DOCSLIB.ORG

Carter Center Mission to Witness the 2011–2012 Parliamentary Elections in Egypt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Carter Center Mission to Witness the 2011–2012 Parliamentary Elections in Egypt Final Report of the Carter Center Mission to Witness the 2011–2012 Parliamentary Elections in Egypt Final Report Waging Peace. Fighting Disease. Building Hope. The Carter Center strives to relieve suffering by advancing peace and health worldwide; it seeks to prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, and protect and promote human rights worldwide. Final Report of the Carter Center Mission to Witness the 2011–2012 Parliamentary Elections in Egypt Final Report One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5188 Fax (404) 420-5196 www.cartercenter.org The Carter Center Contents Executive Summary .........................2 Media Environment ........................52 Quick Facts About the 2011–2012 Parliamentary Civil Society ..............................54 Elections in Egypt...........................5 The Role of CSOs in Witnessing the Elections ...54 Historical and Political Background ............6 The Role of CSOs in Providing Voter The Uprising .........................6 Education and Information ..................57 Aftermath: An Unstable Transition ............8 The Role of CSOs as Advocates ..............57 The March 2011 Constitutional Referendum .....9 Electoral Dispute Resolution.................58 Mismanagement and New Political Forces ......10 Consolidating and Clarifying the Electoral Complaints Process ................58 The Carter Center in Egypt .................12 Untimely Disruption of the Electoral Observation Methodology ................13 Process Through the Courts .................59 Timeline of Events: 2011–2012 Potential Abuse of the Cassation Court’s Parliamentary Elections ....................15 Authority to Remove Seated Parliamentarians ....60 Electoral Institutions and Framework Challenges Regarding Voter Registration ........60 for Egypt’s Parliamentary Elections ...........16 Complaints Database and Data Electoral Legal Framework ..................16 Management System ......................61 The Electoral System ......................24 The Role of the Polling Station Judge and Election Management ......................27 SJCE in Preserving the Record ...............61 Misstatements of Electoral Law ..............30 Including Aggregated Complaint Data in Boundary Delimitation .....................30 SJCE Final Report ........................61 Decisions on Ballot Invalidation ..............62 Voter Registration .........................32 Criteria and Procedures for Conducting Ensuring the Voters’ List Is Accurate Audits and Recounts ...................62 and Current .............................33 Ethical Obligation to Report Misconduct ........62 Women and Voter Registration ...............34 Voter Education and Information .............34 Conclusions and Recommendations . .64 Candidates, Parties, and Campaigns ...........36 Acknowledgments..........................72 Religious Slogans .........................37 Terms and Abbreviations....................74 Campaign Silence-Period Violations ...........37 Appendix A: Delegation List and Campaign Finance ........................38 Deployment Plan ..........................75 Election Days, Voting, and Vote Counting .....39 Appendix B: Observation Checklists ..........77 Poll Opening ............................39 Appendix C: Public Statements of the Carter Illicit Campaigning on Election Day ...........40 Center’s Witnessing Mission .................89 Polling .................................40 The Carter Center at a Glance ..............165 Closing .................................44 Security ................................46 Vote Counting and Tabulation ...............47 Election Results Management ................50 The Carter Center 1 The Carter Center Executive Summary gypt’s first parliamentary elections in the post- The People’s Assembly elections captured Mubarak era were a formative step in Egypt’s national and international interest and enjoyed Estruggle for democracy. The broader context in broad participation by voters, political contestants, which the parliamentary elections were held, how- media, and civil society alike. Nevertheless, several ever, was a cause for concern. The Supreme Council problems arose during the election period that are of the Armed Forces (SCAF), as the interim authority symptomatic of larger underlying issues with the legal over the transition, failed to implement institutional framework and the election administration. They and sectoral reforms, resulting in a deterioration of included, but were not limited to, incorrect imple- the relationship between the military council and mentation of procedures put in place to ensure confi- many segments of Egyptian society. In particular, the dence and transparency in the process, administrative strict regulatory environment for civil society organ- mistakes which led to last-minute legal challenges izations, the ongoing implementation of the emer- resulting in costly rerun elections across many juris- gency law and the subjection of civilians to military dictions and a general uneven enforcement of trials, the repression