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Constructing the Nation: Representation and Children in Indonesian Cinema

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Constructing the Nation: Representation and Children in Indonesian Cinema School of Media, Culture & Creative Arts Constructing the Nation: Representation and Children in Indonesian Cinema I Gusti Agung Ketut Satrya Wibawa This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University September 2018 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university I Gusti Agung Ketut Satrya Wibawa Date: 07 / 09 / 2018 iii Abstract This doctoral thesis applies a critical national cinema perspective to the examination of the changing discursive construction of Indonesia as a nation through the representation of children in Indonesian cinema. Cinema studies scholars have generally observed that Indonesian film has been utilised to explore issues such as social class, the family, the authoritarian state, and national identity in relation to this nation’s modern history of geopolitical and internal conflict (Said, 1991; Heider, 1991; Sen, 1994; Robert, 2000; Biran, 2009; Barker, 2011; Van Heeren, 2012; Paramaditha, 2014, Heryanto, 2014, Hanan, 2017). However, there has been limited dedicated scholarly attention given solely to the representation of children in this nation’s cinema (Kittley, 1999; Strassler, 1999; Spyer, 2004; Wibawa, 2008; Allen, 2011; and Noorman & Nafisah, 2016) although the Indonesian child has been a favourite subject of Indonesian film directors and screenwriters. This thesis conducts close analysis of fiction films that place child characters in the main narrative, made in Indonesia from the colonial era to the period of political reform that followed the fall of the New Order, in order to examine the way these representations are constructed to convey cultural narratives and ideologies about Indonesia as a nation. As a creative-production research project, this thesis consists of an exegetical written component and a creative component (essay film), both of which address in their own way the same central research question concerning the discursive construction of the nation through the representation of children in Indonesian cinema. v Table of Contents Declaration ............................................................................................................ iii Abstract ............................................................................................................. v Table of Contents .................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................... ix Lists of appendix ...................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. 13 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................. 7 Theorising the Indonesian nation through the screen representation of children ............................................................................................. 21 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 21 1.2 Cinema and the projection of nationhood ........................................................... 22 1.3 Children, cinema and nationhood ....................................................................... 29 1.4 Defining Indonesian national cinema.................................................................. 34 1.5 Constructing nationhood: Children in Indonesian cinema .................................. 46 1.6. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................... 58 The representation of children in Indonesian films made during the Dutch and Japanese colonial periods (1930–1950) .................................. 58 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 58 2.2 Finding the children in Indonesian cinema under colonialism ........................... 61 2.3 Contesting the colonial ideological construction of the family .......................... 65 2.5 Developing Indonesian-ness through national language..................................... 78 2.6 Berdjoang (1943): Developing an Indonesian national consciousness .............. 80 2.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................... 88 The representation of children in Indonesian films made during the Old Order (1950–1965) ........................................................................... 88 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 88 3.2 Post-independence Indonesia, national cinema and children’s films.................. 89 vii 3.3 Si Pintjang (1951): Children trauma, war casualties, and Indonesian nationalism .................................................................................................. 93 3.3 Djendral Kantjil (1958): War trauma, heroism and national stability .............. 101 3.4 Bintang Ketjil (1963): Children’s heroism through the family, the school and the state ..................................................................................................... 109 3.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 113 Chapter 4 ......................................................................................................... 117 The representation of children in Indonesian films made during the New Order (1966–1998) ......................................................................... 117 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 117 4.2 Ratapan Anak Tiri (1973 -1980), Ari Hanggara (1974) and Ratapan si Miskin (1974): Children and the ideal family in Indonesian film melodrama................................................................................................. 120 4.3 Harmonikaku (1979), Juara Cilik (1980), Cita Pertiwi (1980), Hadiah buat si Koko (1980) and Serangan fajar (1981): The child as citizen in state- sponsored Indonesian films....................................................................... 129 4.4 Si Doel Anak Betawi (1973), Langitku Rumahku (1989) and Daun Di Atas Bantal (1998): Resisting the New Order .................................................. 139 4.5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 147 Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................... 150 The representation of children in Indonesian films made during the Reform Era (2000-2015) .............................................................................. 150 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 150 5.2 Jermal (2008): A discourse of fatherhood and child work ............................... 154 5.3 Kita Punya Bendera (2008): Contemporary ethnic Chinese nationalism ......... 159 5.4 Denias, Senandung di Atas Awan (2006): National identity and nationalist stereotypes................................................................................................. 163 5.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 171 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 173 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 177 Appendix ......................................................................................................... 203 viii List of Figures Figure 1. The poster of the Long March. .................................................................. 38 Figure 2. Screenshot opening scene of Si Unyil. ...................................................... 49 Figure 3. The poster of Anaknja Siloeman Oeler Poeti. ........................................... 69 Figure 4. Loetoeng Kasaroeng's promotional poster in Sundanese (1926).. ............. 71 Figure 5. Loetoeng Kasaroeng's promotional poster in Sundanese (1926). .............. 72 Figure 6. The poster of Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926). ............................................... 74 Figure 7. The poster of Rentjong Atjeh. .................................................................... 75 Figure 8. The poster of Poei Sie Giok Pa loey Tay. .................................................. 79 Figure 9. A scene from Si Pintjang. ....................................................................... 100 Figure 10. The poster of Djenderal Kantjil. ..........................................................
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