Uncovering an Anglo- Saxon Monastery in

Interim Report on University of Reading Excavations at , 2008

Gabor Thomas

1 Landscapes of the Anglo-Saxon Conversion: University of Reading Excavations at Lyminge, Kent, 2008

The following presents provisional results of the inaugural year of open-area excavation by the University of Reading within the precincts of the Anglo-Saxon monastic site of Lyminge, Kent. This work forms part of a wider project entitled ‘Landscapes of Conversion: the Anglo-Saxon Church within the ’, which seeks to construct a comparative framework in which to interpret and contextualize the evidence garnered from Lyminge.

Historical and archaeological background

The historical context surrounding the Anglo-Saxon monastery of St Mary’s, Lyminge has received full treatment in the Project Design (Thomas 2005). Since the initiation of the excavations a critical analysis of the historical sources relating to Lyminge minster has appeared in print (Kelly 2006). Kelly’s detective work has shaken many of the ‘truths’ surrounding the foundation legend of Lyminge minster derived from the largely post-Conquest hagiographical tradition associated with the Kentish saint, Mildrith (Rollason 1982). It is from this source that Lyminge derives its association with its founding abbess, the historical figure, Æthelburh, widow of King Edwin of Northumbria and daughter of King Æthelberht I of Kent, and with her its foundation date of A.D. 633. Contrary to received wisdom, Kelly points out that a Christian site of this comparatively early date was more likely to have been non-monastic in character, perhaps taking the form of a royal mortuary chapel. Lyminge’s life as a double monastery may thus have been initiated somewhat later (and by implication by a rather less illustrious foundress), the most likely context being a re-foundation in the final third of the 7th century.

Other than proposing a revised sequence for the early life of the monastery, Kelly’s work also raises the spectre of a potential confusion in the charter sources between the Christian community at Lyminge and a neighbouring one at , with the possibility that some of the estates traditionally regarded as part of the Lyminge endowment (including the estate of Sandtun ) were in fact in the possession of the latter. If correct, this reading has important implications for reconstructing the economic base of the Middle Saxon monastery, for excavations at Sandtun have shown that it was indeed a highly strategic site engaged in cross- channel trade and the seasonal exploitation of coastal and marine resources

2 (Gardiner et al 2001). On the other hand, some of Kelly’s assertions in this particular regard are open dispute: having reflected on the relevant minutiae, Professor Nicholas Brooks (joint editor of the forthcoming British Academy volume Charters of Christ Church, and Chairman of the umbrella Anglo-Saxon Charters Project) is confident that the link between Lyminge minster and the Sandtun estate remains secure (pers comm.).

Relevant archaeological discoveries in Lyminge up to 2005 have been summarised previously (Thomas 2005). To many Anglo-Saxonists, Lyminge is synonymous with a richly furnished, 5th-7th-century inhumation cemetery partially excavated on a site to the north of the village during the 1950s and sampled further in recent excavations by the Canterbury Archaeological Trust (Richardson 2005, 48-9). This burial ground was evidently part of wider mortuary landscape hinted at by isolated burials discovered elsewhere in the locality during the 19th century (ibid. 48).

With regards to the site of the Anglo-Saxon monastery itself, we owe the first glimpses to the Victorian incumbent, Canon Jenkins, whose legacy of energetic, though less than scientific, excavation has been responsible for fixing the cult of St Æthelburh firmly in the modern-day imagination (Kelly 2006, 99-100). Considerable ambiguity surrounds the results of his excavations in the graveyard adjacent to the church, but scholars are in agreement that the buried wall foundations discovered immediately to the south of the nave belong to a representative of a group of early Kentish masonry churches exemplified by the apsidal structures forming the early core of St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury (Cambridge 1999).