of political activists, and the sti- the law and regulations. fling of political dissent in the state-owned media led The Shura Council elections, on the other hand, to confrontations between the military and civilians, garnered little interest and participation. Uncertainty sometimes resulting in violence. In spite of these about the value and role of the Shura Council, in concerns and in spite of visible flaws in the elec- conjunction with the pace and direction of the transi- tion process itself, it is the assessment of the Carter tion as a whole, contributed to a low level of engage- Center’s mission that the results of the parliamentary ment. On June 14, 2012, the Supreme Constitutional elections appeared to broadly represent the will of Court invalidated sections of the laws governing the Egypt’s voters. election of the People’s Assembly and ordered the Under the supervision of a judicial election assembly dissolved.* While many of the same tech- management body, polling for Egypt’s parliamentary nical and operational shortcomings witnessed by the elections took place over a nearly three-month period Carter Center mission during the People’s Assembly between Nov. 28, 2011, and Feb. 22, 2012. The election were again observed in the Shura Council People’s Assembly elections were conducted in three election, the Supreme Judicial Commission for phases covering nine governorates per phase, while Elections (SJCE) introduced some welcome technical the Shura Council election was conducted in two improvements to the electoral process. It was difficult phases covering 13 governorates in the first phase to assess their value, however, given the atmosphere and 14 governorates in the second phase. There in which these improvements were implemented were more than 50,000 polling stations available and the associated low voter turnout. While the for both elections, allowing for nationwide polling election results appeared to have reflected the will of an estimated 50 million eligible voters. In total, Egyptians elected 498 members of the People’s * In October 2011, the SCAF decided to allow party members to run Assembly and 180 members of the Shura Council. for both the two-fifths of People’s Assembly seats available for parties Of the 678 elected members of Parliament, just and the one-third of People’s Assembly seats reserved for individual candidates. This decision was allegedly made under pressure from 14 are women. parties, including the Freedom and Justice Party. On June 14, 2012, the Supreme Constitutional Court ruled that the SCAF’s decision was an unconstitutional violation of Egyptians’ right to equality before the law. 2 The Carter Center 2011–2012 Parliamentary Elections in Egypt of the voters that participated, the low level of voter In its final report, The Carter Center outlines its turnout underscored the political uncertainties that complete findings from the parliamentary elections surrounded Egypt’s ongoing transition. and recommends several key steps to improve the This, coupled with a subsequent decision of the conduct of future elections in Egypt. Many of these SCAF to amend the Constitutional Declaration as recommendations also apply to the May 2012 presi- votes were being counted in the presidential elec- dential election, and the as-yet-unscheduled constitu- tions, was a cause of great concern regarding the vote tional referendum. With the opportunities presented and meaning of elections in the transition process. by the continued transition in mind, and in the spirit Several significant challenges remain to complete of cooperation and respect for the people of Egypt, Egypt’s democratic transition. To address these The Carter Center offers the following recommenda- challenges, Egyptian leaders must ensure that the tions for future elections. transition to civilian rule is completed as promised. • Create a permanent, professional, independent, Specifically, Egypt also should make every effort to and impartial electoral management body. In conduct an inclusive constitutional drafting process line with Egypt’s international commitments, The that takes into account the views of the full political Carter Center recommends that the future consti- spectrum of Egyptian society and protects democratic tution explicitly provide for the independence principles, fundamental rights, and freedoms. of Egypt’s election authority and that lawmakers After receiving accreditation through the SJCE, reconsider
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Women's Struggle for Citizenship
