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1-800-336-4533, Ext 233 or (703) 569-2121, Ext 233 FOREIGN SERVICE APRIL 1993 JOURNAL VOL. 70, NO. 4
Editorial Board Chairman BRANDON GROVE
STEVEN AOKI JANET BOGUE C. STUART CALLISON JOE B. JOHNSON ROBER T MAUSHAMMER DONALD R. NORLAND PHYLLIS OAKLEY ERIC RUBIN ROBERT TOTH HANS N. TUCH
“The Independent Voice of the FEATURES Foreign Service” Speaking Out: Make Room for Democracy 16 Editor ANNE STEVENSON-YANG BY JOE B. JOHNSON Associate Editor NANCY A. JOHNSON Making Peace in Somalia: An Interview With Bob Oakley 19 Advertising Manager TINA M. DREYFUS BY BRANDON GROVE Communications Assistant JONATHAN ULLMAN Design MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS Focus: CHANGES AT STATE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. The Clinton Foreign Policy Team 24 Material appearing herein represents the opinions BY DAVID D. NEWSOM of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are invited. ACDA: The Orphaned Agency 28 JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9.50 BY DAVID CALLAHAN included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail not available. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E Helping Russia Reform 31 Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. BY THOMPSON R. BUCHANAN Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (Octol^er 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Global Gourmet: Foreign Service Cookbooks 40 Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries BY ANN LUPPI VON MEHREN invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- Diplomats in History: Washington Irving 46 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054.
American Foreign Setvice Association 1993 Books 48 Robert H. Miller on the Hmong, Daniel Newberry on a Foreign Service career, Printed in the U.S.A. Jack H. Shellenberger on Carl Rowan.
DEPARTMENTS Views 2 50 Years Ago/Quiz 60 Letters 7 Advertising Sections THE COVER: Clippings 10 Marketplace 52 Despatch 14 Real Estate 54 Design by Mary Butler AFSA News Pull-out section Classifieds 57
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DETROIT IVI EMPHIS PHILADELPHIA BALTII\/IOF*E PAY FREEZE: FAIR SHARE? one from The Netherlands. American infantry battalions have been drawn To THE EDITOR: from divisions of the U.S. Army. I take strong exception to AFSA’s Admittedly, the MFO supervises a decision to urge its members to op¬ formal peace treaty, not a ceasefire, pose the 1994 federal pay freeze con¬ armistice, or some other state short of tained in the president’s economic than willing to accept a fair share of real peace. There has never been a program. the burden in order to reduce the real danger of hostile action and, I’m as quick as the next person to national debt. In that regard we stand therefore, of casualties connected with defend pay comparability and resist ready to pay such increased income MFO service. No other peacekeeping victimizing the federal work force. and other taxes as may be required to organization is in our enviable boat, it However, I think present circum¬ achieve that worthy goal. The steps is true. Nevertheless, U.S. troops are stances are different. After years of the president has proposed, however, under foreign command, and over the playing around with freezes and se¬ will have a harmful impact on a dedi¬ years the army has gained an enor¬ questers and self-delusion on rev¬ cated group of workers that has suf¬ mous amount of experience in multi¬ enue issues, an administration has put fered from years of below-inflation- lateral operations in a wide variety of forward a proposal which attempts to rate pay increases and pay freezes. specialties and across the rank struc¬ distribute fairly the burden of reduc¬ Moreover, under the plan he has out¬ ture from private to colonel. If the ing the federal deficit. It may not be a lined, the government employee army’s personnel computers are prop¬ perfectly balanced proposal—indeed, would suffer the double jeopardy of erly programmed, this expertise can there’s probably some disagreement reduced income coupled with in¬ be tapped for future UN service. about what “perfectly balanced” creased taxes. While Meisler is historically correct means. But it does hit hardest at those We do not ask to be exempted that the United States has resisted most able to pay, and it does include from sacrifice. We do, however, ask putting troops under UN command, I general revenue increases and expen¬ that the president use his position as suspect that the trend already is re¬ diture cuts which will affect the whole the senior U.S. government employee versing. This is particularly the