamed the they had no trouble in whipping the flood; chained the lightning, and at will weak ones and making them turn over he turns the darkness of midnight into all they had. the brilliancy of mid-day. Those compelled to do the work were His fight to conquer Nature taught always trying to find easier ways to do him that single handed he could not it. As they found easier ways to get make headway on the rough road he had the things they had to give up to the to travel. 50 he joined with his fellows strong men, they found they could give to fight for and defend the things that up more and still have more for them were good for all of them. selves. The strong men were less cruel. All parts of this world are not alike. when they got more without being forced In some parts nature is more easily to fight for it. whipped into submission than she is in It is much pleasanter to have a good others. Where she is easily whipped, time than it is to fight. To keep in trim men are weakest. It is easier for strong to fight, you have to do many disagree men to take the good things that weak able things. No one likes to do disagree men take from Nature than it is to fight able things. Working for a boss is a her for them in places where she is hard disagreeable thing. Because the strong to whip. men were united they were able to force As soon as strong men found this out, the unorganized weak men to do the they gave up fighting Nature, and they work called labor. 674 llr’Hl' A WORKING MAN SHOULD BE .4 SOCIALIST

Forcing people to do unpleasant without fighting the other? And as long things is called government. The strong as one part of the people must sell their men were the government. Government skill and ability to another part of it for was a good thing for them for it took wages, how can the part that works for care of their interests. It was to their wages stop fighting for better terms? interest to make the weak men work for Fighting must go on until we get rid them. Just as now it is to the interest of the thing that causes the fight. The of rich Americans to make poor Amer icans fight for “American Interests” in cause of the fight is working for wages. Mexico. The government and the laws that it en You have got to think when you work. forces are the grounds on which the wage Bosses do not care to hire feebleminded system is resting. To stop the fighting. or stupid people. When the shops are the workers must take the government closed wage—earners lose their incomes~ and change the laws and institute a sys the wages they get for doing work. Most tem in which those who make the wealth of them think the boss is the source from shall own the value of the part they which their wages come. They stop make. Socialism is what this system is thinking about where wages come from called. when they get up to the boss. Those A few scattered, unorganized workers who keep on thinking about this subject cannot take the government. We must after they reach the boss find that,he have an organization as wide as the coun gets the money to pay wages out of the try, acting intelligently and fearless things made by the people he hires. They enough to force the employing class and find, also, that it is out of the things he its government to let us peacefully teach hires people to make, that he gets the the working class that its labor produces money to spend on himself and has to all wealth, and that to it that wealth invest in Mexican business ventures. should legally belong. Any time the wage—earners try to get Therefore, everyone who can see the better terms from the bosses, they find cause of the fight between the wage the government is in the hands of the earners and the profit takers, and Whose friends of the employers. Nowadays. interests are with those of the wage~ the government acts like the strong men earners. should come into the Socialist did to make the weak men work for Party and lend their aid to take the gov them. ernment for the purpose of putting an It is a strike when you fight the boss. end to the fight between the wealth mak but it is a revolution when you fight the ers and the wealth takers, and bring this government. As the government is the devoutly-to-be-wished consumation about boss’s partner, how can you fight one by making everyone a wealth maker.

Photographs by Paul Thompson. OUR GLORIOUS NAVY?

BY LINDSAY LEWIS

HE more that men in and out of tered broadcast by the government wheicin the military service read the va the bluejackets and soldiers are shown lux— T porings of Socialists regard uriating amid scenes of foreign travel are ing the services, the more absolutely false and misleading; we most they must be convinced of the wis show them what war is. Second. we must dom of our warning to all ofiicers 0f the rtart a systematic distribution of our litera ‘services.’ both active and retired, against ture among men already enlisted, explain~ allying themselves with the propaganda of ing what the Army and Navy are main this movement.” Extract from editorial in tained for and how they are forced to serve the “Army and Navy Journal” of February one class in present society. Third, we must 25, 1911. This is one of the official organs at all times expose the degrading and ter of the miltary department of the govern rible conditions prevailing in the military ment. service. Comrades, shall we accept the challenge In an effort to do the latter I will tell laid down in that editorial and start an ac you of a few conditions that exist in the tive campaign in the interest of our cause Navy, in which organization I served two among the private soldiers and sailors of years and three months: the army and navy? On our side it will When the author enlisted in the Navy, be a long, hard and bitter struggle, but nine years ago, he was deceived and tricked it MUST BE DONE if we are to vin. by the recruiting service, and you can First, we must use every means to show the imagine how much more deceit is used young men of the country that the rose-col today in regard to the work and opportuni— ored pictures of army and navy life scat ties of men in the Army and Navy, when

6'75 676 OUR GLORIOUS NAVY the Departments are making such frantic work. The men were made victims of the efiorts to secure recruits. spite of their superior officer. A whole I have before me a booklet issued by book could be made up of similar cases. the Bureau of Navigation, telling the in In the United States Navy, or Army for tended recruit of the wonderful advantages that matter, men are punished every day for he will gain by enlisting in the Navy, and the offenses of others, or for mistakes for I will review a few of the misleading state which they are not responsible. Here are ments contained therein. After you have a few cases: At the naval school at San read this article do not go to the recruiting Francisco there is a rule that after taps office and ask the men stationed there have sounded at nine o’clock at night, no whether what I have said is true or not; person shall make the least noise. Often do not ask a private soldier or a sailor about someone will throw a shoe on the deck, or these things while he is on duty, near, or make some other slight noise after taps in the presence of an officer; if you do you have sounded; immediately the officer on will likely be told that they are all lies, duty tries to find the person who is guilty for military discipline is so rigorous and of this terrible crime and, if unable to do the men are kept in such constant fear of so, will order the whole division, or crew, their superior officers, that they will not to get out of their hammocks, lash them up dare tell the truth—unless they are abso and walk down in the drill hall with no lutely certain of not being caught. clothes on but their underwear, and then In the booklet mentioned, entitled “The try to force someone to tell who committed Making of a Man 0’ Warsman,” you will the offense. Often no one but the guilty find many statements giving details of the person knows anything about it, and if the different pleasures enjoyed by sailors in officer cannot force someone to tell he will the Navy. To answer these statements gen keep the whole division standing in the erally I will say that: When a man enlists cold night air, holding their hammocks in in the Army or Navy he absolutely sur their arms and chilled to the bone, for renders all personal liberties and rights and hours. I have been forced to do this time gives them in trust to the officers of the after time although I never made a noise organization, and while some of the pleas after taps during my entire enlistment. ures mentioned are given to him—usually Here is another case: While on the on Washington’s Birthday and the Fourth training ship Adams I was a member of of July—it lies entirely with the command— the crew of the first cutter; one day the ing officer over him whether he is given officer of the deck ordered the bugler to any liberties at all or not. blow for the first cutter, but the bugler Here are a few things the recruiting offi sounded the cutter call with two blasts, cers don’t tell about: A few years ago, which called for the crew of the second cut at the Mare Island Navy yard about twenty ter. Naturally none of the crew of the men were ordered to go down into the hold first cutter reported for duty. of an old hulk and clean the filth from The next morning the officer of the deck its bottom. The men went down and start ordered the whole crew of the first cutter ed to clean the place out, but the stench before the commanding officer; stated that from the filth became so strong that sev we had not reported on deck when the first eral of them were suffocated and the re cutter was called for and stepped aside. mainder of the men were forced to carry This officer was a drunken, gambling brute their companions up on deck. When they whom a dog could not respect. Several of arrived on deck the officer in charge or the crew, including myself, started to ex dered them to return and finish cleaning plain to the captain, but we were ordered to out the hold; but the men, knowing that keep silent and given a sentence of four they could not endure the stench, refused. hours’ extra duty each. The word of the All of them were subjected to a general brute in gold lace was worth more than court martial, receiving sentences to serve that of fourteen enlisted men of good char from six months to ten years in military acter, and had he cared to enlarge on his prison. tale we would probably have been court There was nothing imperative about the martialed and sentenced to military prison, LINDSA 1’ LEWIS 677

PAINT DRILL (?)

for the charge was the worst charge known visits their port. The sailors are not so in military service—“Disobedience of Or much to blame for their conduct as are the ders.” officers who set the example and encour The booklet, “The Making of a Man age dissipation. For if a man, after en O’ Warsman," contains a beautifully print listing in the Navy, becomes a dissipated ed menu, which might attract the gods to wreck, he is likely to re-enlist. feast, but if you should show that printed The following is a quotation from an ar— menu to the average bluejacket he would ticle written by a high oflicer of the surgi substitute the words “salt horse" for “roast cal corps of the Army and published in the veal," “punk” for “bread,” and “grease” “Military Surgeon” for September, 1910, a for “butter.” For my part I have actually magazine published exclusively in the inter— reeled from faintness when getting a whiff est of military doctors. I could not get any of the “Roast Beef" during the process of thing relating to the number of venereal cooking it in the galley. \Nords are inade diseases in the Navy—the government does quate to describe some of the rotten foods not want these facts known—it is quite cer— served to bluejackets. Don't forget the tain that as high, if not a higher percentage “embalmed beef” scandals, nor the “Jun of diseases of this nature exist in the Navy; gle” exposures. for bluejackets are kept confined on ship Again we find: “Among those unfamil board for months at a time during long iar with the personnel of the Navy, the no— cruises and when they do get ashore make tion often prevails that bluejackets are of up for time lost at sea, by the intensity of a loose moral character. * * * This is their debauches. a grievous mistake as the Navy Department “It is generally conceded by medical offi positively will not accept recruits who are cers that there is no one factor or condi not of good moral character.” tion in the army which produces more sick All one need do to prove this statement ness, decreases the efficiency of the men to be a lie is to observe the places most so greatly, or affects their morals more than frequently visited by sailors when in port. diseases of venereal origin. In this regard The proprietors of low dives are always the demoralizing influences of alcoholism made happy when an American war vessel and desertion compare but feebly with the (>78 ()L‘lt' CLO/(100.5 NAVY direfnl results of diseases of this character, referring to the recruiting agents of the and there is no military problem which con— government : fronts the VVar Department which is more "These are the hired bravos who defend worthy of discussion or requires more The tyrant’s throne—the bullies of his fear; prompt or energetic action.” These are the sinks and channels of worst I hope to publish in a coming issue of Vice, this magazine letters from men in the mili The refuse of society, the dregs of tary service who know the true conditions All that is most Vile; their cold hearts blend —and I may add that any information sent Deceit with sternness, ignorance with pride, me, care of the INTERNATIONAL Socmus'r All that is mean and villainous with rage REVIEW, will be greatly appreciated. I want \Vhich hopelessness of good and self—con tempt personal letters from men, both in and out Alone might kindle. They are decked in of the military service, stating actual in wealth stances of the degradation and brutality of Honor and Power; then are sent abroad to the officers in the Navy, and other informa Do their work. The pestilence that stalks tion of value—preferably sworn to before In gloomy triumph through some Eastern witnesses. land To sum up: All military organizations Is less destroying. They cajole with gold are composed of men hired to murder, And promises of fame, the thoughtless with but one God, and that the God of youth, power—power to maim, mutilate and Already crushed with servitude; he knows murder in the service of commercial His wretchedness too late, and cherishes despots. Repentance for his ruin, when his doom Young man! when you contemplate en Is sealed in gold and blood." listing in the military service think well of the following warning issued by Shelley-— Recruiting ofiicers hold out the induce

HUSTLING SUPPLIES. LINDSA Y [Jill 'IS 67‘) ment that, providing a man is not satisfied ened between Austria and Italy, the So after having served a certain time in the cialists of Italy, Austria and Hungary held military service, he is given the option of a conference at Trieste, and threatened a purchasing his discharge. There is a regu general strike of the workingmen of both lation to that effect, but only about one countries in case war was declared. This tenth of those who make application receive was repeated the following year when the their discharge, and they usually get it “Morocco Afi‘air” threatened to involve through the influence of a congressman. At Germany, France and England in war. But the Training School at San Francisco I Socialists tied the capitalists' hands—and have known boys, who tried to purchase they could not make war. their discharge and had been refused, get A few years ago the Norwegian people on their knees and beg me to seriously in decided to secede from Sweden and have a jure them in order that they might get a government of their own. The masters of disability discharge. both countries wanted to go to war, but the Workingmen! there is but one army for workingmen of both countries refused to you to join if you would have peace and fight, saying: “The Swedish and Nor liberty, a happy home and the product of wegian workingmen are brothers, and we your labor. That army is the International will not fight, and if you send hirelings to Socialist Movement, composed of the work fight for you, then we will cease work and ers of the world in every land and clime; prevent you from securing supplies forv the army of the Social Revolution, whose your mercenary army.” As a result the goal is peace and whose object is the over people of Norway and Sweden met on the throw of Capitalism. borderline, .and instead of murdering one Its officers are its enlisted men and wom another, embraced and vowed eternal en; its gun are its press, its orators and friendship. its books. Its forts are unassailable facts; \Norkingmenl this army demands your its uniforms, the clothes of workingmen service. It will give to us all the privi and women; its instructors are the world's lege of having a home, with all its sacred greatest scientists and the worlds producers. ties and affections. It will give to us edu Its flag is the blood-red flag of old which cation, and art and beauty—-—all these things, has ever waved above the heads of the champions of human rights. The inspira— and more. But before this end is attained tion of this army is the cry of the oppressed we must give our lives and our hopes toilers of all lands. to the service of this army. A long This army has already prevented three and weary struggle may be before us, but great European wars, and its forces are we must be staunch and true, and deter so strong in Europe that despots can only mined that: Though the Gods of heaven, rail at one another; for this army will not the masters of earth and the demons of hell fight for them, nor aid their hirelings to be arrayed against us, we will be true to fight for them. the greatest cause that ever inspired men On May let, 1905, when war threat and women to noble words and deeds. THE GENERAL STRIKE

BY

WILLIAM D. HAYWOOD

Extracts from speech at Meeting Held for the Benefit of the Buceafori Defense at Progress Assembly Rooms. New York, March 16, 1911

Comrades and Fellow-Workers: etration to interpret political power. They I came tonight to speak to you on the seem to lack the understanding that the general strike. And this night, of all the broadest interpretation of political power nights in the year, is a fitting time. Forty comes through the industrial organiza years ago today there began the greatest tion; that the industrial organization is general strike known in modern history, the capable not only of the general strike, French Commune; a strike that required but prevents the capitalists from disfran the political powers of two nations to chising the worker; it gives the vote to subdue, namely, France and the iron hand women, it re-enfranchises the black man of a Bismarck government of Germany. and places the ballot in the hands of That the workers would have won that every boy and girl employed in a shop, strike had it not been for the~copartner makes them eligible to take part in the ship of the two nations, there is to my general strike, makes them eligible to mind no question. They would have legislate for themselves where they are overcome the divisions of opinions among most interested in changing conditions, themselves. They would have re-estab namely, in the place where they work. lished the great national workshops that I am sorry sometimes that I am not a existed in Paris and throughout France better theorist, but as all theory comes in 1848. The world would have been on from practice you will have observed, be the highway toward an industrial democ fore I proceed very long, that I know racy, had it not been for the murderous something about the general strike in op— compact between Bismarck and the gov eration. ernment of Versailles. Going back not so far as the Commune We are met tonight to consider the of Paris, which occurred in 1871, we find general strike as a weapon of the work the great strike in Spain in 1874, when ing class. I must admit to you that I the workers of that country won in spite am not well posted on the theories ad of combined opposition against them and vanced by Jaures, Vandervelde, Kautsky took control of the civil affairs. We find and others who write and speak about the great strike in Bilboa, in Brussels. the general strike. But I am not here to And coming down through the halls of theorize, not here to talk in the abstract time, the greatest strike is the general but to get down to the concrete subject strike in Russia, when the workers of of whether or not the general strike is that country compelled the government an effective weapon for the working class. to establish a constitution, to give them There are vote-getters and politicians a form of government—which, by the who waste their time coming into a com way, has since been taken from them, and munity where 90 per cent of the men would cause one to look on the political have no vote, where the women are dis— program of Russia at least as a bauble franchised 100 per cent and where the not worth fighting for. They gave up the boys and girls under age of course are general strike for a political constitution. not enfranchised. Still they will speak The general strike could and did win to these people about the power of the for them many concessions they could ballot, and they never mention a thing gain in no other way. about the power of the general strike. While across the water I visited They seem to lack the foresight. the pen Sweden, the scene of a great general