    OCTOBER 2017 Women’s Struggle for Citizenship: Civil Society and Constitution Making after the Arab Uprisings JOSÉ S. VERICAT Cover Photo: Marchers on International ABOUT THE AUTHORS Women’s Day, Cairo, Egypt, March 8, 2011. Al Jazeera English. JOSÉ S. VERICAT is an Adviser at the International Peace Institute. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper represent those of the author Email: [email protected] and not necessarily those of the International Peace Institute. IPI welcomes consideration of a wide range of perspectives in the pursuit of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS a well-informed debate on critical policies and issues in international The author would like to thank Mohamed Elagati and affairs. Nidhal Mekki for their useful feedback. This project would not have seen the light of day without the input of dozens IPI Publications of civil society activists from Egypt, Tunisia, and Yemen, as Adam Lupel, Vice President well as several from Libya and Syria, who believed in its Albert Trithart, Associate Editor value and selflessly invested their time and energy into it. Madeline Brennan, Assistant Production Editor To them IPI is very grateful. Within IPI, Amal al-Ashtal and Waleed al-Hariri provided vital support at different stages Suggested Citation: of the project’s execution. José S. Vericat, “Women’s Struggle for Citizenship: Civil Society and IPI owes a debt of gratitude to its many donors for their Constitution Making after the Arab generous support. In particular, IPI would like to thank the Uprisings,” New York: International governments of Finland and Norway for making this Peace Institute, October 2017. publication possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Petition To: United Nations Working
    PETITION TO: UNITED NATIONS WORKING GROUP ON ARBITRARY DETENTION Mr Mads Andenas (Norway) Mr José Guevara (Mexico) Ms Shaheen Ali (Pakistan) Mr Sètondji Adjovi (Benin) Mr Vladimir Tochilovsky (Ukraine) HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY COPY TO: UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF OPINION AND EXPRESSION, MR DAVID KAYE; UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE RIGHTS TO FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY AND OF ASSOCIATION, MR MAINA KIAI; UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS, MR MICHEL FORST. in the matter of Alaa Abd El Fattah (the “Petitioner”) v. Egypt _______________________________________ Petition for Relief Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolutions 1997/50, 2000/36, 2003/31, and Human Rights Council Resolutions 6/4 and 15/1 Submitted by: Media Legal Defence Initiative Electronic Frontier Foundation The Grayston Centre 815 Eddy Street 28 Charles Square San Francisco CA 94109 London N1 6HT BASIS FOR REQUEST The Petitioner is a citizen of the Arab Republic of Egypt (“Egypt”), which acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“ICCPR”) on 14 January 1982. 1 The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014 (the “Constitution”) states that Egypt shall be bound by the international human rights agreements, covenants and conventions it has ratified, which shall have the force of law after publication in accordance with the conditions set out in the Constitution. 2 Egypt is also bound by those principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“UDHR”) that have acquired the status of customary international law.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Development Ii Urban Project
    LOCAL DEVELOPMENT II URBAN PROJECT Submited to USAID /CAIRO Submitted by WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES inassociation with PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SERVICE DELOITTE AND TOUCHE DEVELOPMENT CON-JLTING OFFICE ENGINEERING AND GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING OFFICE REPORT ON SUII-PROJECI' RNING FOR i'ROJIICIN CARRIED OUT DURING FY 1988 DECMBER 1990 Submitted to USAID/CAIRO Submitted by WILBUR SMITl ASSOCIATES Public Administration Service Dcloit & Touch Dcvclopmcnt Consulting Officc Enginecring & Geological Consulting Office 21-S.663 TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject Page No. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. DESIGN 2 2.1 General 2 2.2 Project Documents 2 2.3 Conclusions 2 3. COST ESTIMATES 7 3.1 General 7 3.2 Conclusions 7 4. CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL/SCHEDULING 11 4.1 General 11 4.2 Conclusion 11 5. IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION 20 5.1 General 20 5.2 Breakdown of Sectors-Implementation 20 5.3 Breakdown of Sectors-Operation 21 5.4 Analysis by Sector 21 6. INCOME GENERATION 51 6.1 Cost Recovery 51 7. MAINTENANCE 58 7.1 General 58 7.2 Education Sector 58 7.3 Conclusions 59 8. USAID PLAQUES 65 9. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 67 APPENDICES: Sub-Project Profile FY 88 a-1 Rating Field Work Sheets b-I/b-5 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page No. 2-1 Adequacy of Design 5 2-2 Adequacy of Design (Standard Deviation) 7 3-1 Adherence to Estimated Cost 9 3-2 Adherence to Contract Cost 10 4-1 Adequacy of Construction 13 4-2 Adequacy of Construction (Standard Deviation) 15 4-3 Adherence to Schedule - Construction 16 4-4 Adherence to Schedule - Equipment 17 4-5 Adherence to Schedule - Utilities 18 4-6 Adequacy
    [Show full text]
  • Playing with Fire. the Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian
    Playing with Fire.The Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian Leviathan Daniela Pioppi After the fall of Mubarak, the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) decided to act as a stabilising force, to abandon the street and to lend democratic legiti- macy to the political process designed by the army. The outcome of this strategy was that the MB was first ‘burned’ politically and then harshly repressed after having exhausted its stabilising role. The main mistakes the Brothers made were, first, to turn their back on several opportunities to spearhead the revolt by leading popular forces and, second, to keep their strategy for change gradualist and conservative, seeking compromises with parts of the former regime even though the turmoil and expectations in the country required a much bolder strategy. Keywords: Egypt, Muslim Brotherhood, Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, Arab Spring This article aims to analyse and evaluate the post-Mubarak politics of the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) in an attempt to explain its swift political parable from the heights of power to one of the worst waves of repression in the movement’s history. In order to do so, the analysis will start with the period before the ‘25th of January Revolution’. This is because current events cannot be correctly under- stood without moving beyond formal politics to the structural evolution of the Egyptian system of power before and after the 2011 uprising. In the second and third parts of this article, Egypt’s still unfinished ‘post-revolutionary’ political tran- sition is then examined. It is divided into two parts: 1) the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF)-led phase from February 2011 up to the presidential elections in summer 2012; and 2) the MB-led phase that ended with the military takeover in July 2013 and the ensuing violent crackdown on the Brotherhood.
    [Show full text]
  • The Most Prominent Violations of Press and Media Freedom in Egypt During 2017
    Annual Report on: Freedom of Press and Media in Egypt 2017 Annual on: Freedom of PRreses apndo Merdtia in Egypt 2017 Conducted by Ahmed Abo Elmagd Reviewed by Ahmed Ragab Cover designed by Ahmed Sobhy Published year 2017 Annual Report on: Freedom of Press and Media in Egypt 2017 The Egyptian Center for Public Policy Studies (ECPPS) is a non-governmental, non- party and non-profit organization .It is mission is to propose public policies that aim at reforming the Egyptian legal and economic systems. ECPPS’s goal is to enhance the principles of free market, individual freedom and the rule of law. The Egyptian Center for Public Policy Studies (ECPPS) 1 Annual Report on: Freedom of Press and Media in Egypt 2017 In 2017, the Egyptian Center for Public Policies Studies issues a monthly monitoring to measure (Legislative climate, political climate, economic climate, media performance and civil society role) in regard to freedom of media and journalism in Egypt, in trying to stand on events, changes, violations which happen and effect on media and journalism statement in Egypt. The Egyptian Center for Public Policies Studies held general interviews and conferences with the participation of many parties and different entities (members of Parliament, members of Press Syndicate, researchers and members of media and journalism councils) just to review, present important events and actors observed over the year. This report includes an “annual detailed report for the statement of media and journalism in Egypt in 2017”. Important events and changes which affected negatively or positively in the climate of freedom of press and media work in Egypt in 2017 in addition to precise recommendations for decision makers based on these events and changes to improve the climate of media and journalism in Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis
    MEASURES BY THE EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT TO COUNTER THE EXPLOITATION OF (SOCIAL) MEDIA - FACEBOOK AND AL JAZEERA Master Thesis Name: Rajko Smaak Student number: S1441582 Study: Master Crisis and Security Management Date: January 13, 2016 The Hague, The Netherlands Master Thesis: Measures by the Egyptian government to counter the exploitation of (social) media II Leiden University CAPSTONE PROJECT ‘FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION VERSUS FREEDOM FROM INTIMIDATION MEASURES BY THE EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT TO COUNTER THE EXPLOITATION OF (SOCIAL) MEDIA - FACEBOOK AND AL JAZEERA BY Rajko Smaak S1441582 MASTER THESIS Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Crisis and Security Management at Leiden University, The Hague Campus. January 13, 2016 Leiden, The Netherlands Adviser: Prof. em. Alex P. Schmid Second reader: Dhr. Prof. dr. Edwin Bakker Master Thesis: Measures by the Egyptian government to counter the exploitation of (social) media III Leiden University Master Thesis: Measures by the Egyptian government to counter the exploitation of (social) media IV Leiden University Abstract During the Arab uprisings in 2011, social media played a key role in ousting various regimes in the Middle East and North Africa region. Particularly, social media channel Facebook and TV broadcast Al Jazeera played a major role in ousting Hosni Mubarak, former president of Egypt. Social media channels eases the ability for people to express, formulate, send and perceive messages on political issues. However, some countries demonstrate to react in various forms of direct and indirect control of these media outlets. Whether initiated through regulations or punitive and repressive measures such as imprisonment and censorship of media channels.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt State of Environment Report 2008
