The Importance of French Transformist Ideas for the Second Volume of Lyell’S Principles of Geology Pietro Corsi
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History of Geology
FEBRUARY 2007 PRIMEFACT 563 (REPLACES MINFACT 60) History of geology Mineral Resources Early humans needed a knowledge of simple geology to enable them to select the most suitable rock types both for axe-heads and knives and for the ornamental stones they used in worship. In the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, about 5000 to 2500 BC, flint was mined in the areas which are now Belgium, Sweden, France, Portugal and Britain. While Stone Age cultures persisted in Britain until after 2000 BC, in the Middle East people began to mine useful minerals such as iron ore, tin, clay, gold and copper as early as 4000 BC. Smelting techniques were developed to make the manufacture of metal tools possible. Copper was probably the earliest metal to be smelted, that is, extracted from its ore by melting. Copper is obtained easily by reducing the green copper carbonate mineral malachite, itself regarded as a precious stone. From 4000 BC on, the use of clay for brick-making became widespread. The Reverend William Branwhite Clarke (1798-1878), smelting of iron ore for making of tools and the ‘father’ of geology in New South Wales weapons began in Asia Minor at about 1300 BC but did not become common in Western Europe until Aristotle believed volcanic eruptions and nearly 500 BC. earthquakes were caused by violent winds escaping from the interior of the earth. Since earlier writers had ascribed these phenomena to The classical period supernatural causes, Aristotle's belief was a By recognising important surface processes at marked step forward. Eratosthenes, a librarian at work, the Greek, Arabic and Roman civilisations Alexandria at about 200 BC, made surprisingly contributed to the growth of knowledge about the accurate measurements of the circumference of earth. -
Faflak 5379 6208 0448F Final Pass.Indd
Marking Time Romanticism & Evolution EditEd by JoEl FaFlak MARKING TIME Romanticism and Evolution EDITED BY JOEL FAFLAK Marking Time Romanticism and Evolution UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London © University of Toronto Press 2017 Toronto Buffalo London www.utorontopress.com ISBN 978-1-4426-4430-4 (cloth) Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Marking time : Romanticism and evolution / edited by Joel Faflak. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4426-4430-4 (hardcover) 1. Romanticism. 2. Evolution (Biology) in literature. 3. Literature and science. I. Faflak, Joel, 1959–, editor PN603.M37 2017 809'.933609034 C2017-905010-9 CC-BY-NC-ND This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivative License. For permission to publish commercial versions please contact University of Tor onto Press. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council, an agency of the Government of Ontario. Funded by the Financé par le Government gouvernement of Canada du Canada Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction – Marking Time: Romanticism and Evolution 3 joel faflak Part One: Romanticism’s Darwin 1 Plants, Analogy, and Perfection: Loose and Strict Analogies 29 gillian beer 2 Darwin and the Mobility of Species 45 alan bewell 3 Darwin’s Ideas 68 matthew rowlinson Part Two: Romantic Temporalities 4 Deep Time in the South Pacifi c: Scientifi c Voyaging and the Ancient/Primitive Analogy 95 noah heringman 5 Malthus Our Contemporary? Toward a Political Economy of Sex 122 maureen n. -
9 the Beautiful Skulls of Schiller and the Georgian Girl Quantitative and Aesthetic Scaling of the Races, 1770–1850
9 The beautiful skulls of Schiller and the Georgian girl Quantitative and aesthetic scaling of the races, 1770–1850 Robert J. Richards Isak Dinesen, in one of her gothic tales about art and memory, spins a story of a nobleman’s startling recognition of a prostitute he once loved and abandoned. He saw her likeness in the beauty of a young woman’s skull used by an artist friend. After we had discussed his pictures, and art in general, he said that he would show me the prettiest thing that he had in his studio. It was a skull from which he was drawing. He was keen to explain its rare beauty to me. “It is really,” he said, “the skull of a young woman [. .].” The white polished bone shone in the light of the lamp, so pure. And safe. In those few seconds I was taken back to my room [. .] with the silk fringes and the heavy curtains, on a rainy night of fifteen years before. (Dinesen 1991, 106‒107)1 The skulls pictured in Figure 9.1 have also been thought rare beauties and evocative of something more. On the left is the skull of a nameless, young Caucasian female from the Georgian region. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, the great anatomist and naturalist, celebrated this skull, prizing it because of “the admirable beauty of its formation” (bewundernswerthen Schönheit seiner Bildung). He made the skull an aesthetic standard, and like the skull in Dinesen’s tale, it too recalled a significant history (Blumenbach 1802, no. 51). She was a young woman captured during the Russo-Turkish war (1787–1792) and died in prison; her dissected skull had been sent to Blumenbach in 1793 (Dougherty and Klatt 2006‒2015, IV, 256‒257). -
The Geohistorical Time Arrow: from Steno's Stratigraphic Principles To
JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION 62, 691–700 (2014) The Geohistorical Time Arrow: From Steno’s Stratigraphic Principles to Boltzmann’s Past Hypothesis Gadi Kravitz1,a ABSTRACT Geologists have always embraced the time arrow in order to reconstruct the past geology of Earth, thus turning geology into a historical science. The covert assumption regarding the direction of time from past to present appears in Nicolas Steno’s principles of stratigraphy. The intuitive–metaphysical nature of Steno’s assumption was based on a biblical narrative; therefore, he never attempted to justify it in any way. In this article, I intend to show that contrary to Steno’s principles, the theoretical status of modern geohistory is much better from a scientific point of view. The uniformity principle enables modern geohistory to establish the time arrow on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics, i.e., on a physical law, on the one hand, and on a historical law, on the other. In other words, we can say that modern actualism is based on the uniformity principle. This principle is essentially based on the principle of causality, which in turn obtains its justification from the second law of thermodynamics. I will argue that despite this advantage, the shadow that metaphysics has cast on geohistory has not disappeared completely, since the thermodynamic time arrow is based on a metaphysical assumption—Boltzmann’s past hypothesis. All professors engaged in geological education should know these philosophical–theoretical arguments and include them in the curriculum of studies dealing with the basic assumptions of geoscience in general and the uniformity principle and deep time in particular. -
Hutton, Kelvin, and the Great Earth Debates. • the Beginnings of Modern Geology “All Natural Processes That Affect the Earth’S Crust (Erosion, Deposition, • Ca
Chapter 1 The Science of Geology An Introduction to Geology • Geology - the science that pursues an understanding of planet Earth • Physical geology - examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon its surface • Historical geology - seeks an understanding of the origin of “If there is an interesting place you want to go, there is Earth and its development interesting geology that you can study there” through time Mersin ophiolite, (Cappadocia, Central Turkey). Turkey The Science of Geology The Science of Geology 1.3: satellite image of Mt. Vesuvius, Italy. • Some historical views • Geology, people, and the environment of the Earth • Many important relationships exist between • Aristotle, 300 BC; people and the natural environment • James Ussher, ca. 1600, ‘Earth was created in Problems and issues 4004 BC;’ addressed by • Catastrophism geology include • Earth’s features formed through • Natural hazards, sudden and violent resources, world changes. ‘The Dog population growth, of and environmental Pompeii’ issues Dwelling in Goreme, Cappadocia The Science of Geology Hutton, Kelvin, and the great Earth debates. • The beginnings of modern geology “All natural processes that affect the Earth’s crust (erosion, deposition, • ca. 1780, James Huton’s volcanic eruptions, faulting, glaciation Theory of the Earth; etc.) operate with the same intensity • Uniformitarianism: “the and under the same set of physical processes that operate constraints now as in the geologic past.” today have operated in “(as to the age of Earth) we see no the past.” vestige of a beginning, no prospect of • a uniformitarian view of an end.” Earth requires a vast These points are incorrect - why? amount of time…. -
Report Case Study 25
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Brief Description of item(s) 294 manuscript notebooks of the geologist Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875). In two series: 263 numbered notebooks, 1825-1874, on geology, natural history, social and political subjects; 31 additional notebooks, 1818-1871, with indices. Mostly octavo format. For details see Appendix 1. In good condition. 2. Context The nineteenth century saw public debate about how to conduct science reach new heights. Charles Lyell was a pivotal figure in the establishment of geology as a scientific discipline; he also transformed ideas about the relationship between human history and the history of the earth. Above all, he revealed the significance of ‘deep time’. At a time when the Anglican church dominated intellectual culture, geology was a controversial subject. Lyell played a significant part in separating the practice of science from that of religion. Through his major work, The Principles of Geology, he developed the method later adopted by Darwin for his studies into evolution. Lyell observed natural phenomena at first hand to infer their underlying causes, which he used to interpret the phenomena of the past. The method stressed not only a vast geological timescale, but also the ability of small changes to produce, eventually, large ones. The Principles combined natural history, theology, political economy, anthropology, travel, and geography. It was an immediate success, in Britain, Europe, North America and Australia. Scientists, theologians, leading authors, explorers, artists, and an increasingly educated public read and discussed it. Lyell’s inductive method strongly influenced the generation of naturalists after Darwin. Over the rest of his life, Lyell revised the Principles in the light of new research and his own changing ideas. -
Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism: Logical Roots and Current Relevance in Geology