680 WILLIAM I). HAYWOOD 681 strike, and I discovered that there they soul, his center of feeling—the pocket won many concessions, political as well book. And that is what those strikers as economic; and I happened to be in did. They began at once to make the rail France, the home of all revolutions, dur roads lose money, to make the govern ing the strike on the railroads—on the ment lose money, to make transportation state as well as the privately owned a farce so far as France was concerned. roads. There had been standing in the Before I left that country on my first parliament of France many laws looking visit—and it was during that time that toward the improvement of the men em the strike was on—there were 50,000 tons ployed on the railroads. They became dis of freight piled up at Havre, and a pro satisfied and disgruntled with the con portionately large amount at every other tinued dilatory practices of the politicians seaport town. This freight the railroaders and they declared a general strike. The could not move. They did not move; and demands of the workers were for an in when they did, it was in this way: They crease of wages from three to five francs would load a trainload of freight for Paris a day, for a reduction of hours and for the and by some mistake it would be billed retroaction of the pension law. They through to Lyons, and when the freight were on strike three days. It was a gen was found at Lyons, instead of being eral strike as far as the railroads were sent to the consignee at Paris it was concerned. It tied up transportation and carried straight through the town on to communication from Paris to all the sea Bayonne or Marseilles or some other port towns. place—any place but where it properly The strike had not been on three days belonged. Perishable freight was taken when the government granted every de out by the trainload and sidetracked. mand of the workers. Previous to this, The conditions became such that—the however, Briand had issued his infamous merchants themselves were compelled to order making the railroaders soldiers—— send their agents down into the depots reservists. The men went back as con to look up their consignments of freight scripts; and many scabs, as we call them —and with very little assurance of find— over here (I don't know what the French ing it at all. That this was the syste_ call them; in England they call them matic work of the railroaders there is no “blacklegs”) were put on the roads to question, because a package addressed take the places of 3,500 discharged men. to Merle, one of the editors of La Guerre The strike apparently was broken, of Soriale, now occupying a cell in the ficially declared off by the workers. It’s Prison of the Saint, was marked with an true their demands had all been granted, inscription on the corner, “Sabotagers but remember there were 3,500 of their please note address.” This package went fellow-workers discharged. The strikers through posthaste. It worked so well that immediately started a campaign to have some of the merchants began using the the victimized workers reinstated. And name of La Guerre Sociale to have their their campaign was a part of the general packages immediately delivered. It was strike. It was what they called the greve necessary for the managers of the paper perlee, or the “drop strike”-—if you can to threaten to sue them unless they re conceive of a strike while everybody is frained from using the name of the paper at work; everybody belonging to the for railroad purposes. union receiving full time, and many of Nearly all the workers have been re them getting overtime, and the strike in instated at the present time on the rail full force and very effective. roads of France. This is the way it worked—~and I tell That is certainly one splendid example it to you in the hopes that you will spread of what the general strike can accomplish the good news to your fellow-workers for the working class. and apply it yourselves whenever 0c Another is the strike of the railroaders casion demands—namely, by making the in Italy. The railroaders there are organ— capitalist suffer. Now there is only one ized in one great industrial union, one way to do that; that is, to strike him in card taking into membership the sten the place where he carries his heart and ographers. train despatchers, freight 682 'l/lli (£li.\'/i/\’.4L .\"/'/\’/l\'1i handlers, train crews and the section strike was declared. They at once noti crews. Everyone who works on the rail fied the engine winders, who had a sep— road is a member of the organization; arate contract with the mine owners, that not like it is in this country, split up they would not be allowed to work. The into as many divisions as they can pos engine winders passed a resolution say— sibly get them into. ing that they would not work. The haul There they are all one. There was a ers took the same position. No one was great general strike. It resulted in the allowed to approach the mines to run country taking over the railroads. But the machinery. the government made the mistake of Well, the mine manager, like mine placing politicians in control, giving poli— managers everywhere, taking unto him ticians the management of the railroads. self the idea that the mines belonged to This operated but little better than under him, said, “Certainly the men won’t in private capitalism. The service was in terfere with us. We will go up and run efficient. They could make no money. the machinery.” And they took along the The rolling stock was rapidly going to office force. But the miners had a different wreck. Then the railroad organizations notion and they said, “You can work in issued this ultimatum to the government, the office, but you can’t run this ma_ and it now stands: “Turn the railroads over to us. We will operate them and chinery. That isn’t your work. If you give you the most efficient service to be run that you will be scabbing; and we found on railroads in any country.” don’t permit you to scab—not in this sec Would that be a success for the general tion of the country, now.” They were strike? I rather think so. compelled to go back to the office. There And in Wales it was my good fortune were 325 horses underground, which the to be there, not to theorize but to take manager, Llewellyn, complained about part in the general strike among the coal being in a starving condition. The ofii miners. Previous to my coming, or in cials of the union said, “We will hoist previous strikes, the Welsh miners had the horses out of the mine." “Oh, no, been in the habit of quitting work, carry we don’t want to bring them up. \Ve ing out their tools, permitting the mine will all be friends in a few days.” managers to run the pumps, allowing the “You will either bring up the horses engine winders to remain at work, carry now or you will let them stay there.” ing food down to the horses, keeping the He said, “No, we won’t bring them up mines in good shape, while the miners now.” themselves were marching from place to The pumps were closed down on the place singing their oldtime songs, gather Cambria mine; 12,000 miners were there ing on the meeting grounds of the an— to see that they didn’t open. Llewellyn cient Druids and listening to the speeches started a hue and cry that the horses of the labor leaders; starving for weeks would be drowned, and the king sent the contentedly, and on all occasions acting police, sent the soldiers and sent a mes most peaceably; going back to work when sage to Llewellyn asking if the horses they were compelled to by starvation. were still safe. He didn’t say anything But this last strike was an entirely about his subjects, the men. Guarded by different one. It was like the shoemak soldiers a few scabs assisted by the office crs’ strike in Brooklyn. Some new force were able to run the pumps. Llewel methods had been injected into the strike. lyn himself and his bookkeeping force I had spoken there on a number of oc went down and fed the horses. casions previous to the strike being in Had there been an industrial organiza augurated, and I told them of the tion comprising the railroaders and every methods that we adopted in the west, other branch of industry, the mines of where every man employed in and around “I’ales would be closed down today. the mine belongs to the same organiza— We found the same condition through_ tion; where when we went on strike the out the west. We never had any trouble mine closed down. They thought that about closing the mines down. We could that was a very excellent system. So the keep them closed down for an indefinite H '//.l./.I.ll I). H. I ll! ‘00!) (ib'ul

period. lt was always the craft unions Creek to Colorado City run by union men that caused us to lose our fights when —-the connecting link of a propositiOu we did lose. that was scabby at both ends! \Ve were I recall the first general strike in the not thoroughly organized. There has Coeur d'Alenes, when all the mines in been no time when there has been a gen that district were closed down to pre eral strike in this country. vent a reduction of wages. The mine own There are three phases of a general ers brought in thugs the first thing. They strike. They are: attempted to man the mines with men A general strike in an industry. carrying sixshooters and rifles. There A general strike in a community, or was a pitched battle between miners and A general national strike. thugs. A few were killed on each side. The conditions for any of the three have And then the mine owners asked for the never existed. So how anyone can take soldiers, and the soldiers came. “"ho the position that a general strike would brought the soldiers? Railroads manned not be effective and not be a good thing by union men; engines fired with coal for the working class is more than I can mined by union men. That is the division understand. We know that the capital~ of labor that might have lost us the strike ist uses the general strike to good ad in the Coeur d'Alenes. vantage. Here is the position that we It didn’t lose it, however. We were find the working class and the capitalists successful in that issue. But in Lead in: The capitalists have wealth; they ville we lost the strike there because they have money. They invest the money in were able to bring in scab labor from machinery, in the resources of the earth. other communities where they had the They operate a factory, a mine, a rail force of the government behind them. road, a mill. They will keep that factory and the force of the troops. running just as long as there are profits In 1809 we were compelled to fight coming in. When anything happens to the battle over in a great general strike disturb the profits, what do the capitalists in the Coeur d’Alenes again. Then came do? They go on strike, don’t they? They the general strike in Cripple Creek, the withdraw their finances from that par strike that has become a household word ticular mill. They close it down because in labor circles throughout the world. In there are no profits to .be made there. Cripple Creek 5.000 men were on strike They don't care what becomes of the in sympathy with 45 men belonging to working class. But the working class. on the millmen's union in Colorado City, 45 the other hand. has always been taught men who had been discharged simply to take care of the capitalist’s interest because they were trying to improve their in the property. You don't look after standard of living. your own interest, your labor power, lor By using the state troops and the in without a certain amount of provision fluence of the federal government they you can't reproduce your labor power. were able to man the mills in Colorado You are always looking after the interest City with scab millmen: and after months of the capitalist. While a general strike of hardship, after 1,600 of our men had would ignore the capitalist's interest and been arrested and placed in the Victor would strengthen yours. Armory in one single room that they That is what I want to urge upon the called the “bullpen.” after 400 of them working class: to become so organized on had been loaded aboard special trains the economic field that they can take and guarded by soldiers. shipped away from hold the industries in which they are their homes, dumped out on the prairies employed. Can you conceive of such a down in New Mexico and Kansas; after thing? Is it possible? What are the the women who had taken up the work forces that prevent you from doing so? of distributing strike relief had been placed You have all the industries in your own under arrest—-we find then that they hands at the present time. were able to man the mine with scabs. _There is this justification for political the mills running with scabs. the rail action. and that is. to control the forces roads conveying the ore from ('ripple of the capitalists that they use against 684 '/ HE GENERAL STRIKE us; to be in, a position to control the the general strike is successful. So, on power of government so as to make the this great force of the working class 1 work of the army ineflective, so as to believe we can agree that we should unite totally abolish the secret service and the into one great organization—big enough force of detectives. That is the reason to take in the children that are now work that you want the power of government. ing; big enough to take in the black man, That is the reason that you should fully the white man, big enough to take in all understand the power of the ballot. nationalities; an organization that will be Now, there isn’t anyone, Socialist, S. strong enough to obliterate state boun L. P., Industrial Worker or any other daries, to obliterate national boundaries, workingman or woman, no matter what and one that will become the great in society you belong to, but what believes dustrial force of the working class of the in the ballot. There are those—and I am world. (Applause) one of them—who refuse to have the bal The A. F. of L. couldn’t have a gen lot interpreted for them. I know or think eral strike it they wanted to. They are I know the power of it, and I know that not organized for a general strike. They the industrial organization, as I stated have 27,000 difi’erent agreements that ex in the beginning, is its broadest interpre pire 27,000 difierent minutes of the year. tation. I know, too, that when the work They will either have to break all of those ers are brought together in a great or sacred contracts or there is no such thing ganization they are not going to cease as a general strike in that so-called “labor to vote. That is when the workers will organization.” I said “so-called.” I say begin to vote, to vote for directors to so advisedly. It is not a labor organiza operate the industries in which they are tion, it is simply a combination of job all employed. trusts. We are going to have a labor or So the general strike is a fighting ganization in this country. And I assure weapon as well as a constructive force. you, if you could attend the meetings We It can be used, and should be used, equal have had in Philadelphia, in Bridgeport ly as forcefully by the Socialist as by the last night, in Haverhill and in Harrison, Industrial Worker. The Socialists believe throughout the country, you would agree in the general strike. They also believe in that industrialism is coming. There isn’t the organization _of industrial forces after anything can stop it.

' 1. l, ,t VIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIU ..

SHALL THIS MAN

SERVE TEN YEARS

IN SING SING?

BY

ELIZABETH GURLEY FLYNN

VINCENT BUCCAFORI.

URING the strike of the express defended his life against a brutal foreman! D drivers in New York City last No And freedom for a strike-breaker and a vember, Peter Roach, one of the thug who defended the property of the ex strikers, was shot and killed by a press company! strike-breaker who, from the seat of one ]ustice is indeed blind, blind but business of the police-protected wagons, fired a vol like. ley of shots into the angry crowd which im— One of the strongest impressions made peded his progress. This strike—breaker by the three days' proceedings was the and murderer came up for trial last week. methodical quality of the law. His plea was self-defense and_when the Like a game of cards, in which a man’s jury retired they needed TWO MINUTES life was at stake, one felt that the outcome to return a verdict of acquittal. depended not upon the merits or abstract A little over a week ago Fellow Work— justice of the case, but upon the adroit er Vincent Buccafori, an Italian shoe work ness and personal ability of the contending er, was tried before judge Wm. Kelly and attorneys. Nor could one suppress the a jury of petty capitalists in the Brooklyn further feeling that to them it simply court house. He was also charged with meant another “case” to be won, another murder. His plea was self-defense, and scalp to be hung on the belt, another point a clearer case of self-defense could hardly in their professional careers. be produced in any court of law. It was all quite impersonal. The man. All of the witnesses for the state, even tried was not a Harry Thaw nor a William the hostile superintendent of the factory, D. Haywood. The case was to them neither who eagerly prompted the prosecutor dur a big sensational scandal nor an important ing the progress of the trial, were com labor case and there was not much noto pelled to admit on the witness stand that riety in it for any of the parties concerned. Buccafori acted to protect his very life But into the isolation of the quiet court when attacked by the infuriated foreman room like a breath of strong sea air, came with a murderous weapon. Yet he was continually the undercurrent, the rush and found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced roar of the class-struggle, and one felt that to ten years in Sing Sing. under the mask of the law unseen forces Ten years in Sing Sing for a worker who were demanding the life of this man, that 686 TEN YEARS IN SING SING

he was being made an example of before union,’ I and he tapped Buccafori none too other Italian workers, that whether the gently with a shoe last. court and the lawyers realized it or not this On Wednesday, when the work was fin was a LABOR CASE and that it should ished, the superintendent, Mr. Treat, in be and, let us hope, will be a great labor sisted upon his reinstatement, saying that case in which all the forces of labor will membership in the union was not sufficient unite as one man to save a humble worker grounds for discharging an efficient worker. in their ranks, who but for his union ac— The foreman’s petty authority being thus tivity would never have been forced into overriden, his resentment became personal the limelight of publicity and before the and vindictive against Buccafori. bar of American Justice. Thursday the foreman again attempted The witnesses on behalf of Buccafori to force him to leave but the superintendent were his shop mates and several foremen interfered the second time and he was re from other factories where he had been em tained. Let us continue Friday morning's ployed, who testified as to his exceptional story in Buccafori’s own words: ability as a worker, his general reliability “The next morning I went to the shop, and peaceful disposition. The witnesses sat down at my bench and waited for work. for the state were two police officers, two Mr. Treat came in and I gave him my piece superintendents of the J. M. Dodd factory. book for the office to pay me. Then the and an Italian workingman who had acted foreman came in, gave me my pay envel as an “interpreter” in the prosecutor’s of— ope and told me to take my tools and go, fice but who had to speak through an in as I was a spy for the superintendent. terpreter himself in court. “I protested that I needed work, had Buccafori also testified in his own bc~ a wife and family and that Mr. Treat had half and his calm, quiet demeanor and frank told me to work. Then the foreman said, statement of what occurred won the respect ‘By the holy Virgin, don’t you want to of all and made his own best witness. A go?’ He caught me by the vest and more touching appeal or more graphic punched me in the mouth, which started statement of the fact could hardly be writ blood to flow. Other workers interfered, ten than his story, which in substance was but the foreman ordered them back to work. as follows: ‘I will fix this man myself,’ said Vitelli, He had worked continuously in this coun and made for the only door in the shop. try for six years, had been employed for He rolled up his sleeves and picked up six months in the factory of I. M. Dodd. a heavy last. I turned to the men and said, No fault was ever found with his work, ‘Companions, you are witnesses of how he was one of the best paid in his line the foreman has treated me. I am going in the shop and his ability had even been down to the boss to tell him.’ . commended by the foreman, with whom he “The foreman advanced and stood near never had any trouble until a union was the door, although he had no business there. organized in the shop and Buccafori became At these words he advanced towards me the shop representative. The Saturday pre with his hand raised, waving the last. He ceding the shooting marked the beginning made motions to strike me and I pulled out of the controversy. my revolver. I fired at the elevator door A man gave Buccafori dues for the un away from the foreman, to frighten him -i0n. Robert Vitelli, the foreman, was pass off. He kept advancing, however, and I ing by and demanded to know if Buccafori fired two more shots on the floor, but when belonged to the union. Upon receiving an the foreman continued to advance and was affirmative reply he said, “Well, then, on veryinear me, I became alarmed at being my word of honor you will have to go dur struck and I fired at him, although I did ing the week.” Buccafori returned to work not intend to kill him." Monday as usual, but was left without work As to his reasons for carrying a revolver, until five in the evening when Vitelli as— which are important only in that they :irl signed him some work with the remark. duce lack of malicious intent to kill, Bucca— “When you finish this you can go. I give fori said, “I bought the revolver from a you this work simply to finish the week. I friend five years ago. He was hungry and want you to understand you belong to the needed the money. I did not carry it till ELIZABETH GA RlJil' Fl. VIVA" 687 several months before the shooting. I then But American labor unions do not counte carried it because I had money on my per nance nmrder. They do not believe that son. I used to keep money in Patti’s bank every controversy between employer and but the bank failed and I lost $300. Then workingman justifies the shedding of blood. I resolved to keep the money about me. I sentence the prisoner to the state prison I carried the revolver to prevent robbery, at Assining for a term of not more than as I had two and three hundred dollars ten years and two months and no less than about me. nine years and one month." "On the day of the trouble I had with An appeal has been taken by the union me $138, $25 in Italian money which I and the friends of Buccafori. intended sending as a Christmas present Let us hope that before the second trial, to my parents in Italy, and a gold watch labor (union and otherwise) will speak for and chain.” Assistant Prosecutor Martin’s speech to itself in unmistakeable terms, that no judge the jury was the touch of a master hand on will be their spokesman, and that as a de all the prejudices that provincial Ameri termined and aroused working class they canism has against the Italians. wvill see that justice is done and Buccafori He sneered at the “cool, calm, suave, is freed. Italian manner" of judge Palmieri, the de— Ten years in Sing Sing is as serious as fendant’s lawyer. He spoke of the work— the death penalty in this case. In fact, ingmen witnesses for the defense, as those electrocution is more merciful—for impris who had cringingly eaten from \Vilt's (Vi onment means a lingering, torturing death. telli) hand when he was alive but turned Electrocution is at least a release from life. on him in death, and of the the traitorous D. Buccafori is a young man—29 years old. MARINO, the shoe worker who has used But he has worked nearly all his Years as every eflort to convict Buccafori, as “the a shoe worker, with his father in Italy only man of the Italian race in that fac during his boyhood and in the factories of tory with the American spirit of fair play.” America. He is of slight build, delicate He spoke of the superintendent as “this physique, and is today weak and ill from his clean young American,” and pleaded, “Are long confinement and nervous strain. He you going to take the word of these Ital is a courageous, self-controlled man, how ians and say to the Americans, ‘You are ever, and stood the long wait while the jury liars’ P". He spoke feelingly of the family were out with remarkable fortitude that his of the deceased. But he forbore to tell that wife’s spirits might be sustained. An in Wilt’s wife refused to visit him in the hos telligent worker of radical tendencies, he pital, that his funeral had a lone mourner, has a clear comprehension of the union a man who worked in the shop, and that movement with which he is allied. When his widow is now preparing to remarry. I Visited him in the Raymond street jail he Finally he characterized the dead man as expressed BUT ONE REGRET. THIS “a decent fellow. He must have been, to WAS “THAT THE STRIKE WAS be a foreman.” LOST.” The judge’s charge to the jury outside No story of the case would be complete of the formal defining of the law, was a without a word of a figure in the back stereotyped definition of the freedom of ground. She is twenty—four years old, lit— contract and that union afliliations had tle more than a girl, a frail little flower of nothing to do with the case. a woman—not the Madonna but rather the The jury was out for fourteen hours. Beatrice type of Italian womanhood, yet The first ballot taken resulted in eight for faithful, burning with devotion for the man acquittal, but the long vigil and no par and the cause. Over six hundred dollars ticular concern in the case except the desire of the funds needed for the defense were to finish it wore the jury down finally to a raised by this frail woman, Mrs. Buccafori. verdict of manslaughter in the first de as she sat in the back of the courtroom and gree. listened to the workings of the ponderous Then the judge, a heavy, ponderous type machine of the law grinding out in an un of Irish politician, announced that “I am as known tongue, minute by minute, the fate much in favor of labor unions as anybody. of the one nearest and dearest her. I sat 688 'I'EN YEARS IN SING SING with her until two o’clock in the morning, behalf of the man and the cause. An in until I could stay no longer, but she re justice that cries aloud to all with red blood mained until she fainted on the courthouse in their veins has been committed. steps in the gray of the morning. Note—Contributions for the Buccafori Of such material as this is the revolu Defense Fund should be made payable to tionary woman’s movement built! Charles Linfante, 10 Troy avenue, Brook And now to you, Comrades, I appeal on lyn, N. Y.