Canon Jenkin’s legacy has ensured that the cult of St. Æthelburh remains alive and strong. 3

The trail remerges over a century later when, in 2005, an archaeological evaluation by the Canterbury Archaeological Trust to the south of the churchyard produced a series of boundary ditches, structural features and pits attesting to a wider zone of Middle Saxon occupation. These results provided the stimulus for a programme of geophysics and test-pitting undertaken in 2007 under the auspices of the University of Kent, culminating (following the Director’s move to the University of Reading) in the initiation of the current open-area excavations. The principal aim of last season’s excavation was to provide a basis for assessing the character and preservation of archaeological remains constituting an extensive complex of Middle Saxon occupation extending some 150-200m to the south of the church; the results were also intended to inform sampling and recording procedures designed to maximise the recovery of environmental, artefactual and structural evidence.

Aerial view showing location of excavation trenches in relation to the church. The CAT evaluation took place in the square parcel of land above Trench 1

4 The methodology involved opening up two areas (providing a combined window of some 1400m²), on private land belonging to the Old Rectory: Trench 1, a 30m x 30m square adjacent to a fence-line marking the boundary with the land evaluated by CAT in 2005; and Trench 2, a T-shape located in direct alignment with the Old Rectory and the church beyond. Both areas were stripped mechanically down to the surface of the chalk subsoil and all subsequent excavation proceeded by hand. The excavations were run as a Field School for students from the Universities of Reading, Kent and UCLA, California, with additional input being provided by volunteers from the Kent Archaeological Society.

View of the 2008 excavations with the Old Rectory at the extreme right of the picture – the church lies immediately beyond.

Results

Trench 1

The results in Trench 1 confirm the impression that the archaeology in this area is predominantly of a single, Middle Saxon period (broadly 7th-9th centuries); later features were restricted to two SW-NE field boundaries of post-Medieval date and a more substantial E-W ditch which bisected the site and which owes its final form to the late medieval period. Middle Saxon features were concentrated in what appear to be two distinct zones, the most extensive being confined to the south side of the central boundary ditch. The fact that this boundary coincided with a distinct break in the distribution of Middle Saxon features, may suggest that it perpetuates a much

5 earlier boundary, conceivably marked by open ground as opposed to an actual physical barrier, as found at the broadly contemporary monastic settlement of Hartlepool (Daniels 2007, 157-9).

View of Trench 1. Notice the distinct clustering of features and the broad sterile zone on the left side of the central ditch.

The southern concentration was dominated by an imposing post-built timber structure aligned on an east- west axis, measuring 19m by 6.5m. It was constructed of eight pairs of outer wall posts set into pits up to 0.80m deep, several of which preserved their original post impressions. A distinctive feature which sets the Lyminge structure apart from the mainstream tradition of Anglo-Saxon timber construction was a longitudinal alignment of posts creating two aisles. The fact that these were out of alignment with the outer wall posts raises the possibility View of the main post-hole building.

6 that this feature was a later structural modification, although it could be regarded as primary, especially if an upper storey is envisaged. Dividing the space up in this way does not make sense in a ground-level building used for domestic/residential purposes. Indeed, the best parallels for this distinctive two-aisled plan can be found amongst a group of Migration-period structures from the near continent interpreted as grain-storage barns (Hamerow 2002, 37-8, Fig. 2.15).

This building was stratigraphically contemporary with an exterior yard surface covering a roughly rectangular area measuring at least 10m E-W (the eastern limits lay beyond the confines of the trench) by 3.80m N-S. The surface comprised a metalling of crushed flint compressed into a prepared chalk surface; fragments of animal bone and iron slag were incorporated into the metalling, whilst an adjacent pit was found to contain a mass of flint nodules evidently surplus to requirements or perhaps intended for making repairs. Hollowed areas within the surface were filled by occupation deposits yielding domestic material including diagnostic Middle Saxon imported pottery, ironwork and animal bone. Whilst the metalling was cut by several pits of Middle Saxon date, no earlier features were discovered beneath portions lifted for sampling. Bearing in mind its connection with a building with barn-like affinities, it is not unreasonable to suggest that this metalled surface could have served the function of a threshing floor.

The metalled ‘yard’ surface under excavation and a close-up showing its constituents including fragments of tile and animal bone.