case, I population. to ensure that the sacrifices required believe, if one adds an adjective and More importantly, if everyone to achieve the goal of reducing the describes “competent UN command.” whose ox is being gored gets an federal deficit are shared equally by It is no secret in peacekeeping circles exemption, there will be no package all American citizens. that there have been UN commanders left—and the whole country will suf¬ 59 employees of Embassy Buenos Aires who had little or no experience in fer. With those stakes, I’m willing to Tom Young, coordinator leading troops at formation levels and take my lumps none whatever in conducting hostili¬ Teresita C. Schaffer ties at any level of intensity. The Colombo, Sri Lanka FOREIGN COMMAND United States probably will ease into placing troops under UN command
To THE EDITOR: To THE EDITOR: by first doing so in benign environ¬ We, the undersigned American- Stanley Meisler’s piece on peace¬ ments and, where this is not possible, citizen employees of the U.S. Em¬ keeping in the February Journal was by insisting on experienced leaders bassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, interesting but way off in one state¬ from experienced armies. It is also applaud the president’s efforts to re¬ ment that was key to his argument: likely that the United States will prefer duce the federal deficit and assure “The United States has never assigned to begin by using non-combattant him of our support for those efforts. a single unit of soldiers to serve with units, such as the medical and rear At the same time, we must express our a peacekeeping force under someone area logistics elements, as it enters the concern over the plan to freeze the else’s command.” Wrong. Since the wider world of peacekeeping. wages of U.S. government employ¬ spring of 1982, the United States has Wat T. Cluverius IV ees, to delay locality pay, and to limit assigned one infantry battalion and Director General future pay raises. For many years the one support battalion to the Multina¬ Multinational Force and Observers salaries of government employees tional Force and Observers (MFO) in Rome have lagged behind those of their the Sinai Desert of Egypt. The MFO peers and counterparts in the private supervises the security provisions of IGNORANT EXAM sector. The 1990 pay reform law was the Treaty of Peace between Israel designed and enacted in order to and Egypt. The MFO includes 10 other To THE EDITOR: correct that long-recognized deficiency nations and has been commanded in I have read with interest the article beginning in 1994. the field by two Norwegian generals, by Edward Peck and the description As American citizens we are more one New Zealander, and, at present, of the oral exam process (November
APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 7 L E T T E
1992 Journal) and Perry Shankle’s the closing of the American mind to dence and efforts to respond con¬ views (“Letters,” January 1993), in believe that diplomats need a far strained by classification. So I want to which he makes the point that “no greater range and depth of knowl¬ address my friends and colleagues one is saying that the quality of offic¬ edge than the current exam assumes. who read the Journal. Mike Kozak ers coming into the service is less than I fear that if we still, indeed, are and I did nothing improper and have first rate.” getting officers with a first-rate educa¬ been confident that, if we were given Most other foreign services, at least tion, it is not because we test for it, but the opportunity to answer questions of major powers, place serious aca¬ because a sufficient number of people in either open or closed hearings, we demic demands on applicants, e.g., still find the Foreign Service an attrac¬ could have answered every question the possession of a first-class degree tive career. This is too trusting of fully and satisfactorily. Unfortunately, and competence in at least one for¬ fortune, and, especially over the long we never had that opportunity. eign language. We have, for various term, not insurance enough. In addition to the reported inspec¬ reasons, chosen not to screen in that Gerald Scott tor general’s finding exonerating us of fashion. When I looked at the exam Nairobi any wrongdoing, former Secretary of several years ago, I was struck by its State Eagleburger wrote the Senate on greatly reduced scope. In history, NOTHING IMPROPER January 19, 1993 to present a set of only two questions supposed a knowl¬ basic facts for which he had secured edge of events predating the Franco- To THE EDITOR: declassification. He assured the Sen¬ Prussian War. A metre recent example George Gedda’s article, “Minefield ate that there was “no hidden agenda was even worse. Nicaragua” (February Journal) is an or improper intent on the part of the This change in standards may have objective presentation of the issues department” in the NERP program something to do with the description raised regarding the Nicaraguan Exile and that neither Kozak nor Sullivan of the examination process as “job Relocation Program (NERP) and the “engaged in, urged, or condoned any and performance related.” 