THE LARGEST LOCOMOTIVE IN THE WORLD

BY J. A. JONES

UMBER 3000, the new locomotive ented in Belgium in 1844, has laid upon the N that has just been turned out of shelf until long after the expiration of the the Santa Fe shops here in Topeka, patents. It was not until the winter of 1903 made its initial trip over the divi and 1904 that a design embodying these sion between here and Emporia on Thurs two principles with that of the compound ray, March 23rd. ing of the two sets of engines (the for Number 3000, shown in the photograph, ward, the higher pressure, the rear, the low is nearly 122 feet over all and weighs, with pressure) were prepared for the B. and O. its tender, three hundred and fifty tons. It and an engine combining all these features, has ten pair of drivers in sets of five pairs was built by the American Locomotive each and a pair of trailer wheels under the Works at Schenectady. Thus rejected in fire box and another pair under the pilot. ventions have become the cornerstone for Over twenty-five years ago, Anatole Mal— revolutionizing the railroad industry. Rail let, a professor of Paris, France, invented road men know it means less jobs for them. and patented the articulated locomotive, The use of such an engine as this was which consists of two sets of engines, each limited to bill work such as pushing trains operating its own group of driving wheels, up grade out of division points, usually both attached to one boiler. situated alongside some river or lake. No This invention, with the invention of human machine could stand the strain of Walscheart’s valve gear, better known as a 100 or 150 mile division when these the “monkey motion,” invented and pat monster engines evaporated 7,000 gallons of .I. .‘l. JONES 689

water and burned four tons of coal per These engines are known as Non—Slip hour. ping. Ifnder scientific observation, it was But on the Santa Fe, oil is used and me found that the Low Pressure engine does chanical stokers are proposed for other dis not start slipping until the High Pressure tricts where oil is not available. Thus is engine has stopped and vice versa. With eliminated the necessity for the Rough Neck both engines working under high pressure, of the strong back. In the words of the less slipping actually takes place than under Santa Fe ofiicials, “The door of Opportun normal conditions when engines are work ity was now open” to our white collared ing compound. friends who have been frozen out of their Changing to high pressure in all cylinders pencil-pushing jobs by the different me makes it possible to take up all the slack in chanical adding and calculating machines. a train and make a straight pull at a dead Evidently it is hoped that, in time, the pre weight. vailing type of Tallow Pot, now employed, The old method wherein the old mech— may radically change to that of the average anism was used, called for a great deal of ofiice worker. skill to start a train. It is a well known This new type of locomotive 'possesses fact among railroad men that no matter two distinct advantages. They do not make how gently a train is started or stopped, it necessary to scrap the old style engines something in transit is damaged and the on the junk piles to make way for the New. Claim Agent has to settle the bills. With They can be and are, made over at less the new engines, no backing up to get cost than the price of a new unit of the slack for a run is ever needed. The same additional power, and one crew's perfected ability of the new machine is all wages are always saved. that is required. A section of boiler is built and mounted The special ability formerly possessed by on wheels and engines. the whole conform the fireman is now put into the machine. ing to the old unit. The necessary connec The particular ability formerly needed in tions are then made and the work is fin the engineer is now, embodied in the ma ished. chine. The second advantage arises from the The special skill of the old Switching fact that these engines eliminate the need Crews is now contained in the new system of switching through trains at division that has established “standardized trains" points. A smaller engine pulls the train and that places different engines of type and across a level division and one in proportion capacity conforming to the energy needed to the power needed to overcome the grade to overcome the grades of each special rail of the next division, is coupled on, saving road division. the labor and time of switching crews and Thus another invention is compelling an pushers and. in some cases, road crews. other group of workers to wake up.

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COKE OVENS. REVOLUTION IN THE COKE INDUSTRY

THOMAS F. KENNEDY

OKING drives off the gases in sixteen feet. Excepting for the small, ‘ coal without burning up the car round charging hole in each oven the top bon. During the last three years is level and carries a track upon which a revolution has been under way runs the charging car from the coal tip in the coke industry. It is not the work ple.‘ of pestiferous labor agitators nor of In nearly all old-time coke plants the wicked trust promoters, but of machines. ovens were built against a hill or rise in Up until the advent of the by-product the ground. This was to economize heat coking process and the machine, coke and give solidity to the ovens. But mod— ovens were built about the shape of a ern practice is to build two rows back to beehive, hence the name, beehive oven. back. This gives solidity and conserves At first they were very small, and as late heat even better than by the old plan. as twenty years ago ovens were built When a batch of cold ovens, new or eight feet in diameter. But the size was old, are to be started, or “fired,” as they gradually increased until nearly all of the say around the coke works, fire is kept lately built beehive ovens are over twelve burning in them for several days, until feet in diameter, twelve and one-half be— the walls of the ovens are hot enough to ing a common size. ignite coal. After being charged, the first Coke ovens are built in rows, the thing is to “level.” This leveling is done spaces being filled so that the front pre by hand with a big, heavy scraper and sents the appearance of a solid wall of the “leveler” just pushes and pulls until masonry with arched doors about every the coal is level in the oven. The hot

fiful THOMAS F. KENNEDY 691

walls of the oven ignite the coal and varying length, the shortest for near the often within an hour, especially if the door and the longest for the back end of oven is charged soon after being drawn, the oven. The handle of the hook is of smoke will begin to come out of the round steel with a link shaped ring at the charging hole, and in seven or eight end. The business end of the hook is of hours, a big flame. A never-to-be-forgot rectangular steel five-eighths of an inch ten sight is three or four hundred ovens thick, one and a quarter inches wide, on a dark night, each one vomiting a col about eight inches long, perfectly umn of flame, while over them hovers a straight, turned atea right angle to the canopy of smoke like a great black pall. handle and sharp at the end. When the coking is complete, the coal He bounces his hook seeking a hold. 'has become a solid, nearly white hot and when he gets a “bite” he jerks with cake, about sixteen inches thick and the all his might until he tears the piece diameter of the oven. The first step is loose and draws it into the big, heavy to water the oven until the hot cake is iron wheelbarrow which stands directly black on top and only a very dark, cherry under the oven door. \Nhen the barrow red toward the bottom. The chief reason is full, it must be wheeled to the railroad for cooling the coke is to prevent it from car across the yard or on to the stock burning to ashes, which it would do if pile, if for any reason ~there should be drawn out in the air while white hot; stocking. but incidentally the cooling makes it The bed of coke must be quarried, but easier for the drawer to stand up in front the quarryman works at a terrible disad— of the oven and causes cracks in the cake. vantage. He must keep at a distance making it pessible to tear it asunder. from his red hot quarry, the distance in This, still red hot, cake of coke sixteen creasing until at the last he is fourteen inches or more thick and twelve feet or or fifteen feet away. Yet he cannot keep more in diameter, is attacked by the far enough from the oven to escape the drawer with bar, hook and scraper as he stream of heat, dust, steam and sulphur stands in front of the oven. His hook is ous fumes pouring out of the oven into his chief reliance, and he has several of his face.

(“K E DRAWERS—OLD WAY. 692 THE COKE INDUSTRY

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ELECTRIC COKE CONVEYOR—LOADING CARS. Three to four hours, acording to his is that these machines can be used at strength and his luck, hard tugging in existing beehive plants with no alteration front of the oven will finish the job, for in the ovens. which he receives about $1. Two ovens One of these beehive machines con_ are a hard day’s work, though two one sists of a steel spade fixed to the end of day and three the next, fifteen a week, is a piston moved back and forth by gears. a regular thing. There have been excep Near the end of the spade is a knuckle tional cases where strong, two-legged on the same principle as the barb of a mules pulled four a day—for awhile. As fish hook. The spade is forced between might be expected, they are terrible the coke and the bottom of the oven for drinkers. some distance and then withdrawn, Company doctors point to the good bringing with it all coke which got over health enjoyed by the coke drawers: The the knuckle. This machine has been de fact is that unless one has the strength clared a success and is in use every day of a horse and a constitution like iron he at several big works. would never get the first oven pulled. No The other beehive machine works on physical examination that could be de the same principle as the man with the vised could select the strongest and hook, tearing and clawing the coke from toughest as surely as they are selected by . the t0p the same as the hand-drawer. the coke puller's hook. For the hitherto laborious work of Three types of coke drawing machines leveling beehive ovens there has been de— are developing. Two of these are. de— vised a machine that looks something like signed to draw coke out of the standard a big steel umbrella. It is mounted on a beehive oven. Because of the large vol car running on the same track that- car ume of flame and heat retained and the ries the charging larry. .~\s soon as an thorough combustion of the gases. the oven is charged it is run up and the fold~ beehive shape is by many coke men con~ ed umbrella let down into the oven sidered the best coker, hence the efforts through the small charging hole on‘ top, to adapt machines to it. Another reason As soon as it is down the umbrella is THOMAS I". A'li .'\" .\" [fl ) l ' (>93 opened and made to revolve by means ject of coking is to drive off the gases of an electric motor. and the ribs of the without consuming the carbon. The bee— umbrella acting as sweeps, quickly and hive shape gives the space for the thor perfectly level the oven. The umbrella ough combustion of the gases and. the is refolded. withdrawn and the car run accumulation of a large body of flame out of the way until another oven is and heat. So the rectangular oven imi— charged. tates as nearly -as possible the shape of But the machine which is revolutioniz the beehive, and instead of a straight arch ing the coke industry cannot be used like a tunnel or sewer, it rises from each with a beehive oven. It must have a door toward the center at an angle of specially constructed rectangular oven. about forty degrees, which gives ample Plants of this type are known as “push room for combustion and the accumula ovens,” because the distinguishing char— tion of heat. acteristic of this type is that it pushes the At one side of a row of these rectangu coke out of the oven, and the same ma lar ovens is a wide track along which chine levels the oven. rolls a heavy steel carriage upon which At the best “push” plant I visited, the is mounted the ram which pushes the ovens were five feet wide and thirty—two coke out of the oven. On the other side feet long, giving about twenty per cent of the row and between the ovens and more floor area than the largest practica ble beehive Oven. These rectangular the railroad track is another track carry— ovens for the “push” machine are open ing a combined screen and conveyor. their full width at both ends and pro All the water man has to do is start the vided with double doors lined with fire watering apparatus and it automatically. brick. The beehive door is always built by the action of the water itself, moves by hand after each “draw.” back and forth. At all old plants a man The coking process is essentially a must stand and hold the watering pipe. roasting process and goes on in very moving it about. much the same manner that a joint of When an oven is ready to draw, the meat roasts in your stove oven. The 0b— carriage carrying the ram is moved into

ELEFTRIC Pl-‘SH MAFHlNli—FROM OVEN TO CONVEYOR. 694 THE COR/i INDUSTRY poSition in front of the oven, moving nothing of leveling, bricking up, wheeling with its own power. The machine is it to the cars and forking. nothing more than a big ram with a rec~ This is a real labor-saving machine, do tangular head. The thick stem of the ing the slavish, exhausting work and ram telescopes on itself and the uniniti actually lightening the burden of the ated seeing it reach the length of a thir workers that remain at the coke plants ty—two-foot oven wonders where it is where such machines have been installed. coming from. At its best coke works are dirty, smoky, While the machine is being “spotted” smelly places, but at a machine plant, a couple of other men are placing the such as I have described, the work is screen and conveyor in position at the wholesome, pleasant child’s play com— opposite side of the oven. As soon as the pared to a hand operated yard. There is signal is given that the conveyor is ready, no doubt in my mind that the men re the man on the machine gives the con quired to run a machine coke plant will troller handle a jerk, the motor starts be of a higher, economic and intellectual and in one minute the five ton of coke is status than those that furnish the labor not only out of the oven, but screened power at an old style hand plant. Here and in the railroad car. As soon as the is a case where slightly skilled workers oven is charged, the ram is started again, have displaced or are displacing the this time raised up, and one trip in and roughest of unskilled labor and their one out levels the oven as smooth as a status is an improvement over those they cement sidewalk, and ram and conveyor have displaced. On the other hand, we pass on to another oven. Given enough saw that the semi-skilled or slightly ovens and changes of men, this machine skilled laborers that displaced skilled will draw coke every hour of the twenty molders lost status as compared with four. Working single turn, twelve men those they displaced. Thus the leveling will operate 100 ovens on forty-eight goes on. The leveling which will soon hour coke. To pull the coke alone by make industrial organization as easy as hand would take twenty-five men. to say craft organization is now.