7 Two further structural elements were found in close proximity to the two-aisled building. The first was a small sunken featured building measuring 1.80m by 2m. This had a classic gable-post pairing along the longitudinal axis of the pit which was filled by a single homogeneous deposit yielding domestic material. Cutting across the floor-plan of the two-aisled building on an N-S axis, was an 11m-long section of wall-trench which extended beyond the northern baulk of the trench. Its progress was interrupted by several inter-cutting pits some stratigraphically earlier and others later. It is impossible to know whether this is an isolated feature, perhaps the portion of a timber palisade, or part of a more complex structure severely attenuated by plough truncation.

Sunken-featured building

The remaining features in Trench 1 comprised some 35 pits of both sub-circular and sub-rectangular form, the most impressive of which had neatly cut cylindrical profiles extending to a depth of nearly 2m. As will hopefully become apparent when the pit fills have been analysed, these morphological distinctions may be related to differences in function; preliminary impressions indicate that the range embraces the storage of foodstuffs, cess and rubbish disposal. The distribution of pits provides a useful guide to internal zoning within the occupation. Those to the south of the central boundary ditch formed a more or less continuous E-W swathe: a second concentration found in the NE corner of the trench conceivably marks the northernmost extent of another similarly-orientated sector of occupation.

8 Trench 2

Whilst Middle Saxon occupation in the form of pits and ditches extended across the area, the archaeology in Trench 2 was distinct for its lack of structural evidence. The ditches were confined to the transverse section of the trench running parallel with the southern boundary of the Old Rectory gardens. The most substantial ditch followed an E-W alignment for a distance of some 19m before making a sharp return to the north. Its western portion was found to be of two distinct phases, the later representing a continuation of one of the minor, post-medieval, field boundaries traced in the SE corner of Trench 1. The earlier phase, dated to the Middle Saxon period on the basis of diagnostic pottery, was altogether more impressive, having a V-shaped profile with a breadth of 1.40m and a maximum depth of 1.0m. This morphology was shared by Middle Saxon boundaries discovered closer to the monastic nucleus during the 2005 evaluation and test-pitting in 2007: once plotted on an integrated plan, last season’s ditch may be found to belong to a continuous enclosure circuit.

The Middle Saxon boundary ditch appearing as a linear soil-mark running parallel with the top edge of the trench; clusters of pits can also be seen on the right side of the picture.

9 The 34 pits discovered in Trench 2 were arranged in distinct clusters separated by sterile areas of chalk, the significance of which is only likely to be revealed with further excavation. Their morphological range was similar to that encountered in Trench 1, with the notable exception of a group with vertical sides sharing the form of an elongated rectangle with rounded corners. Another divergence was the presence of pits with short adjoining gulleys which possibly hint at a more specialised usage potentially connected with agricultural processing or light industrial activity.

Rectangular pits distinctive to Trench 2.

Artefacts and ecofacts

Integrated with the material from the 2007 test-pits, the large and varied collection of artefacts recovered from the 2008 excavations must represent one of the most important of Middle Saxon assemblages from Kent. This short summary will attempt to highlight notable categories and give an impression of the potential offered by further analysis.

A definite highlight is an assemblage of glass comprising both vessel sherds and the first Middle Saxon window glass recovered from Kent (as confirmed by Rosemary Cramp). Sherds of the latter are cylinder blown, colourless or pale blue, and in some cases grozed. The metalwork is dominated by iron knives and domestic fittings including keys and locks. Non-ferrous metalwork is restricted to a few copper-alloy pins, buckles and hooked-tags, covering the plainer end of the Middle Saxon

10 spectrum. Precious metal is confined to three Anglo-Saxon silver pennies all issued during the first half of the 9th century. More ubiquitous are artefacts of bone/antler covering a range of diagnostic comb types, pins and textile production implements.

A selection of the Middle Saxon glass; the two sherds on the right are typical of the window glass from Lyminge; the remainder are all vessel fragments.