1 do not nominations of Mike Kozak and me. questionable . . . improper . . . behav¬ think one has to be entirely in the The article reveals the problems of ior.” Secretary Eagleburger concluded camp of Allan Bloom and his thesis of allegations presented without evi¬ with the hope “that basic American principles of due process and fairness LEAVING FOR ASSIGNMENT WITH YOUR PETS? would prevail.” I can only add my hope that, at a HAVE YOU ARRANGED FOR YOUR PET NEEDS time when policy differences increas¬ WHILE ON TOUR? ingly manifest themselves as allega¬ tions of misconduct, the Journal will PET PA NTRT can fulfill the pet food and accessory needs of Foreign Service always fulfill its responsibility to its employees who are preparing for long term overseas assignments and wish to readers and the Foreign Service to purchase hard to get items in bulk quantities. We offer local delivery of food determine whether allegations have a and accessories to your home, and while abroad, we can arrange for subsequent factual basis. shipments of your pet needs. Joseph G. Sullivan PET PA NTRT will provide you with a full line of pet food and accessories at Washington, D.C. competitive prices for your bulk/consumables shipment. Whatever you need, we’ve got it: SOMALIS MISPERCEIVEP * Major premium pet foods To THE EDITOR: * Crates & Carriers * Shampoo & Grooming supplies I was distressed by some of the * Flea & Tick preventatives articles on Somalia in the February * Toys, Dishes, Pet Beds, Leashes & more. . . Journal. Let me explain. It makes a difference when you Put your trust in the one petfood and accessory supplier who is sensitive to the serve in a country, and I served in needs ofForeign Service officers. Price list on file at the Overseas Briefing Center. Somalia from 1964-67. I think all for¬ eigners shared with Somalis their frus¬ PET PANTRY tration at their situation at that time. . 4455 Connecticut Ave., NW . . We were all sympathetic to the Washington, DC 20008 Somalis’ hope that its flag would one (202) 363-6644 FAX: (202) 363-9765 day represent a united republic: Brit¬ (One block north of Van Ness Metro) ish and French Somalilands, the Ogaden, and the Northeast territory of Kenya.
8 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 LETTERS
In the years I was associated with Somalia, its president was changed twice in peaceful elections and its parliament three times. Hence, Soma¬ lia was at the time the only operating democracy in Africa. ... In clan meetings the basics of English com¬ mon law were practiced when elders settled disputes over livestock or fam¬ ily difficulties. ... As a people both men and women are proud and vola¬ tile. The boys are raised to be war¬ riors. The Somalis, then as now, were often desperately poor but they con¬ sidered themselves the best looking folks in the world; probably true, as a matter of fact. In sum, they were a gay, lively people to live with. Mohamed Siad Barre was then the head of the army and was simply a despicable man. The only time I ever saw our very sophisticated defense attache, Colonel Al Rosner, lose his aplomb was when he talked of Siad. When Siad took power a week after President Abderashid Ali Scermarke was assassinated in 1969, the dark days of Somalia began. The leaders of SHAPING UP the previous regimes were impris¬ oned and often died in prison, most intellectuals who could, fled, finding jobs outside Somalia. This state of affairs lasted for more than 20 years and in the process Somalia as it had been was destroyed. What bothers me is that some of the articles in the Journal portrayed the Somali people as whiners, ma¬ FROM It’s been a day packed with important issues nipulators or worse. Siad and his ilk and business as usual. You deserve a few were; the people are not. Somalis are hours of quiet and comfort to relax from this a good and decent folk who came * * busy schedule. Per69 Room, Step into our oasis where the fringe bene- under the rule of a vicious tyrant. We Pa-Night. have seen this happen in other parts of the world. But we do not, and our A Cut Above Restaurant access to a large indoor pool; fitness center- and excellent shopping at the Ballston should not, condemn a whole people. Commons Mall. Plus the most valuable benefit of all is being I recognize how hard it was for our located only 4 miles from Washington, D.C. atop the Ballston people to work with the Siad regime Metro Center. It’s to your benefit to call for more information at and the people he put in office. But (703) 528-6000 or 1800 228-9898 today! the Somali nomad or intellectual is an * Per Room, Per Night. Subject to availability. Not valid with groups admirable person. I hope our help or other discount programs. and the help of others will get the Somalis back to the path they were on before Siad. Somali democracy was an example to all in Africa. Gordon R. Beyer Lexington, Virginia
APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 9 WHO IS TERRIFIED? his second term, Ronald Reagan set a and secretary of state can handle new high at 35 percent. In the first matters directly. This ignores the criti¬ THE WASHINGTON TIMES year of the Bush Administration, 34 cal analysis and on-the-scene partici¬ FEBRUARY 3, 1993 percent of ambassadors were patron¬ pation that only an ambassador can BY FRANK GAFFNEY JR. age appointments. provide. Robert Strauss in Moscow A remarkably large number of [for¬ “The real issue is not career For¬ and Robert Oakley in Somalia are eign policy] positions are being filled eign Service officer vs. noncareer,” only the most recent examples. by serving Foreign Service officers Mr. Kirby said. “The issue is qualifica¬ Any impression that an ambassa¬ (FSOs), former FSOs, or friends of the tions.” dorial nomination has been made in Foreign Service. It is truly frightening return for financial contributions to to contemplate that such individuals CRITICAL APPOINTMENTS the party in power corrodes public will occupy senior positions in every trust and our relationship with the agency of the national security com¬ THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR country concerned. The bottom line munity at a moment of epic change JANUARY 29, 1993 must always be whether nominees, and dynamism in the international BY FRANK C. CARLUCCI AND SOL M. be they career or non-career, bring environment. After all, the diplomatic LINOWITZ the requisite credentials to the task. corps prizes—and rewards—nothing Fewer than 200 of the 3,000 ap¬ We suggest that [President] Clinton so much as a status quo mentality. As pointments President Clinton will be consider a technique used by Presi¬ a result, those under the influence of making will go to ambassadors. But dent Carter, who put in place an the Foreign Service typically are terri¬ those will be important choices. Am- advisory screening board that met in fied at the prospect of change and will private to review lists of ambassado¬ countenance almost anything, some¬ rial candidates. ... It then agreed on times even rank appeasement, to avoid a slate of three to five people for the rocking the international boat. The myth persists that president’s consideration. . . . An instant cornmunications advisory board would help ensure FOREIGN SERVICE have made ambassadors that qualified appointments will be SKEPTICS superfluous and that the made in an orderly and constructive way. THE WASHINGTON TIMES president and secretary of FEBRUARY 1, 1993 state can handle matters NEW CLOUT BY ANDREW SCHNEIDER directly. This ignores the The Clinton’s Administration’s vow critical analysis and on-the- THE WASHINGTON TIMES that only qualified people will wear FEBRUARY 14, 1993 sceneparticipation that only the red sash of an ambassador has BY MARTIN SIEFF raised eyebrows in a skeptical For¬ an ambassador can provide. Secretary of State Warren Christo¬ eign Service community. pher has moved quickly to increase “A president’s best intentions may the influence of career Foreign Ser¬ not be enough. One has to appreciate vice officers, a sharp contrast to the that there are political factors that bassadors can and do make a differ¬ style of James Baker, who depended always come into play,” said Bill Kirby, ence, often a critical difference. largely on a small group of trusted president of the American Foreign In his relationships with some 180 advisers. Service Association. countries and numerous international Mr. Christopher’s “administrative During the past seven administra¬ organizations, he will need the best revolution" is being greeted warmly tions, regardless of which party occu¬ on-the-spot agents he can get if he is by career diplomats. The key to Mr. pied the White House, about one in to maintain the kind of American Christopher’s effort is to reduce the three ambassadorships has gone to a leadership we will need in an increas¬ influence of the secretary’s own staff political appointee. . . . Jimmy Carter ingly complex world. and to increase that of the various hit a post-World War II low on the The myth persists that instant com¬ bureaus.... department sources said. statistic, with only 22 percent of his munications have made ambassadors “There is a dramatic new operating ambassadorships going to friends. In superfluous and that the president style here,” one department source