I WHERE A COKE WORKER LIVES. UNITED STATES STEEL PROFIT SHARING AND PRODUCTION JOHN 0.}

ALL STREET bankers state re who does not smoke, drink or eat heavily, garding the profit-sharing plan and who works cheerfully from eight inaugurated by the United o'clock in the morning until long after States Steel Corporation that no sundown daily. conscientious banker would advise any of Besides that Farrell lives with his first the employees of the Steel combine to wife and Wall Street figures it is getting put his savings into common shares of so moral that in the near future only J. the company. They state that the stock P. will be allowed to “stable a concubine.” that the steel workers subscribed for is The International Harvester Company, equal to a fourth mortgage on the house. another Morgan property, has allowed The Steel Trust is capitalized as fol the employes to buy the common stock of lows: $304,000,000 first mortgage bonds that corporation, of which there is $80, (owned by Andrew Carnegie and not 000,000 outstanding. Before that sum can traded in). receive any return there are $60,000,000 Second mortgage consists of $312,000, preferred issue which is a prior lien on the 000 sinking fund 5 per cent bonds, which property. are owned by J. P. Morgan and asso Wall Street has always asked the ques crates. tion as to where the working people got Third mortgage of $360,314,100 7 per the better of the bargain. The bankers cent preferred stock, also controlled by have always figured that the process was Morgan and his friends. one developed by George W. Perkins, Fourth mortgage consists of $508,495, who was active in the Civic Federation, 200 common stock (which the employes to hamstring the workingmen in the Mor are allowed to subscribe for). gan industrial concerns. Besides that It is also true that the employes are they note that it prevents strikes, talk of allowed to buy the preferred issue, but better shop conditions, and is a positive the ofl‘erings of the directors of this issue detriment to the men. are not on such a large scale as with the In view of the profit-sharing scheme common stock. This means that interest which the Morgan corporations have put and dividends must be paid on, in round into practice, perhaps it would be well to figures, $976,000,000 before a dollar can quote Judge E. H. Gary, who is now be disbursed to common shareholders. practically the head of the corporation, Wall Street points out repeatedly that who said last week in an interview given the big Steel Trust has under its charter out to the Wall Street reporters: the right to trade in its own shares, which “Our company is now operating about enables it to come when necesary to the 50 per cent of capacity, but this is equal support of the market in them. Bankers to 85 per cent five years ago, because of want to know if the blocks of stocks the gigantic strides machine production which the employes have received the has made in that period. Railroads of the right to subscribe to have been acquired country are now using 40 per cent of the in the open market and at what prices, or corporation’s output and I expect in the did some of the inside speculators hand near future to see even that increased." it over? at t e * George W. Perkins, who was let down James J. Hill announces that the Great gracefully by Morgan on Jan. 1 last. was Northern Employes Investment Company one of the biggest speculators in the stock certificates have already been taken up, in the history of the company. and the locomotive engineers constitute So was W. E. Corey, who was deposed the bulk of certificate holders. The cer from the presidency of the company by tificates are issued in the multiples of $10 J. P. at about the same time. Corey’s to $5,000. They pay 7 per cent in divi successor, James A. Farrell, is a Catholic, dends.

695 BEGINNERS’ COURSE IN SOCIALISM AND THE ECONOMICS OF KARL MARX BY MARY E. MARCY Lesson V I I —Wa¢ee

HERE are several ways whereby But in Value, Price and Profit, Chap I wage-workers may try to improve ter II, Page 17, Marx says: “How could their conditions today. In Les that rise of wages affect the prices of son V we discussed Low Prices commodities? Only by affecting the and their effect upon the condition of actual proportion between the demand working class life. We discovered that for, and the supply of, these commodi as the prices on the necessities of life ties.” fall, wages fall proportionately because “It is perfectly true, that, considered of the competition among wage—workers as a whole, the working class spends, and for jobs. must spend, its income upon necessaries. It would be impossible for an employer A general rise in the rate of wages would, of labor to arbitrarily lower wages, just therefore, produce a rise in the demand as it is impossible for capitalists to arbi for, and consequently (TEMPORA trarily raise the prices on commodities. RILY) in the market prices of, neces The conditions must be favorable to such saries. a rise or fall in prices. It is the Army “The capitalists who produce these of Unemployed men and women that necessaries would be compensated for force wages (or the price of labor—power) the risen wages by the rising market down when the cost of living falls. We prices of their commodities.” were unable to find where low prices Note, Marx says that TEMPORARILY would benefit the working class. the prices on necessaries would prob In discussing prices in the last two ably rise, owing to the INCREASED lessons, we have not said much about DEMAND for food, clothing and bet WAGES, or the price of labor-power. ter houses; not because the capitalists Labor-power is a commodity just as decided to raise prices. And then note stoves, coats or flour are commodities. what begins to follow immediately: And the value and price of labor-power “What would be the position of those are determined exactly as the price and capitalists who do not produce neces value of all other commodities are de— termined. saries? For the fall in the rate of profit, consequent upon the general rise in the \Vage-workers are always trying to get higher wages, or a better price for their price of wages, they could not compen labor-power. ' sate themselves by a rise in the price of It is easy to understand that the gold their commodities, because the demand miner who secures a rise in wages from for their commodities would not have in $2.00 to $3.00 a day, leaves less surplus creased. . . value for the mine owner. He receives “Consequent upon this diminished de back MORE of his product. And the aim mand, the prices of their commodities of socialists or revolutionary workmen would fall. In these branches of industry, and women is to become owners of their therefore, the rate of profit would fall. ENTIRE product. Confused economists have repeatedly “What would be the consequence of claimed that a rise in wages was no bene this difference in the rates of profit for fit to the proletariat. They insisted that capitals employed in the different branches the capitalists would raise prices on the of industry? Why, the consequence that necessities of life so that the workers generally obtains whenever, from what would be just where they were before. ever reason, the AVERAGE RATE OF

696 MA R l' E. MARCY 697

PROFIT comes to differ in the different ture of clothing. The competition among spheres of production. capitalists often brings the prices on "Capital and labor would be transferred these things down BELOW the rates from the less remunerative to the more charged before the workers received remunerative branches; and this process their increase, until these capitalists find of transfer would go on until the sup they can make more money in other ply in the one department of industry fields, when they invest in other indus would have risen proportionately to the tries and prices fall to what they were increased demand, and would have sunk before the rise in wages. in the other departments according to the On the very last page of Value, Price decreased demand. and Profit, Marx says again: “This change effected, the general rate “A general rise in the rate of wages of PROFIT would again be EQUAL would result in a fall of the general rate IZED in the different branches. As the of profit, but, broadly speaking, not af whole derangement originally arose from fect the prices of commodities.” ' a mere change in the proportion of the “The general tendency of capitalist demand for, and supply of, different com production is not to raise, but to sink the modities. The cause ceasing, the effect average standard of wages." would cease and prices would return to “Trade Unions work well as centers of their former level and equilibrium. . . . resistance against the encroachments of "The GENERAL RISE in the rate of capital. They fail partially from an in~ wages would, therefore, after a tem judicious use of their power. They fail porary DISTURBANCE OF MARKET generally from limiting themselves to a PRICES, ONLY RESULT IN A GEN guerilla war against the effects of the ERAL FALL in the RATE OF PROFIT existing system, instead of stimultane W I T H O U T ANY PERMANENT ously trying to change it, instead of us— CHANGE IN TH E PRICES O F ing their organized forces as a lever for COMMODITIES." the final emancipation of the working We will use a concrete illustration to class, that is to say, the ultimate abolition explain Marx's point. In a mining camp of the wages system." the miners secured a gain in wages of from $2.00 to $3.00 a day. The man who Questions: ran the only restaurant in the camp If you were getting three dollars a day thought he could raise the price of board for digging gold out of a mine and you from $4.00 to $5.00 a week. For a week secured $4.00 by striking, would there or two the miners paid the advanced be as much surplus value left for your price, but the third week a new restau loss as before? rant was opened by a man who heard of On what do wage-workers usually the “prosperity” in this particular camp spend their money? On luxuries? and inside of two months there were If the working CLASS is able to force FOUR restaurants competing for trade up wages two dollars a week to every in Golden Gulch. This competition man and woman will they spend the in among the restaurant keepers forced crease on automobiles, trips to Europe or board down to $3.00 a week. Some of upon more and better clothing and food? them moved away until board fell to the What happens when there is a sudden AVERAGE rate of board in that state. increased demand for a commodity? Does As long as prices were better there the price of this commodity rise or fall new investors came to Golden Gulch, and (temporarily)? If the capitalist produc when they fell below the average price ing this commodity for which there is :1 for board investors went away. suddenly increased demand is able to get Marx says that when workmen and higher prices for it, will this attract other women get higher wages, they spend this capitalists into the same field of produc— increase in better food, better homes and tion in the hope of securing bigger better clothing. This stimulates the de profits? mand for food, clothing and houses. More What happens when several big cap— capitalists begin to invest in food pro italists fight for a field of production duction, in houses and in the manufac where prices are high? 698 STUDY COURSE IN ECONOMICS

Do these capitalists remain producing few years as it is now? Why not? a commodity after its price falls so low NOTE to those taking up the Study that they cannot make the average rate Course. We are going to publish in the of profit? June number of the REVIEW the best six When they go into another sphere of or seven hundred word article from any production do prices on this commodity one of the Study Clubs showing WHY fall to normal again? Low Prices Do Not Help the Workin Why cannot a capitalist raise prices at Class. We shall also be glad to publisfi his own will? Suppose a wealthy ranch the names of classes or comrades who owner has a splendid stock of horses send in particularly good articles on this when the U. S. troops are sent down to subject. We will also pay $5 cash or the Mexican borderline. Horses are very send $10 worth of books published by scarce, since automoblies have won favor Chas. H. Kerr & Co. for this article, and with the leisure class. He sells these $5 cash or $10 worth of our books will be horses at an enormous price. There is sent to the Study Club sending in the still talk of war. What does every other best 1,000-word article on “Why Capital ranchman in the country plan to do when ists Cannot Arbitrarily Raise Prices” and he hears of the profits of the lucky owner on the best article of 1,000 words on of the horses? vDo they all go into the “Why Higher Wages Benefit the Wage COAL BUSINESS? Workers.” Typewrite your articles, if EVEN if there is still rumor of war, possible, and send them in early if you will the price on horses be as high in a want to see them in the June REVIEW.

BOHN ORGANIZING LOCALS

HENEVER Comrade F r a n k the comrades have been unable to organ— W Bohn finds an unorganized lo ize a local, Comrade Bohn crystallizes the cal, he organizes one. At Port sentiment and starts them out doing bigger Allegany, where they took him things. to lecture on March 26th, he held a lecture Weak locals find him a most valuable in the afternoon and also spoke for the man. On Sunday he is willing to hold two young people in the evening. He found meetings for the comrades where it is pos the sentiment so strong in favor for Social sible and he is always glad to show the ism that he organized a local and started comrades how to form a local and to get the comrades on the road to do more good those interested into the movement. work for the couse. Comrade Bohn will be in Michigan and At Six Mile Run, the miners were out of Indiana in May and June. If you are a work, but a good crowd greeted Bohn at the good hustler get together a few friends and lecture hall. Waynesboro also held a suc write us for a date. You only need to cessful meeting, while New Philadelphia, take 200 tickets (each good for a three New Castle and Fredonia report three of month sub. to the Review) to secure a the best meetings they have had in years. Bohn date. We donate 100 copies of the At New Castle the comrades were and are Review, which sell for $10.00 and help pay fighting terrible obstacles but the friends your hall rent. We do all the rest and you write that they are in the fight with the will have 200 people in your town receiving courts to win. the Review for three months. This is a No man on the road has accomplished Follow-Up System that pays in all places. more or better lasting results for the SO If your local is dying out or you have none, cialist movement than Frank Bohn. Where write for a Bohn date and get him to help the sentiment for Socialism is strong but you build up the movement in your town. COMPULSORY COMPENSATION OR STATE INSURANCE -— WHICH?

BY HENRY L. SLOBODIN

THE most notable example of judge and specious arguing, Lord Abinger arrived made law is the introduction by the at the conclusion that an employer should courts of the new rules of evidence, not be held liable for injuries to an em— so as to protect the employers ployee caused by the negligence of a fel— against the claims for damages by em low-servant. This rule was seized upon by ployees injured while at work. Before the the capitalist courts and made infamous by year 1837, the common law made-no dis their bloody interpretations. It was ex tinction in .cases of this nature between an tended to include acts of superintendents employee and a stranger. An employee who stood in the place of the employer and who suffered personal injuries while at made a recovery by an employee a gamble work owing to some accident could hold of great hazard and rare occurrence. the employer responsible in damages the This “fellow-servant” rule was made part same as if he were a stranger. The only of the American common law in 1842 in defence that could avail the employer was the Farwell case which arose in Massachus that the injury was caused wholly or in part etts and, in 1851, in the New York Court of by the employee’s own negligence. But a errors. Since then it has become the law of twist was given to the rule of contributory the land. And the sovereign American peo negligence. Instead of being merely avail ple have had as much to do with the making able as a defence, to be so pleaded and of this law as they have now with the send proven to the employer, it was changed by ing of troops to Mexico. The part of the the courts to mean that the workingman people is to pay with blood and property must plead and prove his freedom from con~ so capital may reign. tributory negligence. This is one of the Not satisfied with thus despoiling the “freedoms” conferred on the workman by workman of his ancient rights against his the courts. master, the courts proceeded to draw the With the growth of industry and few teeth out of such remnants of the reme wealth, there arose a deep conviction dies which still availed the workman. They in the minds of the judges that the preser have devised a new rule and made it into a vation of profits was more important than law. It is known as the “assumption of the preservation of life. With that sancti risk” rule. It meant that if the injury was moniousness and pomposity which invari due to some risk or danger which was a ably accompanies Byzantine servility, the necessary and inherent part of the work, courts proceeded to lay down new rules. why, the workman could not hold the Due regard was paid to the divinity that master liable. And even if the injury was hedges about capital and to the unmarket due to some occurrence which the master able nature of human life. In 1837, Lord could prevent, the workman could not re Abinger of the English Court of Ex cover against his master, if he continued chequer, promulgated, in the case of Priestly working with the knowledge of his em v. Fowler, the doctrine of “fellow-servant” ployer’s negligence. It must also be borne negligence. The case was of a butcher’s in mind that even if the workman had no boy injured by a driver of a wagon of the knowledge of the risk arising out of the same employer. By a process of plausible negligence of his employer, but if such risk

099 700 ('().lll’li.\'5.tlTl().\' () It‘ 1 NS U I\’./l N CE

was “obvious,” whatever the word may ployees for all accidents. A similar rail mean, then notice to the workman will be way law was enacted in Austria in 1869 implied. See that twist? First “knowl and in Switzerland in 1875. In 1871, the edge” is implied. Out of this implication provisions of the Prussian railway law a "consent" is implied. And out of this were extended throughout the German Em implication a “free contract” of assumption ~pire. In 1877 Switzerland enacted a simi of risk is implied. Three successive impli lar law for the factory workers. The Eng cations resulting in a contract! In this way lish Employer's Liability law was passed were the burdens arising from the dangers in 1880. In 1883 Germany passed the law forming part of the work or arising from of obligatory insurance of workmen against employer's negligence, and which should sickness. This was followed in 1884 by an have been borne by the industry itself, accident insurance law and in 1889 by a law ' placed entirely on the shoulders of the em providing for insurance against old age ployees. The workman must take all the and invalidity. Austria followed with simi chances of getting maimed or killed and he lar laws in 1887-8. Norway in 1894 intro can look for relief to no one. This doc— duced obligatory State Insurance against trine of “assumption or risks” is based on accidents. England passed the Compen the theory of an implied contract. The sation Act in 1897 to be followed in 1898 workman when he enters employment is by France and Denmark and in 1901 by presumed to assume a consent to the obvi Holland and Sweden, and in 1905 by Bel ous and necessary risks and to such dangers gium. -One of the last countries to adopt of which he has knowledge. It is signifi some measure of relief for nuimed and cant that the capitalist state, and particu killed workmen was England. And natur larly the American capitalist state, which ally it adopted a measure of compulsory claims to conserve inviolable the “free will,” compensation, a so-called \Vorkmen’s Com “free contract” and other divinities of pure pensation Act. The act of 1897 was drawn individualism, should attempt such violence by Joseph Chamberlain and advocated by to a man’s “free will” as to force upon it Lord Salisbury, then Prime minister of Eng— “assent's'y and “consents” of which it knows land. It provided compensation only for nothing. It shows in lurid light the futility workmen engaged in certain dangerous oc— and hypocrisy of all capitalist ideology. cupations. The English courts proceeded The rise of the class-conscious working with an alacrity in which only our own class movement marks the beginning of the courts can excell them, to take out of the retreat of the capitalists from the uncom act such little starch as was to be found in promising position towards their maimed it. Not satisfied with the elimination of and killed employees to which they had ad the act to dangerous occupation, the courts vanced by the aid of capital's most faithful excluded by interpretation, from the opera handmaid—the courts. One European gov— tion of the Act occupations which were ernment after another, haunted by the red manifestly included. For instance, a plank spectre of the social revolution, enacted laws placed on a ladder and window sill did not for the protection of the safety of the work constitute scaffolding within the meaning men, and to insure some measure of com of the act, said the courts. Planks sup pensation to an injured workman without ported by trestles eight feet high were not regard to the question of fault or negli— scaffolding, either. The Court of Appeals gence. The measures were of twofold held that painting the outside of a house is character. First, laws for the obligatory not repairing it, thus putting an occupa insurance of workmen, the premium being tion pursued by a large class of men out paid by the employer, employee and the side of the Act. Then the courts picked up state. Second, laws providing for com the “two weeks" clause and what they did pulsory compensation of the injured work with it was a marvel. The Act provided man by the employer regardless of em that no workman could claim compensation ployer’s negligence. As will be shown, com under the Act unless the injury “disabled pulsory compensation offers to the work him for at least two weeks." And we are man far less than obligatory insurance. informed by Mr. Low, who investigated Already in 1838 Prussia passed a law the working of the act, for the United granting compensation to railway em States Government. that in England: HENR )' L. SLOBOD/X 701