A selection of the copper-alloy dress-accessories, including a decorated hooked-tag and a range of pins

The pottery assemblage includes a mixture of handmade coursewares made locally, regional imports, and Frankish imports dominated by wheel-thrown greyware pitchers finished with rouletted decoration closely matched at Sandtun . The latter, widely distributed across the two trenches, forms a significant proportion of the overall pottery assemblage.

Imported Frankish pottery in the form of roulette- decorated ‘greyware’ pitchers

11 Interestingly, Duncan Brown has observed that some of the pottery made from local sources of clay may mimic the design of continental imports.

A range of economic and craft activities are represented in the artefactual record: textile manufacture by loom-weights and pin-beaters; smithing and/or smelting by large quantities of slag; and agricultural processing by massive quantities of quern, most made from local sources of stone procured from the .

A selection of the many clay bun-shaped loom-weights found in 2008.

At this stage it is impossible to make informed statements on the bioarchaeological assemblages, suffice it to say that the intensive level of sampling undertaken (over 200 soil samples and extensive dry-sieving) will ensure that their value as a tool for reconstructing the diet, lifestyle and economy of the settlement will be maximised. One preliminary observation worth making however is the strong imprint made by coastal/estuarine resources in the form of a profusion of marine molluscs and fish bone: the Romney Marsh link attested historically in the charters clearly played an important role in provisioning the monastic community.

12 Discussion

The results of the excavation have confirmed that the buildings constituting the nucleus of the Anglo-Saxon minster at Lyminge (including the apsidal church partially exposed by Canon Jenkins at the end of the 19th century) formed part of an extensive swathe of contemporary occupation. From the sample examined so far we can begin to sketch an impression of the appearance of Lyminge as a monastic settlement.

The spiritual core with the church at its focus was sited at the end of a prominent ridge forming the western side of the - in the Anglo-Saxon period an important axis of communication across the connecting the southern sea-board of Kent with the densely-populated catchments of the River Stour surrounding Canterbury. To the south of the church, contemporary occupation was sprawled across the slopes of the ridge for a distance of at least 150m, perhaps more. On the basis of the evidence for a series of multiple E-W ditched boundaries and the spatial patterning noted in the spread of pits, it can be tentatively proposed that the ridge-slope occupation was divided into a series of concentric zones; these may have been sub-divided into smaller segments by palisades or, in some cases, by open spaces. That investigated closest to the core of the monastic complex (Trench 1) contained an imposing E-W building, possibly forming part of an outer range to the built-up nucleus, arguably reserved for agricultural storage/processing. It may be the case that the space beyond this peripheral shell of buildings was largely used for cess and rubbish disposal and for light industrial activities such as smithing, some of which may have been housed in more ephemeral structures.

The view presented above is no more than a working hypothesis and makes no claim to be free of speculation. Those with background knowledge of comparative sites will also recognise that this picture has been coloured by the results of excavations at the Northumbrian monastery of Hartlepool providing as they do probably the best impression we have of the organisation, on a landscape scale, of a Middle Saxon double house (Daniels 2007). Some correspondence certainly exists between the two sites: the ridge-top location of the main nucleus; a surrounding sprawl of domestic activity including evidence for craftworking; and a concentric or segmental layout structured by a hierarchy of boundaries – features individually shared by a broader family of Anglo-Saxon settlements, not all monastic. The comparison with Hartlepool also serves as a reminder that the ridge-top focus at Lyminge may form

13 part of a wider religious or ‘cultic’ landscape some elements of which may have pre- Christian roots; St Æthelburh’s Well (the source of the River Nailbourne), located some 80m NE of the church, is a case in point.