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1-800-735-7829 He eliminated a raft of positions at the deputy assistant secretary 301-251-2771 level, most of which had come to be staffed by political appointees. Deputy Secretary of State Clifton Wharton played a major role in the administrative restructuring, department sources said. “Christopher and Wharton believe that we’re the only superpower and that our desk people and local officials should have the confidence to demand top-level access, ” one source familiar with the reform said. The ExecuStay Advantage ■ Hundreds of locations in the city or suburbs, for thirty days or longer. implemented “a very systematic effort Bureau. But on human rights, the ■ Rates below per diem. to push responsibility down to the subject then closest to his heart, Mr. ■ Flexible short and long term bureaus, desk officers, and Foreign Christopher won a fearsome reputa¬ leases. Service officers,” the official said. tion for overruling or ignoring For¬ ■ One, two and three bedroom As part of the new approach . . . Mr. eign Service officers’ advice. . . . apartments. Christopher has made himself available ■ Townhouses. eveiy Saturday for briefings on key ■ Private homes. TOP TIERS FILLED regions and issues. On Saturday, Febru¬ ■ Fully furnished to meet your lifestyle. ary 6, Mr. Christopher was briefed by Tun WASHINGTON POST, MARCH 8, 1993 ■ Quality housewares including young officials covering Russia and post- The State Department has rocketed linens, fully outfitted kitchens Soviet affairs, sources said. into the lead in the race for the cov¬ and decorative accessories. The restructuring . . . was part of eted New Regime Full Roster Award, ■ All expenses including utilit¬ [Christopher’s] goal of revitalizing the to be given to the first agency to name ies, phone service and cable Foreign Service input into the policy¬ candidates for all jobs above the assis¬ television, on one bill. making process. ... He eliminated a tant secretary level. State, in the mega¬ ■ Maid service upon request. raft of positions at the deputy assistant department category with about 33 ■ Fitness centers at most locals. secretary level, most of which had such jobs, has filled all but 10.... State Pets accepted at many locals. ■ come to be staffed by political ap¬ was able to move quickly despite the ■ Washers and dryers. pointees. Deputy Secretary of State administration’s ethnic, gender, and ■ Close to shopping and enter¬ Clifton Wharton played a major role geographic—or EGG—diversity re¬ tainment. ■ Many locations on public in the administrative restructuring, de¬ quirements. And this at a department transportation routes. partment sources said. “Christopher that until recently was known more ■ Concierge service at some and Wharton believe that we’re the for officials with reversible names— locations. only superpower and that our desk Stapleton Roy, McGeorge Bundy, or ■ Major credit cards accepted. people and local officials should have Townsend Hoopes, for example— Most Importantly... the confidence to demand top-level than as a center for women, minori¬ access,” one source familiar with the ties, and southwesterners. Of the 23 ■ You make the decisions, we reform said. positions formally named so far, six provide the service. Mr. Christopher, in his four years as went to women and three to blacks. ■ We meet your budget.. undersecretary of state under Presi¬ What’s more, just under half are cur¬ 932 Hungerford Drive dent Carter, had a mixed reaction on rent or former career Foreign Service Suite 12B listening to Foreign Service officers. officers from within the ranks, a tradi¬ Rockville, Maryland 20850 In shaping major policy initiatives, he tion to which the other agencies don’t heeded them closely. At the time, pro- have to adhere. ■