"The court of appeals has held that a Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, workman who has been employed for less Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, than two weeks by the same employer, is Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North not entitled to compensation under the pro Dakota, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ore— visions of this Act.” The Act read that a gon, South Dakota, South Carolina, Texas, workman could not recover if he was dis Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin. Undoubted— abled for less than two weeks. The courts ly, there are other states that have read into it a meaning that a workman legislated on the subject very recent— could not recover if he had worked less ly, .but I have not the data at than two weeks for the same employer, hand. Even as I am writing these lines, even if he was disabled for life. I learn that to—day, April 4th, 1911, New Moreover, the Act excluded the recovery Jersey legislature enacted a Workmen's by a workman, if the injury was due to his Compensation Act. In 1907-8, Congress “willful misconduct." Willful misconduct enacted a law affecting employees of inter frequently meant the slightest violation of state commerce carriers. It limited or ab any of the numerous “shop rules" adopted rogated the defenses of fellow servants, as by the employer. sumption of risk and contributory negli In 1907 the English Compensation Act gence. The act also provided compensation was so amended as to include workers in for government employees injured in its “all employments." How little it really employ. meant “all employments,” was shown in the A Workmen's Compensation Act was express exclusion of "out-workers,” i. e., passed in Maryland in 1902, but was de workers who took work- home, and also the clared unconstitutional. On the other hand, exclusion, by legal interpretation of the a law imposing additional liabilities on rail numerous class of workers whose employ roads for the benefit of passengers was up ment was precarious and who seldom held by the courts. From the latest reports. worked for the same employer more than the Montana mining act, providing what two weeks. may be called obligatory insurance of * * * miners against accidents, is still in force. In considering the character of Ameri * ii * can legislation on the subject. the fact of In 1909, the New York Legislature ap— the limited powers of American legislatures pointed a commission, which became known must be always borne in mind. European by the name of its chairman as The \Vain— legislatures are sovereign both in theory wright Commission, “to inquire and report and in fact. No so our Congress and State into the working of a law in the state of legislatures. Suspended over their delibera New York relative to the liability of em tions and acts are, like the sword of Da ployers to employees for industrial accidents mocles, the written Federal and State con and into the comparative efficiency, cost. stitutions, and the authority, arrogated to justice, merits and defects of the laws of themselves by our courts, to nullify laws other industrial states and countries rela regularly passed by declaring them uncon tive to the same subject." The commis stitutional. It has. however. been fairly sion opened its session for a-public hearing well settled by judicial decisions that our in New York City, in January, 1910. The legislatures have the power—(l) to limit question before the commission was—\V hat or abrogate the fellow-servant defense; (2) remedy or relief shall be given to a worker to limit or abrogate the defense of contribu or those depended on him. in the event when tory negligence or impose the burden of he is disabled or killed while at work? The proof upon the employer; (3) to limit or various labor bodies organized a conference abrogate the doctrine of the assumption of to convey to the commission the sentiments risk of violations of law by the employer. of organized labor. The Socialist party, Bearing this in mind, we will examine, at Local New York, also bestirred itself. The a glance, how the American worker fared Socialist party ought to be heard. The in the American legislatures and courts. Socialist party ought to take a stand and The following states have passed laws limit agitate in favor of progressive labor legis ing or abrogating, wholly or in part, the lation. On this there was no division of fellow servant rule: Arkansas. California, opinion. But a strong divergence of views 702 COMPENSATION OR INSURANCE

manifested itself on the policy to be adopted. It was modelled after the English Compen The majority, led into opportunistic chan sation Act. There was nothing “utopian” nels by comrade Morris Hillquit, decided about it. It smacked of no “formula.” The on sending a committee to attend before comrades were first incredulous of my criti the Wainwright Commission and to present cism of the concoction, but after they had the views of the Socialist party. This led a chance to familiarize themselves with to my resignation from the committee. My what was dished out as a “Socialist Recom reasons for such action were given at the mendation,” their disgust was all the time, in the New York Call in an article greater. The New York Volksseitung de entitled “Lobbying for ‘Labor Laws.’ ” I nounced it and one of its editors branded took the stand that the Socialist party which the report of the committee “a disgrace to was for many years, bitterly denouncing the Socialist movement for which no party and is still continuing to denounce, labor in the world would stand.” The com~ organizations for sending representatives mittee evidently knew that there was a Brit to lobby for labor laws, cannot now'stultify ish Compensation Act, but this was all it itself adopting the policy of lobbying for knew. It did not know that some of its labor laws. I wrote in part: provisions, as the “wilful misconduct,” “Shall scientific lobbying become a part clause were denounced by organized labor of the Socialist program? Let us be candid before the passage of the act. John Wil with ourselves. Lobbying is none the less son, M. P., secretary of the Durham Coal such when, instead of seeking to influence Miners’ Association, said of the “wilful a legislature, you seek to influence a legis misconduct” clause: “The meaning of the lative committee. words is much wider and more dangerous “Lobbying is now legalized. The law than the politicians who introduced the provides that a lobbyist attending at Al measure, and some of the lawyers who took bany must be duly registered. Why not part in the discussion, contemplated.” have a Socialist party lobbyist registered at The wilful misconduct clause was em Albany? Every argument that is advanced bodied in the “Socialist” measure. The in favor of attending at public hearings be committee did not know of the remarkable fore legislative committees holds good in interpretation given by the courts to the favor of lobbying. The Socialist lobbyist clause requiring not less than two weeks would inform the public how the Socialist disability, to mean than no workman could party stands on important questions. It recover for any injury which occurred dur would serve to disseminate Socialist ideas.” ing the first two weeks of his employment, The revolutionary Socialists urged the even if he was disabled for life or killed. policy of going among the workers with a It made a “one week” clause part of the program of insurance against accident, and, “Socialist” recommendation. It was bliss— by persistent agitation and education. to fully ignorant of the pitfalls dug in the create a strong sentiment for such a meas British act by the British courts. It took ure, a sentiment which the capitalist class the British act, pitfalls and all. Finally the will not dare to defy. However, Comrade committee did not know that the main re Hillquist had his way. A lobbying commit sult of the British Compensation Act was tee was appointed. Thereupon the cofnmit to restore the law of negligence to what it tee asked for and was granted authority to was before 1837. In pointing this out. I enter the Labor Conference. To this there then wrote in the Call: was no particular objection, though it was “The workingmen are now struggling well known that the majority of the confer— for the repeal of the bloody doctrines of ence consisted of old party political hacks. ‘fellow—servant’ and ‘assumed risks.’ The The Socialist Committee, now unhampered Socialists are helping them all they can, as by any baggage of “revolutionary phrases,” they should. Now every step in that direc proceeded to draw a Workmen’s Compensa— tion is hailed by _our opportunistic comrades tion Act. This work was accomplished with as a ‘Socialist Vietory,’ the ‘revolution in a celerity and dispatch that fairly made the making, showing what ‘Socialists at one’s head swim. The draft was solemnly work’ can accomplish. It is well to point presented to the commission and hailed in out to our friends of the right that the the Socialist press as a Socialist measure. origin of these doctrines is, historically THE INTERNATIONAL SOC/.‘ILIST REVIEW 703

speaking, only of yesterday. That the day it may not appear that I am trying to settle before yesterday capitalism got along with old scores, that this question is still very out those doctrines very well indeed, thank much alive. Our N. E. C., advised by Com you. And, other things being equal, when rade Hillguit, who was the moving spirit those doctrines are repealed, capitalism will of the New York Committee, appointed the thrive to-morrow just as well as before.” same comrades who were on the New York The main point for which I contended at Committee, on the National Compensation that time, and am still contending, was that Act Committee. They are all good com the Socialist party should have urged upon rades, but mighty bad musicians. They the workingmen to demand a measure of are repeating and will continue repeating obligatory state insurance after the plan of the mistakes for which we paid here dearly. most of the continental countries and not And a discussion of the subject in the press the English plan of compensation by the therefore is very timely. employer. And I will state right here, so (To be continued.)

DEMANDS OF THE MEXICAN LIBERAL PARTY

Translated for the Review from the Official Proclamation of the Organizing Junta by Prof. Frederic M. Noa, Oklahoma, City, Okla.

HE Mexican Liberal party is not ——by securing possession of the land, and striving to place any man in the obtaining the reduction of the hours of labor presidency of the republic. It is and the increase of wages. These blessings for the people to select their rulers in themselves will confer the power of gain as they see fit. ing more easily others, and later still others. The Mexican Liberal party is striving to The progress of humanity has no limits win rights for the people and considers and for that reason it is impossible to pre— economic freedom as the basis of all rights. dict how far the popular demands will ex— As a means of obtaining economic liberty, tend during the next insurrection, but the the Liberal Party proposes to rise up in least that can be conquered is the land free arms against the political and capitalistic of masters, that is, it shall be for the use tyranny which is oppressing and degrading and enjoyment of all. This accomplished, the Mexican people; to wrest from the pow the other remaining masters, the masters er of the capitalists the land which has been of industry, commerce and politics, will appropriated by them, in order to deliver it, very quickly disappear through the sheer regardless of sex, to the millions of human force of circumstances. beings who compose the Mexican nation; to ennoble Work so that it may no longer The program of the Liberal party pro mulgated by the Junta on the first of July, be the shameful drudgery of the prison, but, on the contrary, the systematic and whole 1906, may be reduced to the following: some efiort of free men and women devot Land for all, food for all, liberty for all. ing themselves to the production of social The Junta makes an appeal to all men wealth; that is, the organization and edu and all women who sympathize with the cation of the productive nation. ideals and labors of the Liberal party to The demands of the Liberal party are enroll themselves as members of the same; very broad and far-reaching, but it is con to do this they need only sign the attached tent to obtain the following for the peo— coupon, send it to this office, and pay ple in the next armed conflict: Food, edu monthly the amount which they themselves cation and welfare for all—men and women agree to remit. V THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL/ST REVIEW * ._ HAYWOOD DRAWING RECORD BREAKING CROWDS

NEWS FROM THE LOCALS AND THE CAPITALIST PRESS

Warren, Ohio.—\Ne had a rousing big meeting, almost one thousand, Sunday, and Comrade Haywood’s subject, “The Coming Victory of Labor,” was just the medicine for the occasion. we could have sold 100 more RE VIEWS. Hope for future successful work of your valuable monthly. 0. M. BALDWIN, Sec’y. Piqua, Ohio—Comrade Haywood has delivered his lecture. More than a lec ture; it was a heart-to-heart, man-to—man talk—a message that touched deeply each human within hearing. He discussed at length Capitalism, Trade Unionism, Industrial Unionism, and Socialism. He brought each out in such a clear light, that long after the meeting was over, men, strangers to the cause, stood about the streets in groups, unmindful of rain and mud, discussing as they never before discussed, arguing as they never thought to argue along the lines of that Unionism-Socialism-Haywood’s address. Impromptu speakers had no opposition. They were of one mind. Haywood was—— is.—right. Comrade Haywood gave us a powerful address. His arguments were conclusive, logical. Points to his arguments were driven home by irre sistible force. He is a human tornado—a cyclone. But, where he de stroyed arose beautiful things. If we live—if Haywood lives, we shall some day have him back. in Piqua. GEO. F. CABLE, Sec’y.

East Liverpool, Ohio—The big miner has been here and gone and he sure pleased them all from the ground up. His line of talk fitted in at just the right place. We have listened to a lot of Socialist speakers, but the Class Struggle in the Red had not been put up to us in a way that was strong enough, but he surely made his points so clear that even the “pure and simplers" could understand. F. E. VERNIA. Pottsville, Pa.—To say Bill’s meeting was a success is only putting it mildly—— it was a roaring success. Over 700 present. C. F. FOLEY, Sec’y. Rochester, Pa.—W'e think the Haywood meeting a grand success. ,Over 700 present, in spite of storm and rain. C. H. LINDNER, Sec’y. Scranton, Pa.—The entire audience were with him. He spoke two hours and the benefits of such a meeting cannot be overestimated. O. E. MUSSE-LMAN', Sec’y. Altoona, Pa.—The meeting was a success. Considering the work accom— plished, it was a record-breaker. The audience numbered over 500 and on a rising vote for lndustrialism they stood to a man. “Going some.” R. Love, Sec’y. Rock Island, Ill.--“He came, he spoke and he conquered.’y \\"c had a fine house and hope The Fighting Magazine will keep Comrade Haywood in the field. as he certainly wakes up the “dead ones.” It was a sure success. EDGAR L. Owens. Sec’y. 'I'HE INTERM-i'l‘lONAl. SOCIAL/ST REV/[ZII' ' 705

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Repeatedly his remarks were met with great applause. The exclamation: “that‘s right." frequently punctuated his talk. He caused somewhat of a. surprise when he stated that Morgan, Rockefeller and Carnegie ,were the greatest men in the country. He explained, however, that, they were not persohally admirable crea tures, but that they have shown, in the great organizationskeuch as the steel trust, that the laborers are able to run the industries. Labor. said the speaker. must organize along the lines that indus try is organized ripen thay. Organized in that manner, ‘there would be no strikes The world would then belo g to the THE CLASS WAR IN ENGLAND

BY TOM MANN

HE progress made by the workers union activity and every other kind of I in the great class war in any one ameliorative effort is, that the standard country is of necessity a matter of life of the workers is lower than it of perennial interest to the fight was ten years ago, and the exploitation ers in the same cause in other countries. of the workers by the capitalists is greater The character of the struggle varies now than it has ever been in the history considerably at different periods, largely of the country. as a result of the “state of trade." When Not only have these forces been un capitalist industry is brisk, and the per equal to raising the standard of life and centage of unemployed workers is small so checking exploitation, but the robbery as a consequence, the attitude of mind of the poor by the rich has considerably is different to that which obtains during increased. Of course, whilst this is abso the periods of industrial stagnation. lutely true as shown even by government This year of 1911 is witnessing in reports as well as expert statisticians not Britain a considerable spell of commer connected with government, and fitting cial and industrial activity. In all branch in every particular with what is seen by es of textile industry, trade is busy; also a careful observer, it is the case that some in engineering and shipbuilding, and in small sections of workers have improved the tin plate trade of South Wales ex their wages and reduced their working ceptional activity prevails, most of the hours, but no public speaker in America mills running three shifts in 24 hours, need hesitate to use the statements I and many new mills are in course of erec have made. tion. Mining is becoming active, the dis That the decreased purchasing power putes being comparatively few at the hour of wages here as elsewhere is largely due to and the transport industry is necessarily the increased gold supply there is no relatively busy because general industry room for doubt, which means if there had is so. been no development of the South Afri The net results of the various adjust can gold mines, the workers of the world ments of wages during the past ten years would not be experiencing such severe is, that the workers have suffered a re hardships as they now do; and concur duction of wages equal to £90,000 a year. rently with an enormous addition to the On top of this the purchasing power of gold supply, which, being the fixed stand that wage has decreased by ten per cent ard of value, affects the workers ad in the same period, whilst the profits of versely when it is relatively abundant— the capitalists have increased by three there has also been an enormous applica and a half million of pounds per annum tion of labor saving devices in every de (£3,500,000). The total annual income of partment of industry which has also ad the United Kingdom is two thousand versely affected the workers, not merely millions of pounds (£2,000,000,000). Of because many have been entirely thrown this the entire body of mental and man out of work as a result, but even more ual wage workers of the country receive in consequence of relatively high wage one-third, and they constitute fully 80 per men being dislodged by the machines and cent of the total community. these men, though kept at work, being The aggregate wealth of the country reduced in wage by one-third to one-half is being added to rapidly year by year, _ or more. An instance may be given: even during periods of industrial depres At the beer-brewing town of Burton-on sion, but the capitalist class possesses 90 Trent, when the beer barrels were made per cent of the total. Thus the sum total by hand labor, the coopers who made of ten years’ parliamentary effort, trade them averaged three pounds (£3) a week,

