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Argentina, Desapariciones Forzadas Y El Sistema Interamericano De Derechos Humanos: a Propósito Del Caso Julien-Grisonas

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Argentina, Desapariciones Forzadas Y El Sistema Interamericano De Derechos Humanos: a Propósito Del Caso Julien-Grisonas Argentina, desapariciones forzadas y el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos: A propósito del caso Julien-Grisonas A Alicia (Moni) Irene Naymark Detenida Desaparecida el 10/11/1976 ¡Siempre Presente!1 Índice I. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................................................... 2 II. EL CASO JULIEN-GRISONAS .......................................................................................................................................... 8 III. LA INFLUENCIA ARGENTINA EN EL DESARROLLO DE LAS RESPUESTAS INTERNACIONALES Y NACIONALES A LAS DESAPARICIONES FORZADAS ............................................................................................ 15 IV. LAS DESAPARICIONES FORZADAS EN ARGENTINA Y EL SISTEMA INTERAMERICANO DURANTE LA DICTADURA .................................................................................................................................................... 21 A. La importancia de la visita in loco y el informe de la CIDH ................................ 22 B. La escasa relevancia de los casos individuales ..................................................... 27 C. Limitado seguimiento posterior a la visita y el informe ....................................... 30 D. La débil respuesta de la OEA................................................................................ 32 1 Alicia (Moni) Irene Naymark nació el 2 de noviembre de 1945 en la ciudad de Concordia, provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina. Moni era estudiante de Psicología y estaba divorciada. El 10 de noviembre de 1976, a sus 31 años, fue secuestrada junto con su amiga Silvia Beatriz Gallina en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Desde ese momento nunca se supo nada más de ella. Aparentemente estuvo detenida en el Centro Clandestino de Detención Garage Azopardo. El caso de Alicia (Moni) Irene Naymark fue registrado con el número de legajo 7053 de la CONADEP. Su familia recibió compensación por su desaparición y se encuentra inscripta en el Registro Único de Víctimas bajo el número 3522. Su madre presentó la denuncia el 12 de septiembre de 1979 durante la visita de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, que la registró bajo el número 6032. Esta denuncia se unificaría con una previa que había sido presentada por la B’nai B’rith International el 17 de marzo de 1978 y registrada bajo el número 2680, que es con el cuál se tramitó la denuncia. El 6 de junio de 1979 se presentó una tercera denuncia sobre la familia Gallina, en la que se incluía la referencia a la desaparición de Moni. Esta última denuncia fue presentada por el CELS y firmada por Augusto Conte Mac Donell. Hasta la fecha, la Comisión no ha decidido de manera puntual ninguna de estas denuncias. Moni es prima de mi madre. Este trabajo es el producto de años de conversaciones con múltiples colegas (algunos de los cuales leyeron versiones preliminares de este artículo) a los que les agradezco las enseñanzas y reflexiones que compartieron. Quiero especialmente destacar y agradecer a Ramsey Schultz por su valioso apoyo en la investigación y a Lucía Belen Araque por la lectura detallada y critica que hizo de la versión final del artículo. Los errores, como siempre, son mios. V. LAS DESAPARICIONES FORZADAS Y EL SISTEMA INTERAMERICANO DURANTE LA DEMOCRACIA .............................................................................................................................................................................. 34 A. Desapariciones Forzadas de la dictadura .............................................................. 39 i. Desarrollo de jurisprudencia sobre amnistías: Informe No. 28/92 ....................... 39 ii. Promoción de políticas públicas sobre reparaciones y desarrollo de procedimiento de solución amistosa ......................................................................................................... 42 iii. Desarrollo de jurisprudencia sobre derecho a la verdad y fortalecimiento de innovaciones argentinas .................................................................................................... 46 iv. Superación de obstáculos domésticos ................................................................... 48 B. Casos contra otros países por desapariciones con inicio de ejecución en Argentina ............................................................................................................................... 53 i. Fragmentación de la responsabilidad internacional en casos de desapariciones forzadas transnacionales ................................................................................................... 