At the same time, we should also expect to find divergences between the two sites, not least because Hartlepool (albeit for a brief period) was in the premier league of monastic institutions in the Kingdom of Northumbria. We might therefore expect it to have had a considerably larger population of both clerics and lay brethren than Lyminge, as represented amongst the three separate Anglo-Saxon cemeteries sampled on the Hartlepool headland (Daniels 2007). Of course, given the diversity of traditions which fed into Anglo-Saxon monasticism generally, and the very strong Frankish dimension which fed into the Kentish church more specifically, the author is mindful that the results from Lyminge should be allowed to speak with an independent voice. Yet past work within the kingdom has almost exclusively focused on monastic churches at the expense of their wider settings; for this reason he can perhaps be forgiven for straying into Northumbrian territory to help generate what amounts to the first provisional view of a Kentish minster as an integrated complex.

However one wishes to interpret the physical appearance of the monastic settlement at Lyminge, the results of the excavations clearly show that the area under investigation holds crucial evidence for reconstructing the economic profile of the Middle Saxon community, its contemporary environment, and aspects of daily life including diet and dress. Analysis of relevant categories of artefactual and bioarachaeological evidence is likely to raise interesting questions on the changing character and status of the community between the 7th and 9th centuries (and indeed beyond), as hinted at in the historical sources.

14 Future Work and acknowledgements

Work is set to continue in 2009 with the full-scale excavation of the land evaluated by CAT in 2005 and with the opening up of further trenches adjacent to those excavated in 2008. A Ground Penetrating Radar Survey will also be undertaken in the churchyard in an attempt to accurately map the buried wall foundations encountered by Canon Jenkins. In 2010 the focus of attention will move to an area of open ground within the village known as Tayne Field where test-pits located evidence of Early Anglo-Saxon occupation which may cast light on Lyminge’s origins as an Anglo-Saxon royal vill (estate centre)

I should like to record my generous thanks to the Royland-Payne’s of the Old Rectory for granting permission to work on their land and to their gardener, Jim Baker, for being so patient, helpful and accommodating during the period of our imposition. Neil Mullins provided vital logistical back-up throughout the excavations and very generously transformed his land into a well-appointed campsite; his legendary trailer rides will be remembered by many. Helen Burr of Well Cottage has been a constant source of support, encouragement and historical insight since I first set foot in Lyminge. I should also like to express my gratitude to the Vicar, Peter Ashman, and members of the Lyminge PCC for being such friendly and accommodating neighbours. Several colleagues took time out of their busy schedules to visit the excavations; special thanks go to the following who were cajoled into giving trench- side lectures: Nicholas Brooks, Duncan Brown, Thomas Pickles, and Andrew Richardson. Last but not least, I should like to thank the team of supervisors, students and volunteers who made the 2008 excavations such as resounding success. I look forward to seeing many of you in 2009!

Financial support for the excavations was generously provided by the Kent Archaeological Society, the Society of the Antiquaries, the Royal Archaeological Institute, the School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, and the Robert Kiln Charitable Trust.

Gabor Thomas University of Reading January 2009

15 References

Cambridge, E. 1999. ‘The architecture of the Augustinian mission’, in: R. Gameson (ed.), St. Augustine and the Conversion of , Sutton, 202-36

Daniels, R. 2007. Anglo-Saxon Hartlepool and the Foundations of English Christianity. An Archaeology of the Anglo-Saxon Monastery , Tees Archaeology

Gardiner, M. (et. al) 2001. 'Continental trade and non-urban ports in Mid-Anglo- Saxon England: Excavations at Sandtun , , Kent', Archaeological Journal , 158, 161-290

Hamerow, H. 2002. Early Medieval Settlements , Oxford University Press

Kelly, S. 2006. ‘Lyminge minster and its early charters’, in: S. Keynes & A. P. Smyth (eds), Anglo-Saxons; Studies Presented to Cyril Hart , Four Courts Press

Richardson, A. 2005. The Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries of Kent (Volume II) , British Archaeological Reports Brit. Ser. 391, Oxford.

Rollason, D. W. 1982. The Mildreth Legend: A Study in Early Medieval Hagiography in England , Leicester University Press

Thomas, G. 2005. Lyminge: An Archaeological Research Agenda for the Pre-Viking Minster and its Associated Settlement

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