70. 7'OM MANN 707 now the average wage of the cooper mak sity for action is greater now than then, ing barrels by machinery does not average the wealth procured is vaster, the share more than twenty-seven shillings a week the worker gets is less, the meanness of (£1.7s). During the same period in the life of fully one-half the people is so dis same industry the Trustification process tressing, so torturing, and so inimical to has been at work extensively and always all true progress, that whatever there is to the advantage of the profit receivers of manhood in the nation must find vent at the expense of the wage receivers. somehow to prevent the explosive effects The average wage of the brewery work» of over pressure. ers does not exceed one pound a week How then can we secure more money at Burton, and there are many thousands for less work? This is only a complex of men in Lancashire and Yorkshire who question because of the absence of class get no higher wage, and most of them are solidarity on the part of the workers, but working 551-2 hours a week. It is im it must be admitted this absence is possible for a sane mind not to see where serious and may be the one cause—there the cure lies for this low standard. It is can be no other—that may prevent ef— to be found in LESS WORK AND fective action being taken to secure more MORE MONEY; no polished language money for less work this very year. is required in order to state it, no high No person, able to exercise his mind sounding terms from the pages of ortho on the efficacy of organized action over dox or heterodox works on political econ a large enough area, in workshops, mills, omy. It is all in the simple sentence, factories, mines, etc., can advance one LESS WORK, MORE MONEY, and no valid argument against the certain effects worker on earth is so ignorant as not to of concerted action on the part of the understand the meaning of that sentence. workers. DIRECT ACTION, by definite not one 'tired laborer in a foundry or refusal to work more than an agreed up chemical works, not a seamstress or on time, backed up by all necessary be typist, not a child worker anywhere but havior that would characterize an intelli can tell immediately the meaning of gent working mass, is all that is required. LESS WORK AND MORE MONEY. There is no necessity to call upon any And this it is that is wanted now, government for, powerful as governments wanted at once, to relieve humans of the are, they can never be as powerful as burden of excessive physical toil, and to the people, agreed amongst themselves, bring within their reach real necessaries and resolved upon a given line of con and some comforts. Less work and more duct. As William Morris put it—“For money will do it. what are we waiting?” till we shall say We wish to provide for the unemployed “We will it,” and by so “willing it” and and fifty methods are devised, which it applying it, every unemployed person is proposed shall be forced upon an un could be included in the ranks of the'in willing government as soon as possible; dustriousand as a result of thus removing but if only those who are now at work competition for employment, the power would demand and get more money for to enforce more money for less work is less work, there would immediately, as immediately obtained. a result, be work and money for the at present unemployed. We wish to ob Workers’ Organizations. tain a greater result of the labor we per form, and at least check the exploitation ‘It is well knOWn that in Britain, as of the capitalist; this would be the natural elsewhere, there is only a minority of the result of getting more money for less workers organized; of the ten millions work. of men eligible for industrial organization And as regards Britain, there has not only one-fourth of them are members of been so favorable a time for taking action trade unions, naturally these are, in the as the present year of 1911 for fully main, the skilled workers, who have as twenty years. Not since the period of sociated together with a view to main the great dock strike of London in 1889 taining for themselves the advantages ac have the conditions demanded and fav cruing to skilled workers, when definite ored action as they do now. The neces restrictions are placed upon the num 708 'THE CLASS IVA/r IN ENGLAND bers able to enter and remain in the with, a strong case would be made out trades. in favor of ignoring such bodies alto We have had experience enough to gether and the building up afresh of a know that the difficulties of maintaining movement that should possess the fight a ring fence around an occupation, which ing spirit and that should be out to con secures to those inside the fence special quer the economic situation. advantages, are rapidly increasing, and Fortunately there are excellent reasons in a growing number of instances, the for knowing that the reactionaries will fence has been entirely broken down, by not be allowed to dominate much longer changes in the methods of production. The well-known battle of the boiler mak We know, further, that there is no trade ers is very significant; the fact that three or calling that is really immune from the times over, with considerable intervals revolutionizing effect of changing meth in between, they resolutely rejected ods, but so slow are we- to get out of the terms approved of by their executive ruts that the majority of trade unionists and by the employers, and finally tri still remain sectionally isolated, power umphed, is a lesson that needs repeating less to act in single sectional bodies, and in several other organizations to finally incapable of approaching each other and and thoroughly establish the rank and merging and amalgamating forces for file as controllers of their own 0rganiza~ common action, this it is that is responsi tions. Three times in six months have ble for the modern practice of entering the members of the Amalgamated Society into lengthy agreements between em of Railway Servants, in different districts. ployers and workers. Sectional trade unions taken decisive action on their own ac being incapable of offensive action, and count, and scored as a consequence, al gradually giving way before the persis though they are bound by a five years' tent power of the better organized capi agreement to take no such action. Again, talist class, they fall back upon agree the miners of Aberdare district in South ments for periods of from two to five \Vales, also tied up by agreements, boldly years, during which time they undertake threw over all namby pambyism no mat that no demands shall be made. As one ter from what source it came, and made agreement approaches termination the their power felt. In like manner the employers prepare the way for another, 12,000 men of the Rhondda Valley, South so as to chain down the organized work \Vales, took the bold initiative and de ers more completely than it is possible to termined to fight the matter out, which tie down non~organized workers, who decision afterwards received the backing can, at least, if so disposed, take mass of the Miners’ Federation. All these are action or individual action without be instances telling in plainest terms that coming legally liable to fine or other pun the unions are not entirely moribund, and ishment. that there are many of the rank and file During the past two years agreements who will not quietly bow down either to of this kind have been entered into by the master class, nor yet to the union the coal miners, the cotton operatives, officials. the engineers, the railway men and others It does not follow that all the men who and the build of the human animal being have so taken action are highly intellec what it is, the officials of the unions for tual class conscious revolutionaries, but the most part seem not only willing to it does warrant the conclusion that they be identified with agreements of this kind. are exactly the right kind of material but they have been mainly responsible out of which revolutionaries are made. for the rank and file endorsing the same. and with a little coaching, accompanied Naturally, it means that those who by other advantages of civilization, such favor such action are not out to fight in as the increase of coal cutting machines the class struggle, and to the extent to and corresponding decrease in number which they are the deciding factors in of men employed in getting coal, ‘and affairs, the working class are reactionary the ever extending machine methods in and indolent. If such persons were des engine shops and shipyards, reducing tined to control in the future the organ skilled men to the standard of the un izations they are at present identified skilled, these surroundings, coupled with 70.1! .ll.>l .‘\" .\'

a helpful agitating educator to point the moral, will prove to be nature’s way of evolutionary revolutionary development. In November last a conference of trade unionists was held in Manchester, the object being to discuss the limitations of the trade union methods and to agree, if possible, upon a plan of action. The invi tation was accepted by 80 unions and 16 trades councils, who sent 180 delegates. No stipulation was made in the invita tion, but it was found that of the 25 per sons who took part in the discussion only one differed from the prevailing spirit that INDUSTRIAL UNIONISM was the necessary outcome of present day con ditions, and when the following resolution was submitted two only voted against it and all the rest for it. The resolution was as follows: “That. whereas the sectionalism that character ises the trade union movement of today is utterly incapable of effectively fighting the capitalist class and securing the econ omic freedom of the workers, this con ference declares that the time is now ripe for the industrial organization of all A. A. PURCELL. workers on the basis of class—not trade or craft—and that we hereby agree to The chairman of the conference at Man form a Syndicalist Educational League chester was Albert A. Purcell, the general to propagate the principles of Syndicalism secretary of the French Polishers’ union. throughout the British Isles, with a view He had filled this position for a number to merging all existing unions into one of years, during which time a vigorous compact organization for each industry, policy had been pursued in conjunction including all laborers of every industry with other unions in the furnishing in the same organization as the skilled trades. As a result of the effective ad workers.” vocacy of Comrade Purcell and some How far reaching this is will be seen other active spirits, an amalgamation of when it calls for the skilled to make com ten unions in the furnishing trades has mon cause with the unskilled and become now taken place, and beginning with the brother workers and. brother fighters in 1st of January, this year, Mr. Purcell the same organization. Members of the became the organizer for these amalga amalgamated engineers, boiler makers, mated bodies of which the French Pol pattern workers, typographical workers, ishers union is one. The same tendency masons, bricklayers, carpenters and other is showing itself in many other unions. skilled workers were represented at the Following upon the Manchester con conference and the delegates voted for ference the Derby Trades Council con the resolution. vened a conference on industrial union As showing the trend of events on the ism when the same resolution that was side of practical achievement in the di carried at Manchester was carried unan— rection indicated the following is full of imously at Derby. interest: To be Continued. EDITORIAL

Working-Class Socialism. That. is the labor,—-here there is double need that the only Socialism that really counts. Slowly voice of the Socialist Party be clear and un yet steadily the wage-workers of all capital compromising. And that it soon will be so ist countries are coming to realize that they we have firm faith. The unanimous wel— are enslaved by the private ownership of come given Comrade Haywood by the So the machines they use. Little by little they cialist wage-workers of every city where he are coming to see that they can secure free has spoken on Industrialism within the last dom and happiness, each for himself, only three months speaks volumes for the growth by uniting in a relentless struggle against of revolutionary ideas and tactics within the common enemy, capitalism. And while the party. If ours were a party of ofiice this class of wage-workers is daily becom seekers rather than revolutionists, Haywood ing more intelligent and self-conscious, its and the Review would be unwelcome guests. numbers are all the while recruited by the .But, it may be asked, do we not favor poli process of industrial development. Every tical action? Surely we do. We hope to new machine helps make class-conscious see millions of votes cast for Socialist nomi proletarians out of skilled artisans who until nees in the United States in the near future. the machine appeared thought themselves But we want them to be Socialist votes, more capable and more deserving than the cast by voters who recognize the class strug common laborers. Every new consolidation gle and line up intelligently on our side. by which organized capital does away with And the most important work that our elect useless little capitalists hurls these capital ed candidates can do is to keep the clubs ists and their children down into the mass of the police and the bayonets of the sol of wage-workers, where they will suffer diers off the men and women of the revo hardships until they learn to rebel. Gradu lutionary unions, while they fight out the ally conditions are preparing for the great issue with the capitalists in the shops, the est social upheaval the world has ever mines and the freight yards. known. Until now civilization and indus Our Volunteer Army. Our greatest trial progress have been possible only source of strength as a party,—-a power that through the mastery of the few, the slavery we are only beginning to utilize, is the of the many. We are just reaching the volunteer army of Socialist enthusiasts, each point where-the many who do the work earning his own living under a capitalist must grasp the power to control the condi— master and working for Socialism in his tions of their work and the ownership of few hours of leisure because he loves the the things they make or the whole structure work and the cause. The “Appeal Army" of society will collapse. We the wage and our own co-operative publishing house workers are the only power that can end our are two great and conspicuous successes own slavery. And we can end it only by resulting from this mighty force. Thus far bringing the great mass of wage-workers in the party organization seems to have been all capitalist lands to a clear realization of forgetting to utilize the same force to any our common interests, of our common aims thing like the same advantage, except in a and of the Class War that can not end until few localities. The real lesson to be learned the capitalist class is overthrown. from Milwaukee is not opportunism but The Work of the Socialist Party. The efficient volunteer work. And the only way Socialist party of this country or any other in which this volunteer work can be utilized country has one good reason for existence is by local autonomy in the greatest possible and only one. That reason is to help on the measure. Last month we commented fa coming of the Revolution. Especially in vorably on the plan by which the Texas the United States, where the Organizations comrades put an end to factional quarrels of wage-workers on the economic field are and utilized an immense amount of hitherto weak, scattered and divided, and too often wasted energy, by giving more power and in the hands of “leaders” who are bribed responsibility to the local organizations, and directly or indirectly by the enemies of we urged that the National dues be reduced,

710 EDITORIAL. 711 so as to leave the hard-earned sums con basis of present dues this would give the tributed by party members to be used where National Executive Committee $60,000 they could be fertilized by volunteer work. a year to spend; on the basis of the pro The need for this action is becoming more posed amendment, $24,000. But the other and more apparent by reason of the recent $36,000, if the amendment carries, would conduct of our national ofiicers. Persistent be used by the various state committtees charges have been urged for many months to build up their membership. With against the national secretary and it seems scarcely an exception these state com to us that the real cause of these charges mittees are hard pressed for money, so is that the National Executive Committee that they are not able to keep organizers and National Secretary have been entrusted in the field, while the weaker ones are by the party with many thousands of dollars not even able to command the full time over and above what was actually needed of a state secretary. In nearly every case for carrying on the work of the office, and the extra $36.00 per hundred members that consequently the national secretary per year would add immensely to the ef found himself in a position where charges ficiency of the state office, and this added of favoritism in the appointment of em efficiency would result in a rapid increase ployees and organizers could easily be made. of members, so that within a year or two We believe that the remedy, which will the revenue of the National Office would once for all make impossible the recurrence be as large as now, while the party mem of such a state of things, is to cut down the bership and the fighting strength of the income of the national office to what is party would be more than doubled. really needed, and to entrust the use of most Every state is already organized with the of the party’s money to the comrades in the exception of Mississippi and the Caro Locals who are doing the really important linas, which can be organized within a work. year, and Delaware, which might well be attached to Maryland for organization Chicago Starts the Referendum.—On purposes. The National Organizers are April 11, after a prolonged debate, the now working almost entirely within or let Ward Branch of Local Cook County (Chicago) decided by a two-thirds vote ganized states, and the state committees to initiate the motion published on page ought to control them and pay them. 638 of last month’s Review. Meanwhile This they can and will do if this amend letters from other states indicate that the ment carries. And the vitally important same action is being taken elsewhere. If work for these organizers to do is to de you agree with us that this action is velop in every city and town a self necessary, bring the matter up in your governing Local of clear-headed socialists Local, and the necessary number of who will keep up an unending campaign seconds required to bring the question of propaganda and education. These to vote will soon be secured. The party methods will build up a party that will has already about 80,000 members and be a terror to the capitalists and a rally~ the National Secretary estimates that at ing point for the wage-workers. Let us the present rate the number will be 100, discard outgrown systems and utilize the 000 by the end of the year 1911. On the tremendous energy now going to waste. INTERNATIONAL NOTES BY WILLIAM E. BOHN

ENGLAND. A Safe and Sane Strike. ity” is giving the Russian proletariat a The strike of the London printers chance to gather its forces for renewed has about come to an end. It illustrates activity. From all over the dominion of in most of its phases the old way of strik the Czar comes the same story of the for ing and the old way of losing. It began mation of unions and the carrying on of with a good deal of enthusiasm. Most of vigorous propaganda. the London printers walked out. The One evidence of the revived spirit of provincial printers declared themselves the Russian people is peculiarly interest ready to strike in sympathy. If they had ing. In all capitalist countries we have ¢done so the strike would have been won seen attempts to reduce the learned prole almost immediately. tariat. especially that section of it en But the employers were too wily to al gaged in the profession of teaching, to low things to come to such a pass. The the position of humble lackeys of the gov strike had come on slowly as the result ernment. It has remained for Russia to of long negotiations. The masters had exhibit to the world a group of scholars been amply warned. They had had a with as much courage and independence chance to lay their wires. And that they as a union of brick-layers or bod-carriers. had laid them well was soon made appar The government of Premier Stolypin ent. The provincial printers were soon sometime ago ordered the police of the tied down with new agreements which various departments to put the univer were guaranteed to hold them for some sities under strict surveillance. The order years. So there could be no sympathetic was carried out. Spies, policemen and strike. Cossacks began to attend university lec This done the employing printers of tures to see that nothing was said con London raised the cry of provincial com trary to government regulation. Every petition. In the smaller cities of England appearance of free teaching was done wages are naturally lower than in Lon away with. don. “If we grant your demand for an The result has astonished the world. At eight-hour day," said the London employ the University of Moscow 110 professors ers, “we cannot compete with provincial walked out. The university is absolutely concerns.” Of course the London print tied up. ers understood the game, but they saw Whether this strike will end success orders for printing actually going outside fully seems very doubtful. A nation can of London and being filled at lower rates get on longer without learning than it than those set by the London trade. 50 can without bread or clothes. Moreover there was nothing to do but to make the the government is using all the methods best of a bad situation. Many of them of the industrial capitalist. It is import compromised by accepting a fifty-hour ing strike-breakers from France. An in week. Others are still out, but have no stitution called the French Institute has prospect of success. \Vhen the strike is been started by the scab professors. But over many shops will have been trans the nature of this institute has been ferred from the union to the nonunion widely revealed and it will probably have list. great difficulty in securing students. The As representatives of a form of union student class of Russia will know how ism which is advertised as “practical,” the to boycott a scab product. English craft organizations make a very F RANCE. The Red Flag in the Cham poor showing. pagne Country. For two months USSIA. Professors on Strike. ln past the cables have throbbed with news darkest Russia the revolution is get of riot in the departments of Marne and tmg a new start. Comparative “prosper Aube. American dailies have told their