54 ii. Carácter transnacional de la respuesta en casos de desapariciones forzadas transnacionales .................................................................................................................. 62 C. Casos de la democracia ......................................................................................... 63 i. Emergencia de nuevas realidades y víctimas ........................................................ 65 ii. Emergencia de nuevos actores .............................................................................. 67 iii. La CIDH y el Comité de Desapariciones Forzadas .............................................. 69 VI. REPENSAR EL SISTEMA INTERAMERICANO ...................................................................................................... 71 A. Reconocimiento y fortalecimiento de actores y procesos nacionales ................... 73 B. Una nueva concepción del análisis contextual...................................................... 94 C. El impacto del Sistema Interamericano como análisis de su efectividad ............. 99 D. Preguntas y respuestas jurídicas al análisis del impacto, contexto y procesos nacionales ............................................................................................................ 103 E. La selección de casos y la Reconfiguración de la idea de caso paradigmático y litigio estratégico ................................................................................................. 107 VII. CONCLUSIONES .............................................................................................................................................................. 114 I. INTRODUCCIÓN La Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Comisión o CIDH) presentó el 4 de diciembre de 2019 ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Corte) el Caso 13.392, Familia Julien-Grisonas, respecto de Argentina. El caso se relaciona con la desaparición forzada de Mario 2 Roger Julien Cáceres y Victoria Lucía Grisonas Andrijauskaite, iniciada en un operativo policial y militar conjunto entre fuerzas uruguayas y argentinas durante la dictadura argentina. El caso también se refiere a la falta de una adecuada investigación, sanción y reparación por estos hechos, así como a la tortura, desaparición forzada y otras violaciones en perjuicio de Anatole y Victoria, hijo e hija del matrimonio Julien-Grisonas, ocurridas a raíz del mismo operativo y su posterior traslado primero a Uruguay y luego a Chile donde fueron adoptados y recuperaron su identidad2. Hasta aquí, esta noticia de un caso más sobre Argentina3 remitido por la CIDH a la Corte no presentaría mucho interés analítico. Sin embargo, el caso Julien-Grisonas es de particular importancia pues, como la propia CIDH lo describe, es el primero en el que la Corte se pronunciará respecto a desapariciones forzadas ocurridas durante la dictadura argentina y sobre los juicios llevados a cabo en Argentina luego de la anulación y declaración de inconstitucionalidad de las leyes de “Punto Final” y “Obediencia Debida4”. Llama la atención que recién a finales de 2019 se remitiese el primer caso relativo a las miles de desapariciones forzadas de la dictadura (1976-1983). Desde 1976, Argentina, el Estado y la sociedad civil se caracterizaron por el uso del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. La CIDH fue una de las instituciones a las que recurrieron las víctimas y las organizaciones de derechos humanos con el objetivo de encontrar un espacio para presionar al gobierno militar para que cesaran los crímenes. La Comisión fue un espacio privilegiado de denuncia y de apertura de 2 CIDH, Comunicado de Prensa No. 046/20, CIDH presenta caso sobre Argentina a la Corte IDH (19 de febrero de 2020), http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2020/046.asp (en adelante Comunicado de Prensa No. 046/20). En el presente articulo nos referiremos permanentemente a la familia Julien Grisonas y a los hermanos Julien Grisonas, sin perjuicio de reconocer que legalmente Anatole y Victoria utilizan los apellidos de sus padres adoptivos Larrabeiti Yáñez. 3 No analizaremos en este artículo el hecho que, desde la asunción del actual Secretario Ejecutivo en 2016, la CIDH remitió casos a la Corte sobre Argentina (13) más que sobre cualquier otro país. Guatemala 11; Perú 10; Colombia 7; Venezuela y Ecuador 6 cada uno; Chile 5; México y Brasil 4 cada uno; Nicaragua, Honduras y Paraguay 3; El Salvador 2 y Bolivia y Costa Rica 1 cada uno. Ver Estadísticas, CIDH (diciembre de 2019), http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/multimedia/estadisticas/estadisticas.html (en adelante Estadísticas) (demonstrando un estudio cuantitativo que procura demostrar que las decisiones de la CIDH son imparciales y no existen tendencias en favor o en contra de países en particular); Simon Zschirntsimon, Is the Inter-American Human Rights System Biased?
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