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Sanam Abu Dom 2 THE SITE Egyptian flask The site of Sanam owes its name to a large statue (sanam) anciently found in the wadi Abu Dom that crosses the town. The archaeological area, reported by 19th century travellers, was first excavated extensively and methodically by Ll. Griffith on behalf of the Oxford University at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time the site consisted of a large cemetery with 1550 graves, a temple dedicated by Ninety years after these initial Taharqo to the God Amun of the excavations were abandoned, Nubians, a large and enigmatic they have been resumed by the 3 building, the so called ‘Treasury’, Joint Sudanese-Italian Mission and several other structures, directed by Abdel Rahman Ali barely emerging from the sands, and Irene Vincentelli. that Griffith did not have the The archaeological remains time to investigate. are spread over a large strip View of the site with part of the Treasury of desert (900 by 650 m). In addition to the buildings excavated up to now, we have located others, which in a continuous line reach the Amun temple. On the ground they are marked by the abundance of sherds, all of the same period, and by fragments of stones and ivory, which give the ground a whitish hue. This was an area for People at work in the Treasury imposing buildings, which had no space restrictions. Therefore, plundered and the buildings it seems clear that the buildings became a convenient source for had been planned and built away building materials. At present, from the settlement area and the only visible features are the cemetery, which lay in the the Taharqo’s temple and the 4 cultivated strip near the river. three buildings named ‘the Over time, unfortunately, the Treasury’, SA.C 400 and SA.K whole area has been repeatedly 300. General map of the site THE CEMETERY goods, seem to be elite graves. In the same area a large grave was The cemetery is no more accidentally found of a different visible, being presently buried typology that closely remembers beneath the buildings of the the royal tombs of Kurru. modern town. It consisted of around 1500 non-royal graves dug in the mud in the fertile strip THE TAHARQO’S TEMPLE near the river. The cemetery had been in The temple lay in the most use for a long period between crowded part of the town, the late New Kingdom and the the market. At present it is reign of King Aspelta. People surrounded by a chaine-linked buried there should have been fence but easily visible. officers and clerks employed It was dedicated by King by the temple and the royal Taharqo to the god Amun ‘the administration. Common people mighty bull of the Nubians’. were present too. 5 Unfortunately the many interesting items found in the cemetery are not in Sudan. Most part of them is kept in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford while others are dispersed in various museums in Europe. Recently in the site of el- Tamer, in the strip of land near to the river, a late New Kingdom and Napatan cemetery is being excavated by Mortada Bushara Mohamed, on behalf of the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM). The graves, dug in the mud, although plundered Plan of the Taharqo‘ s temple and stripped of almost all their (after Griffith 1922, pl. V) Remains of the Taharqo’s temple The temple was built in with 16 columns supporting the sandstone on a typical Egyptian roof. A doorway gave access to plan. It is 68.8 m long and 41 the pronaos with four columns. m wide. The main entrance, The holiest part of the temple, looking to the West, was sided the sanctuary stood on a higher by two monumental pylons and level and was surrounded by 6 led into a court surrounded by some small rooms. columns. From here an inner Later on mud brick walls were pylon led into a hypostyle hall built to create smaller rooms Rows of prisoners on the inner pylon (after Griffith 1922, pl. XLI) inside the temple. Here was a By the time it suffered workshop for making faience many injuries and lastly the ushabtis and amulets. British ‘ Fort of K itchener’ The temple was decorated was built on it. Its beautiful with beautiful reliefs. Scenes reliefs were largely destroyed by of procession, offerings of wind and sand and at present food and religious celebrations only a few fragments survive. THE TREASURY The Treasury is outlined on the sand by a long colonnade going from East to West at a distance of 500 m from Taharqo’s temple. It is a huge building about 267 m long and 68 m wide on an East-West axis. The rooms 7 are arranged around a large Prisoner engraved on the inner pylon of the Taharqo’s temple were carved on walls and columns. Rows of enemies were carved on the pylons. The scenes were well executed and in some cases unusual, as the procession of donkeys and horses with riders. The temple was still in Ivory pawn from use in Meroitic times as it is the Treasury witnessed by some inscription. Faience finger ring with well wishing It seems that the Treasury for the New Year had been abandoned slowly and stripped of all its furnishings. courtyard with porticoes. There What little is left, small objects are 35 rooms in all. The portico and fragments of faience, provides access to the rooms via 8 alabaster and copper alloy, is doorways with stone thresholds nevertheless indicative of an and steps. Some evidence overall wealth. Ivory was found suggests that the entrance to the building was on the Western side, View of the columns from the Treasury, even if the wall here had been room 104 North completely removed in the past. The rooms are huge, with a white sandstone floor and literally, a ‘forest’ of columns: 76 of them. It is not clear what their function might be. Certainly, the columns must have helped anchor the building to the ground and also as holding up the roof which was made of large beams supporting a flat terrace made of mud- bricks and therefore very heavy indeed. Plan of the Treasury meters both in the form of unworked The pottery is mostly of tusks and worked fragments. A Egyptian type and provenance. large quantity of granite, green It consists of large flasks for feldspar and other gemstones liquids and two-handled 9 fragments was also found. amphorae used to contain Faience beads and pendants grains. Also present in large quantities are Phoenician amphorae for oil. Of enormous importance, given its implications for the building’s chronology, was the discovery of clay-sealings. Clay- sealings consist of clay lumps that were applied on doors and jars while still moist. On the outer surface of the lumps seals were impressed. This action was asserting the king’s ownership of all that was kept within the Treasury. The seals found in Sanam, Fragment of inlaid ivory box generally, consist of a cartouche 10 Stone plaquette with an engraved udjat-eye 11 Udjat-eyes amulets The items found, valuable objects and raw materials, would suggest that the main activity here was one of storing and processing. The many finger-rings with wishes for a good New Year as well as a seal-imprint and other objects bearing a good New Year wish for Piankhy, Atlanersa and Senkamanisken lead us to believe that this might have been the place where they celebrated the beginning of the new administrative year, a key ceremony in the life of the state. The structure of the building, 12 as well as the finds discovered here, led Griffith to name it the “Treasury”, adopting a term used by Egyptian to describe the place where the revenue from taxation was stored, processed Copper alloy situla and redistributed. We can add that it was primarily used to store topped by two tall feathers with valuable goods from trading. This the sun-disc. Inside the cartouche makes this particular structure were the names of the kings of extremely interesting from the Kush, from Piankhy to Aspelta. point of view of civic architecture One of the commonest seal- and provides us with some rough imprints found in the Treasury is idea of the quantity of goods the that bearing the cartouche with state dealt with – be they goods the name of king Anlamani, by for export (ivory, gemstones) or itself or followed by the epithet goods obtained in exchange for “beloved of Amon (who is) in the these (alabaster, grains, oil or holy mountain”. wine). BUILDING SA.C 400 Treasury. The two buildings are separated only by a narrow road Immediately opposite the and this suggests that they were Treasury, a short distance (about somehow related, although it is 4 m) from its West side and difficult to be precise about in slightly out of line with it, there view of the severe deterioration was another building (Building of the two structures. SA.C 400). This was significantly It seems that an excavation smaller in size but very similar in had been made in 1908 by A. layout. Deiber and M. d’Allemagne. The building is rectangular At that time the building was in shape with the shorter sides intended as a royal palace but, to the north and south (40 m x at present, we are not able to 31). The entrance appears to be confirm such an interpretation. on the East side, immediately SA.C 400 is only barely visible opposite the entrance to the and much of the floor has been 13 Plan of Building SA.C 400 14 Two faience heads of divinities reduced to white powder.