712 H'll.1.l.~lM If. BOHN. ' 71.;

readers of scenes that recall the old revo ily worse. in 1"08 there was a crop fail lutionary days. At Damremy on Jan. ure and affairs reached a crisis. The in 17th 3,000 wine growers wrecked two of habitants of the province of Marne took the largest wine cellars in the district. the initiative. This province is situated Thousands of bottles of champagne were at the heart of the old province of Cham smashed. The streets literally ran with pagne. Its inhabitants evolved the no— expensive wine. And the waters of the tion that if they could secure the exclus Marne were enriched with plentiful 1i ive privilege of labeling their wine cham bations. Presses and casks were left in pagne their problem would be solved, a confused and worthless wreck. Two prosperity would return to them. Such days later the same scene was reproduced a solution, would, of course, work to the at d'I-Iautervilliers. detriment of the four other departments On March 19 even more violent up included within the boundaries of the old rising occurred at Bar-sur—Aube, in the province. But they were not solicitous department of Aube. The cellars of wine 0f the welfare of their neighbors. In merchants were wrecked, official de January, 1909, a governmental decree de mands for the payment of taxes were limiting the champagne district to the de burned in huge bonfires, and the red flag partment of Marne went into efiect was hoisted on the city hall. The munici This decree has naturally aroused bit pal oflicials of sixty neighboring towns ter opposition in the other departments resigned from their offices. On April 9 affected. In the department of Aube re fresh outbreaks occurred throughout the sentment has been particularly bitter. region. Therefore in this department the rioters Soldiers were hurried into the districts have sometimes borne banners inscribed, afi'ected. but they were powerless. They “Down with Delimitation.” Then, on dared not, at first, even arrest the lead April 8, when a committee of the Cham ers of the insurrections. The latest news, ber of Deputies advised that all the de however, is that they have taken into cus partments in the province of Champagne tody Emile Moreau, one of the most rev be included in the delimited district, there olutionary of the wine growers. was naturally an outbreak in the Marne On the face of them these tales sound region. preposterous. Here is a peaceful popu So it goes. Marne and Aube are pitted lation. The Socialist party of France has against each other. It would be impossi been trying for years to get hold of the ble to find a better example to illustrate small proprietors and peasant workers of the truth of the econmic interpretation of the wine regions. The Confederation history. The wine growers of both prov General du Travail has made repeated ef— inces declare solemnly that they have forts to organize them. Both have had eternal right on their side. but slight success. But now of a sudden But after all is said this opposition be this whole peaceful, plodding population tween Marne and Aube does not explain has risen, done damage to property that the events of the past two months. To makes the sabotage of the railway em be convinced of this it is but necessary ployes look like nothing, and triumphant to recall that the rioting began in the ly hoisted the red flag on its municipal Marne region, the district which already buildings. has the benefit of delimitation and hence What does it all mean? is seeking no territorial advantage. The only explanation given to the read In reality this violent war which is ers of American dailies is the statement focusing the attention of the entire world that the trouble all results from a com is a class war. mercial war between the departments of Big business has entered the cham Marne and Aube. The statement is cor pagne region. And where big business rect enough and it does explain some fea enters it always does its perfect work. tures of the situation. Where twenty years ago were thousands For the past twenty years the situation of small proprietors all living in compara of the wine dressers, small proprietors tive prosperity there are now a few great and wage earners alike, has grown stead capitalists and a great population of pov 714 INTERNATIONAL NOTES erty stricken peasants. The champagne Under these circumstances the individ riots represent an uprising of the poor ual proprietor has been reduced to the against the rich. position of producer of raw material. He To be sure many of the poor are “pro no longer produces wine; he produces prietors.” So in a certain sense the scenes grapes. These he sells to an agent rep of violence enacted in France are anala resenting one of the large wine houses. gous to the night riding expeditions The champagne country is parceled out which we witnessed in Kentucky a couple among buyers much as a good deal of of years ago. But the Kentucky night our farming country has been during the riders were comparatively well-to-do past few years. The price of grapes is plantation owners. No one would call the settled by the agents before the season French “proprietors” well-to-do. They opens. Therefore the small proprietor no longer really represent the middle is absolutely at the mercy of the great class. So there is a difference. wine merchant. > The vine bearing land of the region The prices paid to producers have under discussion is divided into extreme steadily fallen. In 1889 the price of a ly small holdings. In the department of cask of wine at the point where it was Marne, for example, there are 17,739 pro produced was 1,600 francs. By the year prietors holding together about 15,538 1901 it had fallen to 94 francs. This fair— hectares. Of these 14,430 own less than ly represents the fall in the price of a single hectare (about two and a half grapes. For the individual producer no acres) apiece. Formerly each one of these longer sells wine, he sells his grapes by small proprietors pressed the wine from the “cask.” That is, he sells his grapes his own grapes, bottled it, gave it the in lots of 400 kilos, or enough to produce treatment necessary to produce the quali one cask. ties desired, and sold it in the open mar— ket for a good price. Under these circumstances the great wine merchants have grown enormously But some years ago artificial methods wealthy. An instance is cited of a buyer for producing the effervescence charac who cleared 50,000 francs in two weeks. teristic of champagne were discovered. Of course the returns of the wine houses From that time on the small producer themselves are much greater. was doomed. At present the champagne business is absolutely controlled by a Besides procuring grapes at ridiculous few great houses. Here, as everywhere, ly small prices they import immense concentration has proved economical. The quantities of cheap wines from the south processes connected with the production of France and from Algeria, give it chem of champagne are very complex. After ical treatment, decorate it with the proper being bottled the wine is seasoned for label, and sell it for champagne. About four or five months. Every day each sep— 35,000,000 bottles of real champagne are arate bottle has to be shaken. At the produced each year; but over 100,000,000 end of this period it is treated chemically bottles are shipped out of the champagne until exactly the required flavor has been country. produced. All these processes are now The actual producers of the grapes, on carried on on a large scale at a few cen the other hand, find themselves in ever ters like Reims, Epernay and Ay. The increasing poverty. The labor of caring small proprietor merely produces the for vineyards is immense and the expense grapes and sells them to an agent of a connected with it is also large. A single large wine house. A single concern at hectare of vineyard demands an annual Epernay, that of Moet and Chandon, pos outlay of about 3,000 francs. Under pres sesses cellars which are described as con ent conditions the return for the product taining thirty kilometres of the racks on is often less than that sum. The budget which the bottles are arranged while the of a representative small proprietor wine is seasoning. In this one town 2,000 shows that during the past ten years he laborers are constantly at work in the has actually suffered a loss of nearly 12, cellars. 000 francs. THE WORLD OF LABOR BY MAX S. HAYES.

O\V that the Socialist party has taken certainly not with the co-Operation of another long stride forward, as was Theodore Roosevelt. Several years ago revealed in the municipal elections last such a party could have been started and month—when Butte, the largest city in it might have stood fair chances of gain— Montana; Berkeley, Cal, the famous ing success, but the opportunity has college city; Flint, Mich., which is large passed forever and the Socialist party is ly dominated by J. P. Morgan and asso— now universally recognized as the labor ciated capital; Victor, Col., the storm party, no matter how much it may be center of the great battle between the hated or misrepresented by its opponents. Western miners and allied capital that The large numbers of trade unionists was climaxed by the labor victory in the who have been flocking to the Socialist Moyer, Haywood and Pettibone case, and party all over the country during the past many other places were wholly or par— few months (I understand that the dues tially carried by the Socialist party—the paying membership increased 20,000 be working people are being regaled with tween January 1 and April 1 and is now some more talk about a new national 78,000), led by the miners and building labor party to be formed. craftsmen, explains why more victories This time the news comes from Phila are being achieved at the polls and why delphia and it is very frankly announced the old political bosses of the Penrose that the principal reason that the labor stripe are becoming panicky and plotting party is to be brought into being is to to launch a fake labor party to stem the check the growth of Socialism as illus tide toward socialism. _ trated in the April returns. No less a In America nothing succeeds like suc personage than ex-President Roosevelt is cess. It’s a national attribute that the to head the new movement to smash the people's attention is always attracted by red spectre and as no denials have come a winning side and they frequently be from that gentleman it appears that come partisan thereto over night. That Barkis is willin'. Very glibly the public is a historical fact, and so when Milwau— is assured that the American Federation kee fired the first big gun last November of Labor is to serve as a basis upon which it wasn’t surprising to see the masses be the new party is to be founded, just as gin to move in the direction of the new though the Federation is a nice little party and produce results in Butte, package that may be wrapped up in ferkeley, Flint and dozens of other brown paper and placed in Mr. Roose places. And these in turn will wield a velt’s pocket. certain influence in keeping up the ratio Of course the bitter attacks that have of gains at the fall elections, so that by been made upon the Socialist party by the time l9l2 swings around the S. P. Gompers and his friends for many years will most likely have considerably more naturally lead the unwary to believe that than 100,000 dues-paying members and the A. F. of L. is owned by Gompers and an organization that will be invuluner— is hostile to socialism. Outsiders don't able. seem to realize that socialism is making Now, on the other hand, fancy Roose immense strides in nearly all affiliated in velt, the father of the open shop, trying ternational unions, despite the fact that in also to wean a labor party. What plat— some of those organizations the radical form will it place before the people, who element, among them many socialists. is going to finance it, and who will be have seceded or were forced out and es its spokesmen? These questions must be tablished rival unions. answered with Something more substan— The truth of the matter is that no tial than hot air. It required years of national labor party can be established hard battling to build up the Socialist in this country by the .-\. F. of l.. and party. and it can be accepted as a cer 710 THE WON/.1) OF LABOR tainty that a majority of the trade union Whether the seamen will be able to officials have no hankering to engage in wrest decent conditions from the trust is any adventure of that kind, all reports to problematical. Things seaward are not the contrary notwithstanding. as they were in the good old days when the able-bodied sailor was a more or less heroic figure. Jack Tar of song and The third year of the life and death story has had pretty much all the poetry struggle on the Great Lakes between the knocked out of him by the inventive and seamen and the Lake Carriers’ Associa— prosaic genius of modern capitalistic de— tion, backed by the United States Steel velopment. Corporation, has begun in earnest. But it is well worth while watching the Throughout the winter months the trust struggle on the Great Lakes, if for no has resorted to every imaginable scheme other reason than to compare the mili to keep its ranks of strike-breakers intact, tancy of centralized capital with the seg while the unionists plastered the cities regated efforts of the crafts that are em and towns for hundreds of miles along ployed on and along the lakes. the lakes and inland with huge posters, urging workingmen to remain away from The trials and tribulations of the elec the shipping offices. trical workers, which have created much But despite the close surveillance of havoc among all the international unions, the trust, the unionists broke the ranks may be adjusted. The St. Louis conven of its “free and independent” work peo tion of the A. F. of L. endorsed a plan, ple. At Buffalo, Cleveland, Duluth and which was outlined by Vice-President a number of other places many of its Duncan, to hold conventions of the Reid strike-breakers went on strike, singly and and McNulty factions in the same city on in bunches as high as a hundred men, the same date. The executive council of while many of the recruits gained by the the A. F. of L. subsequently unreeled an master class are not to be depended upon other yard of red tape and endorsed the as “independents,” as will be demonstrat St. Louis convention’s endorsement and ed later on in the season. took another step by suggesting that, as One of the most significant incidents both factions were bound constitutionally of this famous battle between the work— to meet in September, Minneapolis be ing class and a few but powerful capital chosen as the place of assemblage. ists is that the pilots, who were depend— The Reidites have agreed to the plan ed upon to act as loyal strike-breakers are and the McNultyites are holding a refer revolting and forming a secret organiza endum vote on the selection of the con— tion. They are passing a propaganda vention city. The general belief is that leaflet from hand to hand, much in the all differences can be adjusted by the same way as the workers of Russia are delegates of both factions who come fresh spreading intelligence among each other from the rank and file. The Duncan pro under cover, deploring their unenviable posal is that both conventions appoint position and urging a revolt against cen committees to hold joint sessions and tralized capitalism. thresh out all differences and report to Meanwhile the small ship-owners who their respective bodies. and then combine have been dragged into the Lake Car both conventions and work out details. riers’ Association are slowly and steadily which is a good scheme. being strangled. The steel trust has been increasing its tonnage and will soon be entirely independent of its allied cap— Recently a court in New York state italists, whose ships will be rotting be rendered a verdict against International hind breakwaters or up the rivers. Some Association of Machinists, District No. are desperately talking about engaging in 15; that establishes a villainous prece the _ocean trade as “tramps,” but they are dent. A year or so ago the machinists doomed, just as are the small steel and went on strike against an unfair concern tinplate plants that were inveigled into in the New York district, which concern pulling chestnuts from the fire for the imported strike-breakers and housed trust. them in the plant. Then, because the .llA .\' S. HAYES 717 pickets won'some of the strike-breakers the company's attorneys. The case cost over to their side, the firm went into the New York machinists about $5,000. court and obtained an injunction prohib ly the way. the machinists are about iting picketing. This was followed by to hold an international election. Presi a damage suit to reimburse the company dent O'Connell will be opposed by \V. J. for the expense to which it was put to Johnson. a Socialist. who at the last ses run its plant with scabs. The plaintiff sion of Congress secured concessions that not only secured a judgment for a lib means the eight-hour day for 23.000 men. eral amount to pay for housing and feed ing its strike-breakers, but the obliging Monthly to trustworthy people to distribute samples and catalogs at home. Steady work. court also tacked on several hundred dol $90 845 expense allowance. lars additional to defray the expenses of 5. SCNEFFEI. Tron... I. P" CHICAGO

Good Clothes F Men—made to your individual meaaure in a first clan manner by union workmenI out or of good material at exceptional low pricea, ia the thing we want to interest you in. Our prices range from “2.50 to $32.00 Don't fail to send for our ducri tive Sample Folder, ahowin latent suitinga, light overcoating, etc., also fan {ion plates, tape measure it’s Free and ful simple inatructiom for taking measure, beside: A Very Special lnducernent for a trial order all fully eaplaind. _ . You have aeen our ads in Review and Appeal to Reason the put IOyeara, hence we need no introduction. You need this Sample Folder if you need a suit. Remember the C. W. Union Label in on every garment we turn out. A. B. Conklin & C0. 19 Do. 6th Ave anue, CH ICAGO

El‘fn, Walthnm and Hnmpclen movements are the most reliable. Twenty-year Dueber cases will wear as well as any solid old case. 18 or 16 size seventeen-:jewel Elgin, Waltham and Hampden Wit twenty year Dueber case. it .75 Same ease with fifteen-Jewel Elgin mOVe ment, $12.00. Ten-year ease with seven jewels, Elgin. $7.50. Ten year ease with seventeen jewels. Elgin, $9.50. Above watches are open face and come plain or engraved. For closed face add one dollar. 18 size nickel case, seventeen-jewel Elgin, $8.50. 18 size nickel case, seven jewels, Elgin. $6.00. SEND NO MONEY. We will send any of these watches by express prepaid, and will instruct the express agent to let you examine it‘lbefore paying for it: you take no risk. RELIABLE MERCANTILE 00., 1740 W. Madison St., Chicago

IN EACH TOWN WANTED—RIDER AGENTS and district to ride and exhibit a sum le 19!! Model our for "Ranger" [all nrtulnrr bicycle and fiirnilhed ipea'alojez. b us. NO Our M0§ it cuts everywhere are makin g ruone y fast. HI: 0! BY REQUIRED until you receive and approve of your bicyc e. We ahi to an o ne. an where in the U. S- uulliaul a cent deposit in advance, a] freqM, _ and allow TEN ‘ DA‘ ' FR E TRIAL during which time you may ride the bicycle and put it to any teat you wtsh. If you are then not perfectly satisfied or do not wish to keep the bicycle [on ma; lhlill back to us at our ex nae nndyou will not be out one cml. We urniah the hi hut grade bi cies it is posaible to make atone atrial] profit ‘ I above the actual actory cost. on save $10 to g; middlemen’a profits by buying direct of us and have the manufacturer‘s guarantee behind your bicycle. DO BUY a bicycle or a pair of "NI from an au at an in until you receive our catalogues and learn our unhard of ad in: an nqu 1:: daft: : r. when you receive our beautiful catalogue and study our auperh models at ioli’filu it Astoni‘sur‘ii the wander/nil [um "in: we can make 'uu. We sell the hi host grade M: cies at lower prim than an other factory. We are satisfied with $.00 profit a ve factory cost. ICYCLE D ALERS, you can sell ourbkye es under your own name plate at double our prices. Order! filled the day received. .ICOND MAID IICYCLIH limited number taken in trade by our Chicago retail stores will be closed out at once. at it to .8 each. Descriptlve bar aln list mailed free. b“ l i d i T' Es, E bicyclerear wheelanner line at half tu uaual .. ampumyclometen. pricea. DO NOT parts, WAIT—hut repars an wrirgiioday‘ior 0v thn in theour Lori: Calnldfue beautifully illustrated and containingagreat fund of interesting matter and useful information. it only com a postal mean togeteveryrh ng. cYcLE“'rltv It now co. Dept- iii-239. CHICAGO, ILL. NEWS AND VIEWS