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021 Catastrophism and uniformitarianism" logical roots and current relevance in geology VICTOR R. BAKER Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA Abstract, Catastrophism in the Earth sciences is rooted in the view that Earth signifies its causative processes via landforms, structures and rock. Processes of types, rates and magnitudes not presently in evidence may well be signified this way. Uniformitarianism, in contrast, is a regulative stipulation motivated by the presumed necessity that science achieves logical validity in what can be said (hypothesized) about the Earth. Regulative principles, including simplicity, actualism and gradualism, are imposed a priori to insure valid inductive reasoning. This distinction lies at the heart of the catastrophist versus uniformitarian debates in the early nine- teenth century and it continues to influence portions of the current scientific program. Uniform- itarianism, as introduced by Charles Lyell in 1830, is specifically tied to an early nineteenth century view of inductive inference. Catastrophism involves a completely different form of inference in which hypotheses are generated retroductively. This latter form of logical inference remains relevant to modern science, while the outmoded notions of induction that warranted the doctrine of uniformitarianism were long ago shown to be overly restrictive in scientific practice. The latter should be relegated solely to historical interest in the progress of ideas. On 4 July 1997, the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft Antarctic ice, was interpreted as showing various made a highly successful landing in the Ares Vallis indicators of possible relic biogenic activity region of Mars. -
Dietrich Tiedemann: La Psicología Del Niño Hace Doscientos Arios
Dietrich Tiedemann: la psicología del niño hace doscientos arios JUAN DELVAL y JUAN CARLOS GÓMEZ Universidad Autónoma de Madrid ___........-"\ n..." Resumen Hace doscientos años que el filósofo alemán Dietrich Tiedemann publicó la primera descripción del desarrollo psicológico de un niño. En este trabajo se examinan los antecedentes de las observa- ciones de Tiedemann, así como el contexto en que se producen y los presupuestos filosóficos que las orientan. Se sugiere que en el trabajó de Tiedernann aparecen por vez primera importantes observaciones que se han convertido en temas centrales de la actual psicología del desarrollo. Se termina analizando la influencia posterior de esa obra y las razones que explican el impacto reduci- do que tuvo en los años siguientes a su publicación. Palabras clave: Diehich Tiedenzann, Psicología infantil, Historia de la Psicología del Desarrollo. Dietrich Tiedemann: Child Psychology two hundred years ago Abstract The German philosopher Dietrich Tiedemann published two hundred years ago Me first known description of Me psychological development of a child. In the present paper, Me antecedents of Me observations made by Tiedemann are examined as well as the context and philosophical pre- suppositions which guide the study. It is suggested that Tiedemann's record offers fir Me first time important observations which later became a central part of present-day developmental psychoj logy. Finally it is analyzed Me repercusion of thilz work in the science of its time and the reasons for its lirnited impact. Key words: Diehich Tiedemann, Chad Psychology, History of Developmental Psychology. Dirección de los autores: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Psicología. -
• Did Goethe and Schelling Endorse Species Evolution? Robert J
Chapter Nine • Did Goethe and Schelling Endorse Species Evolution? robert j. richards Charles Darwin (1809–82) was quite sensitive to the charge that his theory of species transmutation was not original but had been anticipated by earlier authors, most famously Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829) and his own grandfather, Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802). The younger Darwin believed, however, his own originality lay in the device he used to explain the change of species over time and in the kind of evidence he brought to bear to demonstrate such change. He was thus ready to concede and recognize predecessors, especially those who caused only modest ripples in the intellectual stream. In the historical introduction that he included in the third edition of On the Origin of Species (1861; first edition, 1859), he acknowledged Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) as “an extreme partisan” of the transmutation view. He had been encouraged to embrace Goethe as a fellow transmutationist by Isidore Geoffroy St Hilaire (1805–61) and Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919).1 Scholars today think that Darwin’s recognition of Goethe was a mistake. Man- fred Wenszel, for instance, simply says: “An evolutionism ... establishing an histori- cal transformation in the world of biological phenomena over generations lay far beyond Goethe’s horizon” (784). George Wells, who has considered the question at great length, concludes: Goethe “was unable to accept the possibility of large- scale evolution” (45–6). A comparable assumption prevails about the Naturphil- osoph Friedrich Joseph Schelling (1775–1854). Most scholars deny that Schelling held anything like a theory of species evolution in the manner of Charles Darwin – that is, a conception of a gradual change of species in the empirical world over long periods of time. -