    Egypt State of Environment Report Egypt State of Environment Report 2008 1 Egypt State of Environment Report 2 Egypt State of Environment Report Acknowledgment I would like to extend my thanks and appreciation to all who contributed in producing this report whether from the Ministry,s staff, other ministries, institutions or experts who contributed to the preparation of various parts of this report as well as their distinguished efforts to finalize it. Particular thanks go to Prof. Dr Mustafa Kamal Tolba, president of the International Center for Environment and Development; Whom EEAA Board of Directors is honored with his membership; as well as for his valuable recommendations and supervision in the development of this report . May God be our Guide,,, Minister of State for Environmental Affairs Eng. Maged George Elias 7 Egypt State of Environment Report 8 Egypt State of Environment Report Foreword It gives me great pleasure to foreword State of Environment Report -2008 of the Arab Republic of Egypt, which is issued for the fifth year successively as a significant step of the political environmental commitment of Government of Egypt “GoE”. This comes in the framework of law no.4 /1994 on Environment and its amendment law no.9/2009, which stipulates in its Chapter Two on developing an annual State of Environment Report to be submitted to the president of the Republic and the Cabinet with a copy lodged in the People’s Assembly ; as well as keenness of Egypt’s political leadership to integrate environmental dimension in all fields to achieve sustainable development , which springs from its belief that protecting the environment has become a necessary requirement to protect People’s health and increased production through the optimum utilization of resources .
    [Show full text]
  • New Trends in Constitution-Making: the Cases of Tunisia and Egypt
    Department of Political Science Chair: Comparative Public Law New trends in Constitution-Making: the cases of Tunisia and Egypt Supervisor Professor Cristina Fasone Candidate Kristina Gumroian Student Reg.N.632772 Co- Supervisor Professor Francesca Maria Corrao Academic Year: 2017/2018 Table of contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4 2 Constitutions as drivers for the democratic development of societies ..................... 9 2.1 Constitutional waves in modern states ............................................................. 10 2.2 Basic constitutional models ............................................................................. 15 2.3 Constituent power and the legitimacy of constitution-making ........................ 21 2.3.1 Introduction into the concept of constituent power .................................. 21 2.3.2 Constituent power in the Constitutional thought ...................................... 24 2.4 Transitional Constitutionalism ......................................................................... 26 2.4.1 Transition and the Constitutional moment ............................................... 26 2.4.2 The Backward- and the Forward-Looking Constitution........................... 28 2.5 Introduction into Constitutionalism in Islamic World ..................................... 30 3 The Arab Spring in the context of the Arab World ................................................ 41 3.1 A historical overview of the
    [Show full text]
  • 19 Chapter One the Informal Sector in Egypt and the World
    Acknowledgements Cairo Center for Development Benchmarking extends its thanks and appreciation to Major General/ Abu Bakr El-Gendy, Head of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, for providing the approval for the field study. And would like to thank Prof. Heba el Litthy for help in putting the criteria and choosing work areas for the implementation of the project. And Prof. Mohamed Ismail, Head of Statistics Department at Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences for the comprehensive review of the report content. Cairo Center for Development Benchmarking also extends its thanks to the team of the Coptic Evangelical Organization for Social Services in the Governorates of Cairo, Giza, Beni-Suef, Minya, and Qalubiya for supporting and organizing focus groups for government officials and organizing workshops to discuss the results of the study. And all Government Officials, NGOs representatives who participated in focus group discussions and report presentation workshops. The study is conducted with the support of the European Union. CDB is responsible of the content of the study, which doesn’t reflect the EU’s opinion by any means. About the Coptic Evangelical Organization for Social Services The Coptic Evangelical Organization for Social Services is a non-profit, publicly recognized Egyptian non-governmental civil association, registered in the Ministry of Social Solidarity number 468 Cairo. It was founded by the former pastor Dr. Samuel Habib in 1950 with the first nucleus project of literacy in one village of Minya province. The association is seeking, since its inception, to confirm the value of human life, improve human life quality, work to achieve justice and equality, spread the culture of enlightened intellect, confirm the ethics of common human values advocated by religions, consolidate loyalty, respect diversity and accept others’ values.