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reaus, bringing them structures in which behind the report’s recommendations. Teamwork regularly to review cross-cutting issues. “State’s Economic Role,” for example, The organizational tree aims to reduce by Edward A. Casey Jr., discusses how' his issue of the Foreign Ser¬ the blinding profusion of issues handled promoting the U.S. economic stance T vice Journal takes a look at by Political Affairs bringing together abroad can be imbedded in the foreign the people and structures under “P” those matters that the State policy process. “Repeated initiatives in the president has put into Department tends to regard as its core the past to raise the profile of economic place to develop and imple¬ activities: crisis management and re¬ diplomacy have foundered on a lack of ment his foreign policy. The lead article, porting and analysis, as well as conflict follow-up. We have not made the insti¬ by former Under Secretary for Political mediation and liaison with multilateral tutional and personnel changes neces¬ Affairs David Newsom, introduces and institutions. The plan eliminates a num¬ sary to demonstrate a permanent analyzes the new foreign policy team, ber of independent offices attached to comitment to new directions in the while David Callahan’s article reviews the secretaiy or deputy secretaiy and department’s work.” To increase the the arguments for and against an inde¬ drastically reduces die number of deputy importance of economic analysis and pendent Amis Control and Disarma¬ assistant secretaries. Part of the pur¬ trade promotion effectively, Casey ar¬ ment Agency. pose, Wharton said, is to reduce the gues, State must hire officers with eco¬ It will be some months yet before it number of intermediaries between the nomic training, dropping an inch or two is possible to draw conclusions about secretary and rank and file officers. “In the veil officially draped over Foreign how profoundly the new team at the the past,” he said, “bureaus were some¬ Service applicants’ backgrounds. It must State Department and the new struc¬ times undemtilized and our talented increase the senior economic leader¬ tures within which they are working professional staff was isolated from die ship in each regional bureau. will color the conduct of foreign policy. seventh floor.” Going beyond suggestions for struc¬ Secretaiy Christopher and Deputy Sec¬ Drawing heavily upon an imagina¬ tural change, there are many exhorta¬ retary Wharton have already set a style tive report by the State Department tions to “change the culture.” George of management notably different from Management Task Force, State 2000: A Moose’s annex on “Multilateral Diplo¬ that of their immediate predecessors, New Model for Managing Foreign Af¬ macy” discusses the need to address the but so far, the grand policy shifts for fairs, the reorganization plan stopped “attitude, organizational culture, and which some had hoped have not been short of many of State 2000s recom¬ major flaws in the present policy devel¬ forthcoming. mendations. Environmental programs, opment process.” “Streamlining the The State Department reorganiza¬ for example, are being managed by the Policy Process” reminds us that “sev¬ tion announced on Febniary 5 set into under secretary for global affairs rather enth-floor principals should empower place the broad outlines of a structure than within the purview of the assistant assistant secretaries, treat the bureaus as intended better to account for secretary for economics, as recom¬ the workhorses of the department and transnational issues while also increas¬ mended by State 2000. ACDA has re¬ make maximum use of personnel in the ing the efficiency of State’s decision¬ tained its independence so far, although bureaus.” Alphonse F. LaPorta, in his making process. Key among the inno¬ as of this writing it lacks a head and a annex on support systems manage¬ vations were the proposed establish¬ mission. Consular affairs, which the ment, writes that, “The State-managed ment of an under secretary for global State 2000 authors recommended be logistical support system should be¬ affairs—the position for which fomier under global programs, instead remains come more responsive and service- Senator Timothy Wirth has been nomi¬ under management. More centrally, the oriented through the devolution of pro¬ nated—and the reshuffling of issue ar¬ reorganization plan does not reflect one gram responsibility and resource man¬ eas under five under secretaries, to of State 2000s most ardentiy argued rec- agement to geographic bureaus whom the assistant secretaries will re¬ ommendatioas—diat an Office of Strategic State 2000 contains rich lodes of port. Thus the department’s organiza¬ Planning and Resources coordinate an information and analysis to which State tional chart now branches into five integrated foreign policy budget process. management will be able to refer for clusters rather than stacking tier upon tier As the operational details are worked years to come. Although the broad of bureaus each, as in a wedding cake, out over the next several months, policy¬ outlines may be in place, this visionary supported by a broader one below'. makers would do well to refer to the report will be invaluable in efforts to The plan would seem to allow' for a fascinating annexes to the State 2000 calibrate the design. ■ greater lateral integration of the bu¬ report, which lay out the reasoning