Helping the Striking Coal Miners in the the game and do something to help the strik Irwin District. The letter from Alphons Ol ers out, write Alphons Olbrich, 2604 N. Fifth brich, Philadelphia, about the way the Locals street, Philadelphia, Pa., and he will see that in Philadelphia are sending aid to the strik you are put in touch with the relief commit ing miners of the Irwin District, was crowded tee. out last month. Comrade Olbrich writes that How to Get an Eight-Hour Day.—In your the 17th, 19th and 20th Ward branches of February issue of the Review Local Portland the Socialist party in Philadelphia have been initiates a movement for an eight-hour day doing splendid relief work for the friends in for May 2, 1912. I have a proposition to sug Westmoreland County. Five thousand cards gest which I hope you will consider. If there were printed by the comrades and distributed is anything impossible about it, if it won’t and later the district was canvassed for dona work, write me why. Let us join in educating tions. The results of four Saturday canvasses the workers and in persuading them to hit were as f0110ws: $33.75, $54.39, $25.88 and at 'the same time. Instead of going out on $59.27, or $173.29 in cash. The committee has strike, starving ourselves and our families, let two wagons going the rounds for them bear us simply all take the eight-hour day and quit ing two muslin signs six feet by three feet after eight hours’ work, whether the factory reading: "Irwin, Westmoreland Coal Miners’ whistle blows for quitting time or not. Of Relief Committee. What Will You Give in course, this will mean a lockout. Well, when Clothes?" Only one-half of the 19th Ward the managers advertise for workingmen we was covered when the committee reported Will apply for jobs and then we will quit work seven big wagon loads of clothing and from after eight hours of work again. Perhaps in this way we can take the eight-hour day with 350 to 400 pieces of canned goods. A police out starving while we fight and without let officer advised us one day to go to the station ting scabs take our places. I know this is 'so house as he thought we could get a lot of simple that it looks suspicious. What do you cast-off uniforms. We called several times, think about it?-—From COMRADE WAMSER, of one ofiicer always referring us to another, and Chattanooga. we were told that if the city hall knew what we were doing we would be stopped. They From the Coeur D’Alene, Ida., S. P. Plat said we would “incite the people to riot.” form preamble We expected we would be stopped after Haven’t you had about enough of so-called that. On Saturday, February 18, we canvassed “Business,” "Progressive-’3 and other “catch the territory in which Wm. 1. Glenn resides. phrase” administrations? Will the Socialist But the magistrate was out, and all this was do any better? If so, why? Because by our done in the police district where the lieutenant system of party government no individual is and the magistrate vowed last summer that permitted to act upon his own authority. All no more Socialist meetings should be held. important matters must be inspected by the In our canvassing we have found out that the party membership, and details given to the poorest workers, those nearest to the down public. This is democracy, not in theory only, and outs, are the most cheerful givers. The but in practice. ' further we go from them the worse are our As a precaution against breaking party donations. Big houses mean little or no do pledges, by incompetent or dishonest officials, nation and small houses big donations. One and as a means of party control, our candi canvasser met a workman, either Polish or dates are, when nominated. required to file Hungarian, who asked what we were collect their written resignations with the party sec ing for. When he understood he tore oFf his retary, said resignations to become effective overcoat and insisted upon its being accepted. should a party referendum vote decide in favor He also gave a small sum of money. Such of a recall. a spirit assures future success for the working This requirement is not imposed upon our class. Another good sign is the worker's candidates through lack of confidence in their want-to-be-shown attitude. He investigates fidelity as a whole, but to safeguard against for himself. The work of canvassing is great those who seek office at the hands of the party work for raising the enthusiasm among local with intent to discredit it. comrades. We got several non-socialists— We can imagine what a jolt the above will young men—to help and they became so sym be to the old party candidates. It is a lesson pathetic and enthused that they want to join in party democracy that every worker will the party. We want to congratulate the understand and trust. friends in Philadelphia for this splendid work. Too many of us have been busy with minor Scout Drenk, of Elkhart, Ind., writes: “Your labor troubles to help our friends in the Irwin letter of the 29th asking me how the REVIEW District who are putting up one of the gamest sells is received. Answer is: Send me fifteen fights in the history of the labor movement. more of the April number instead of May. I If any of our other friends want to get into will order for May later." 718 NEWS AND VIEWS. 719

J. F. Hardie, of Oklahoma, writes: “Lay on RUBBER STAMPS, STENCILS, McDuff. Have just read ‘In Prison \Vith NOTARY & SOCIETY SEALS, Herve,’ and Kerr's splendid editorials. Also the other articles and they are all fine. Yours SOLID RUBBER TYPE ETC., for a bloodless revolution." MANUFACTURED BY A. STE N HOUSE 81. CO.. ITS GROWTH AND OUTCOME. By Wil 79 S. CLARK ST., CHICAGO, ILL. ham Morril and Ernest Belfort Bax. One of the Soeialis! classicn; until lately sold in this country Special prices to readers of this magazine. at $1.26. Written in a most charming style, it traces the growth of society from lavagery through barbarilm, slavery and feudalilm to capitalism, shown how capitalism carries within itself the seeds of its own destruction, and why the coming of Socialism is inevitable. It alto his Socialist Pennants a very interesting chapter answering some of the many questions as to how the detail: of life will be arranged extra in! In quality: crimson felt bearing 'the word under the coming social order. Extrl cloth binding, well SOCI ISM in artistic uttering; sell them at your meetings; printed on fine book paper, 244 pages, 50 cents, out aid. decorate your local with them: regular price. sent b mail. Mention this advertisement and we will include R E l without canes, 15 cents each; 2 for 25 cents. For .00 we subscription to the International Socialist Review for will send by prepaid ex ness 1 donen pennant: with bamboo three months. Charles H. Kerr & Co., 118 W. Kinzie canoe. Address R. B. obias, 118 West Kinzie St., Chicago. St., Chicago. Ill., second floor.

MONEY MAKING SECRETS. Are you wearing your life away toiling for millionaires? If so. get my book. and learn Fourth edition of how to make mum-y for yourself. Sent postpaid for ten 8,000 in six months cents. H. T. Freed. J. 2. Quincy.1ll. of the E I C H T CHICAGO AN ARCHISTS in reply to why sentence of death should not be passed u n them. Delivered IN COURT October 7, R and 9. FARMS WANTED. We have direct buyers. Don't pay 1886. I you wish to be informed upon the great eight-hour commissions. Write describing property. naming lowest price. strike of May 1, 1856, the historic hayrnarket meeting, the We nefp buyers loeate desirable property Free. American In anarchist trial, read these speeches. They are tne "classics" v'estment Association. 30 Palace bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. of the early labor movement by its organizers. One hundred and twenty-two octavo pages, containing splendid photos of the eightof monument men taken above just their before grave. they were Price. murdered. 30_cents',i_b0und,,75c. Also picture per month and expenses to men to travel, advertise and put out catalogues. Big mail Good commissionjtqagcnts. order house. LUCY E. PARSONS, Publisher Silvorton Company, M. K., CHICAGO 1000 South PnulInn Street CHICAGO, ILL.

if! * YOU NEED GOOD PRINTING

and you want it delivered promptly at the time agreed. Therefore, would it not be a good business move to place your printing orders with a modern, well-equipped estab lishment, and take no risk of disappoinment? We will be pleased to quote prices on any= thing that can be printed, large or small. JOHN F. HIGGINS OLDESY STRICTLY UNION PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT IN CHICAGO 279 TO 285 E. MONROE ST., CHICAGO

k 720 THE ! NTERNATJO.V<"IL SOCI A LIST NE I "!U / Don't Be a Wage Slave Make $39000.00 to $5,000.00 a Year Be a Doctor ol Mechano-Therapy We Teach You By Mall or In Class you tired of working for wages which barely keep body and soul together? Have you the ambition to enjoy the profits of your ~wn labor? To gain social prominence and financial independence? To go forth among your fellow men with your head up-an honored and respected citizen of your locality? THEN SEND FOR OUR FREE BOOK Entitled "How to Become a Mechano-Therapist." It tells how every man and woman, with an ordinary, common school education. can acquire a pro­ fession within a few months which will insure financial independence for life. OUR BOOK-i• costs you nothing. r------1 What is Mechano· Therapy? Wonderful Money· Making orM:;!~r~~gT~T!:::e 1!f~h~~~tct~:g:~ ~~~cr~ Possibilities •fmlfartoOsteopatby, butfarouperfor.be· FOR MEN AND WOMEN ing the latest, up-to-date method ot' treat- No matter what your occupation may be ing disease by the Natural Method. ltbeals Mechano-Therapy offers a new fi eld for tm! as ~ature heals-in accordance with Na· provingyoursocialandftnanciatcondition. ture e laws. Hundreds or men and women have taken -~beMecbano-Tb a raplstl s a.drugle ssp~- up Mechano-Therapy and many are today ~j~•:sna~~~~t ~~~;~~~~i~~~~~~ftc ~~~?n~: Independent and earning bfg money. tfonsor rood, circumstance, Idea, water and READ WHAT OUR GRADUATES SAY m~~1~~1.echano - TherapJst Js skilled tn com- ev8er:',-~'{!~~t~~t~~~!r~g:~et~~:~o;e~e~t!a pelllngthe body TO DO ITS OWN HEALING women have done you ma.y do. We do n ot with Its own force, rather than with poison· give addresPesot people whosetestlmontala A Personal Word ous drugs ot the o ld school practitioner. we prtnt. U you are tntereeted we turniab them on request. From the President of the College. CAN I LEARN IT? I Make $10 to ~ Day and Work Have you ever tbougbt or going Into Have you asked yourself this question? S•"•" Dar• a Week We answer, unhesitatingly, YES. Dr. W. P". Laelle, M. T.,writes: ll!/•lness tor yourself I It you have so much as an ordinary, com· Iammatinr mon schooled ucatlon, you can learn. from $10 to II~ a day and w ork aeven day• a 'Then send tor my FREE book, !twill t ell week. I am busy all the Sime. you how othe1·s are enjoyJng a life of !:::3:­ H J' OU ba.ve the ambition to better your ury, while putting money away In the bank. condition-to earn more money-to have Makea $25 to $30 Par Day How YOU can not only gain independence, m ore leisuro-you can learn. Nor does tble require years ot patJent P'. L. Stout, M. T. D., writes : I now :nake but be a. ben efit to huma.ntty and a hiKhly study to learn Mechano-Therapy-we can as hi:b a• 125 to 1:10 per day. I feol that lD r espected citizen wtth an Jncome of 13,000 teach youln a. very short time, so that you Mechano-Therapy there ia 6nancialiUCCestfor an to eo,ooo a year. may enter this profession-and when you who wi.ll pui forth the necesury eneru. All I ask ts that you send me tile coupon do, you begin to make money. No text $2.150 to $1 fora Slngl• Treatm•nt below tor my FREE book. You can then books are required, beyond those furnished P. W. Drmant, M. T •• writes: Inmyyear'a decide, Jn the privacy of your own borne by us. We supply allleBBons and necessary practice 1 have never gtven a single treat­ whether you wish to embrace the oppor· text books free ot cost to you. No ap. ment tor lese than $2.50and the most wasl6 tunlty which I o ffer you, or whether you paratus Js usoo. You do not even need a. will continue to plod l\1 ong the balance of place to work. All you require Ja your lnGome $1• a Day; Formerly a Blookamltll your days slavJng tor others. two handa. W. S. McClure writes: The poasibi.lities of the Mechano-Therapiats are almosi unlimited, The man who induced me to take a course in Mechano­ Therapy w&s formerly a btactsmith with aa We Teach You in Your Own Home ordinary education. TC'day he i1 practiclnc We can teach you an honorable and profitable profession in a. few months, whtcb wJU drug-Jess healior with a.n averace incoote of t16 tnsure your ftnancla.l independence for life. We can make you master ot your own time­ perday. --- to come and go as you will-an hcnored and r espected citizen, wttb a.n income of 13,000 to 10,000 a year. We teach you this pleasant, profitable profession by maU, right in your own One of our mo•t Succcaaful Graduataa. located in !few York City, wriiea:-1 cleared 180 ~~r:trtt:~l;c~r~ow: gfdn;:~~:;e~ea::;'!::!~ri~~~~e~~e;~U:a':~~1~hujfs1~~~~t~~~~~~ ~~:~koe~ above all expense• in four day1' time. school education, can learn Mechano-Thera.py. It is easy to learn and results are sure .. .______• d~;~~~8~hf!~~~':~1:h~:~:!~~Ou:-dcr0ur:~~b:1~sS:lr~~0:a ~~ ~~~~t~~~:n~~:ct~ J~~s:~~h:riJ women who were formerly cterks-farmers-stenograpners-telegraph operators-Jnsur· ance agents-railway employes-In tact, ot nearly every known occupation-old men or SIMPLY SEND 70 years who felt discouraged and hopeless-young men of 20 yearE', who never had a g~f~~t~!:J~t~~o~~E:rJr'::t"e~~;~:r~e:v:e~,;:_~1~:u~~:~e~~!~Jn:~;: t,e~t~~!u~~~~ts;y~8co~: THE COUPON ability to better their conditions. Write tor our F'REE book, which explains all-today. FOR THIS

I-•J.•!I•K•R•IC•!•II•C•O-L_L_R_O_K_O_F_ !I_E_CI.;I_AN-O-.-T-11-E-R-A-P-Y-, ____;;..._-1 --:!1.~ a~h~o~rlan! m~n! K~~~~-~lll~l Dt~pt. 407, 120-122 Randolph Stnet, Chleago, Ill. TOU. It you are contented. and willing to GENTLEMEN:- Please send your book, "How to become a ~:~ge~~~~ p~~h:~:~~~~J~!:'i!~~l~~te~~ ~;~~~-- Mechano-Thera.plst,' "!ree ot cost to me. But Jf you have a spark o f manhood or wom- anhood left--any ambition whatsoeve r to Improve your condition socially and finan· .My Name . . .• .•.• . •.. •.•••••.•••••.•...... •...... • . ..••• cinll.v, learn this pleasant profession. It will make you Independent tor urr. It is so easy-so VERY easy-to aet all the details-without 14~ P.9~t omoe<. . •...... •. •• •• • ...... troubl e O?" expense. Simpl1JBiQn an ~t se11d us the coupon now. R. F. D. or St. No .. ..••...• . ...••...•.•..•...... State .•• .•••••• AMERICAN COLLEGE OF MECHANO· THERAPJ (Write name, ~wn and lt.ate nry plain) Dept. 4117• JIO·ltl Raadelpll St., C.hleaco, 111.

The Bible reviewed in the light of Modern Science GOD AND MY NEIGHBOR

ROBERT BLATCHFORD IS This is the chief subject of debate to-day between —— Christians and Scientists the world over B l B L E Robert Blatchford says: “Is the Bible a holy and — inspired book and the Word of God to man, or is it an T E 7 incongruous and contradictory collection of tribal tra _—‘ dition and ancient fables, written by men of genius and imagination?” Mr. Blatchford believes RELIGIONS are not REVEALED, they are EVOLVED. “We cannot accept as the God of Creation,” he writes, “this savage idol (Jehovah) of an obscure tribe, and we have renounced him and are ashamed of him, not because of any later divine reve lation, but because mankind have become too enlightened to toler ate Jehovah.” “The ethical code of the Old Testament is no longer suitable as the rule of life. The moral and intellectual advance of the human race has left it behind.” CHRISTIANS declare the highest conception of God is the Christian concep tion of him as a Heavenly Father. “God is lOVe," they say. To which Blatch ford replies: “This is a very lofty, poetical and gratifying conception, but it is open to one fatal objection—it is not true!” Mr. Blatchford does not believe that a divine being would need or ask for PRAYER and PRAISE. “If you were a human father, would you rather your children praised you and neglected each other, or that brother should stand by brother, and sister cherish sister?” GOD AND MY NEIGHBOR is not an attack upon religion. It is a study of the Bible from the scientific point of view. It is one of the most thought-pro voking books of the age. It is being discussed from hundreds of platforms and in thousands of homes. Extra Cloth, 248 large pages, $1.00 postpaid CHARLES H. KERR & COMPANY

Publishers 118 West Kinzie Street, Chicago

i

Mexico, or more properly Diaz, challenged for barbarity, does not answer convincingly. CHICAGO TRIBUNE (Editorial)

The unanswered challenge, with ample proofs, corroborated by engrav ings from photographs taken in Mexico, will be found in John Kenneth Turner's book Barbarous exico

what the Newspapers Jay:

' ' . Mr. Turner’s articles on Mexico, when they appeared Chicago Evenlng POSt ' in magazines and periodicals, elicited a great deal of severe criticism. One rather expects to find the book inteniperate and unconvincing. But as a matter of fact it is neither; it is a calm, deliberate and judicial piece of description and analysis, and it cannot fail to make a deep impression on the honest reader.

' ' ' BOSTON: The author explains that the term “barbarous” Chrlstlan RegISter in the title of his book is intended to apply not to the people of Mexico, but to the form of government which permits the slavery and cruel ill-treatment of helpless human beings, bought and sold like mules. The details of this slavery, set forth in clear, apparently well substantiated statements, make painful reading. . . Mr. Turner writes of what he has himself seen and proved. Taking plenty of time for investigation, he has explored condi tions and hunted down reports. . . This book is one with which the American public ought to become acquainted.

PORTLAND: The writer . . . claims that there is neither Oregon Journal free speech nor free press, that Diaz is “unanimously elected" be cause his opponents are never allowed to live to come to the polls; slavery of the very Worst type exists, coupled with starvation and crime, and all this for the glory of Diaz. He furthermore claims that these things could not exist if Diaz did not have the sup )ort of the United States, threatening when insurgency raises its head, to call to his aid a powerful army of United States soldiers. Now all this might be passed over with the usual comment “sensational.” if Mr. Tumor did not substantiate his statements with such a tremendous array of facts and figures and photo graphic illustrations as would extract conviction from the most prejudicerl unbeliever.

Written and published just before the outbreak of the present revolution, this book predicted it. No one desiring to understand the Mexican situation can afford to overlook BARBAROUS MIXICO.

Extra Cloth, 340 Pages, besides 17 pages of Engravings, $1.50 Postpaid CHARLES H. KERR & COMPANY

Publishers 118 West Kinzie Street, Chicago

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