    [Show full text]
  • Elections in Egypt RIGHTS State of Permanent Emergency Incompatible with Free and Fair Vote WATCH
    Egypt HUMAN Elections in Egypt RIGHTS State of Permanent Emergency Incompatible with Free and Fair Vote WATCH Elections in Egypt State of Permanent Emergency Incompatible with Free and Fair Copyright © 2010 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-721-3 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org December 2010 ISBN: 1-56432-721-3 Elections in Egypt State of Permanent Emergency Incompatible with Free and Fair Vote Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 I. Elections in a State of Emergency ............................................................................................. 4 Disruption of Demonstrations................................................................................................ 4 Media Crackdown ................................................................................................................. 5 Arrests of Campaign Activists ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cairo Traffic Congestion Study Phase 1
    Cairo Traffic Congestion Study Phase 1 Final Report November 2010 This report was prepared by ECORYS Nederland BV and SETS Lebanon for the World Bank and the Government of Egypt, with funding provided by the Dutch - Egypt Public Expenditure Review Trust Fund. The project was managed by a World Bank team including Messrs. Ziad Nakat, Transport Specialist and Team Leader, and Santiago Herrera, Lead Country Economist. i Table of Content Executive Summary xi Study motivation xi Study area xi Data collection xi Observed Modal Split xii Identification of Causes, Types and Locations of Traffic Congestion xii Estimation of Direct Economic Costs of Traffic Congestion in Cairo xiv 1 Introduction 17 1.1 Background 17 1.2 Objective of the Study 18 1.3 Structure of this report 18 2 Assessment of Information Needs and Collection of Additional Data 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Task Description/Objectives 22 2.3 Study area 22 2.4 Assessment of Data and Information Needs 24 2.5 Floating Car Survey and Traffic Counts 25 2.5.1 Data Collection Objectives 25 2.5.2 Data Collection Techniques 25 2.5.3 Technical Plan Development Methodology 25 2.5.4 Development of Data Collection Technical Plan 29 2.5.5 Data Collection Operational Plan 32 2.6 Peak Hours 35 2.7 Traffic Composition in the Corridors 36 2.8 Modal Split in the Corridors 36 2.9 Daily Traffic Volume 45 2.10 Traffic Survey Results 49 2.11 Trend Analysis of Travel Characteristics (2005-2010) 62 2.11.1 Changes in Modal Split 62 2.11.2 Changes in Traffic Patterns 66 2.11.3 Changes in Peak Hours 71 2.12 Overview
    [Show full text]
  • Food Safety Inspection in Egypt Institutional, Operational, and Strategy Report
    FOOD SAFETY INSPECTION IN EGYPT INSTITUTIONAL, OPERATIONAL, AND STRATEGY REPORT April 28, 2008 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Cameron Smoak and Rachid Benjelloun in collaboration with the Inspection Working Group. FOOD SAFETY INSPECTION IN EGYPT INSTITUTIONAL, OPERATIONAL, AND STRATEGY REPORT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR POLICY REFORM II CONTRACT NUMBER: 263-C-00-05-00063-00 BEARINGPOINT, INC. USAID/EGYPT POLICY AND PRIVATE SECTOR OFFICE APRIL 28, 2008 AUTHORS: CAMERON SMOAK RACHID BENJELLOUN INSPECTION WORKING GROUP ABDEL AZIM ABDEL-RAZEK IBRAHIM ROUSHDY RAGHEB HOZAIN HASSAN SHAFIK KAMEL DARWISH AFKAR HUSSAIN DISCLAIMER: The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................... 1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................... 3 Vision 3 Mission ................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 3 Legal framework..................................................................................................... 3 Functions...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]