Geologic Time, Concepts, and Principles
GEOLOGIC TIME, CONCEPTS, AND PRINCIPLES Sources: www.google.com en.wikipedia.org Thompson Higher Education 2007; Monroe, Wicander, and Hazlett, Physical orgs.usd.edu/esci/age/content/failed_scientific_clocks/ocean_salinity.html https://web.viu.ca/earle/geol305/Radiocarbon%20dating.pdf TCNJ PHY120 2013 GCHERMAN GEOLOGIC TIME, CONCEPTS, AND PRINCIPLES • Early estimates of the age of the Earth • James Hutton and the recognition of geologic time • Relative dating methods • Correlating rock units • Absolute dating methods • Development of the Geologic Time Scale • Geologic time and climate •Relative dating is accomplished by placing events in sequential order with the aid of the principles of historical geology . •Absolute dating provides chronometric dates expressed in years before present from using radioactive decay rates. TCNJ PHY120 2013 GCHERMAN TCNJ PHY120 2013 GCHERMAN Geologic time on Earth • A world-wide relative time scale of Earth's rock record was established by the work of many geologists, primarily during the 19 th century by applying the principles of historical geology and correlation to strata of all ages throughout the world. Covers 4.6 Ba to the present • Eon – billions to hundreds of millions • Era - hundreds to tens of millions • Period – tens of millions • Epoch – tens of millions to hundreds of thousands TCNJ PHY120 2013 GCHERMAN TCNJ PHY120 2013 GCHERMAN EARLY ESTIMATES OF EARTH’S AGE • Scientific attempts to estimate Earth's age were first made during the 18th and 19th centuries. These attempts all resulted in ages far younger than the actual age of Earth. 1778 ‘Iron balls’ Buffon 1710 – 1910 ‘salt clocks’ Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon • Biblical account (1600’S) 26 – 150 Ma for the oceans to become 74,832 years old and that as salty as they are from streams humans were relative newcomers. -
Lyell's Principles of Geology: Foundations of Sedimentology
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 27, 2021 Part 2. Lyell and the development of geological science One could be forgiven for thinking that basin evolution and dynamics was a field of study developed in the later part of the twentieth century. The rapid rise in sedimentology and basin analysis would support this view. In attempting to understand, and give credit for, the origin of a particular discipline, there is often a need to identify individuals who may be regarded as the founder. Clearly with sedimentology such a man was Sorby. In his contribution, Mike Leeder argues that a case can be made that it was Lyell rather than Sorby who was the true originator of sedimentology and basin analysis. Leeder critically analyses Lyell's sedimentological descriptions and field observation as published in the Principles. Leeder demonstrates that Lyell grasped many concepts both of processes and products, indeed he recognized a number of sophisticated sedimentological concepts. Leeder further documents Lyell's willingness to abandon firmly held views. It is also clear that Lyell was not anticatastrophist as is often claimed. From Leeder's analysis it is firmly established that Lyell was engaged in and indeed contributed to establishing geology as a truly scientific discipline. Of major interest to Lyell was the concept of geological time and its divisions. Lyell's studies on Tertiary molluscs and the establishment of geological periods based upon their percentage similarity to modern forms is well known. William Berggren discusses the development of Cenozoic stratigraphy including Lyell's terms Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene and suggests changes to current nomenclature and concepts. -
The Evolution of Creationism
The evolution of creationism David R. Montgomery, Quaternary Research Center and Dept. of (354–413), Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), and John Calvin (1509– Earth and Space Sciences, Box 351310, University of Washington, 1564) all endorsed reason as the way to learn about the world. Seattle, Washington 98195-1310, USA, [email protected] Augustine was among the first to caution against advocating for biblical interpretations that conflicted with what one could I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed observe for oneself. Centuries later, Aquinas praised the pursuit of us with senses, reason, and intellect has intended us to forego their knowledge and insight gained from experience reading God’s use. —Galileo Galilei other book—nature. Writing at the time of the Reformation, Calvin, too, considered ABSTRACT the revelations of both nature and the Bible as fundamental truths. In his Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559), Calvin For centuries, natural philosophers, their scientific successors, explicitly embraced the idea of respecting natural truths revealed and theologians alike sought to explain the physical and natural through the study of nature: “If we regard the Spirit of God as the world. The now common cultural narrative of perpetual conflict sole fountain of truth, we shall neither reject the truth itself, nor between science and religion simplifies the arguments and despise it wherever it shall appear, unless we wish to dishonor the struggles of the past and overlooks cross-pollination between Spirit of God” (McNeill, ed., 1960, p. 273–274). those who embraced faith and reason as the keys to understanding Calvin believed in keeping an open mind when it came to earth history.