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hile we were cutting Development transfer American to some very large private programs W the budget, a new for¬ know-how to foreign lawyers, to provide information and training eign policy priority judges, and other agents of social about American business and govern¬ seems to have ap¬ change. ment methods. Support for freedom peared on the spread¬ The National Endowment for De¬ was a popular tick in last year's cam¬ sheet: the promotion of democracy and mocracy and a host of its private- paign speeches, and no wonder. The free enterprise abroad. sector kin provide direct help to clamor for things American in the Candidate Bill Clinton promised to political parties and independent former Soviet Union and the sight of make democracy, especially in the media abroad. the “Goddess of Liberty”—inspired by newly independent states, a geopo¬ International and non-governmen¬ our Statue erf Liberty—erected by litical concern. Secretary of State War¬ tal organizations, some supported young Chinese activists would make ren Christopher, addressing the North by the U.S. government, monitor any American proud. Atlantic Council on February 26, and assist elections in transitional There is reason to believe that named “promoting democracy and countries. Secretary Christopher’s “third pillar” free markets” as the “third pillar” is more than a facade. His of the new administration’s di¬ subcabinet appointments come plomacy. He asserted: "It would from the National Democratic be the height of folly to spend Support for freedom was a Institute (Brian Atwood and hundreds of billions of dollars Harriet Babbitt), the U.S. Insti¬ to overcome communism and popular tick in last year’s tute of Peace (Samuel Lewis), then refuse to invest in the sur¬ campaign speeches, and no and the National Endowment for vival of the new democracies wonder. The clamor for things Democracy (Winston Lord), that are emerging." while the State Department's re¬ That line of argument has American in the former Soviet organization places a consoli¬ made democracy promotion a Union and the sight of the dated bureau for human rights growth industry for some years “Goddess of Liberty”—inspired and democratization prominently now. Several different ap¬ under the new' under secretary proaches to the problem can be by our Statue of Liberty—erected for global affairs. Furthermore, discerned among the various by young Chinese activists would at least one geographic bureau programs administered by the make any American proud. at State intends to add democra¬ State Department, the Depart¬ tization to its regional affairs ment of Defense, the Agency for office’s job description. Finally, International Development, the Deputy Secretary Wharton’s 90- U.S. Information Agency, and other • Exchange and information pro¬ day study of USAID will affect an public and private entities. grams, perhaps the oldest way of agency that has been devoting signifi¬ • Radio and television broadcasting, spreading American ideas about cant funds to promoting economic including “surrogate” news services government, have built cadres of and political reform. like the Voice of America ( VOA), foreigners with direct exposure to At the Department of Defense, Sec¬ Radio Marti. Radio Free Europe U.S. society. retary Les Aspin’s new policy depart¬ and Radio Liberty, promote the Activities like these have burgeoned ment will include an assistant secre¬ free How of information by carry¬ in recent years with little scrutiny and tary for democracy and human rights. ing objective news to populations even less coordination. The crum¬ The president's economic and budget living under censorship. bling of the Soviet bloc fired the plan will establish a Radio Free Asia • Training programs run by IISIA popular imagination and gave rise to even as it consolidates U.S. govern¬ and the Agency for International new State and USAID initiatives and ment radio broadcasting within the
16 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 VOA, eliminating Radio Free Europe • What if pro-democracy efforts might Europe and former Soviet Union initia¬ and Radio Liberty. harm other U.S. foreign policy inter¬ tives at about $50 million, and $30 The administration may recognize ests, for example, die stability of a million proposed to start up a Radio the need to reorganize the existing, military ally? Shouldn't that be con¬ Free Asia on top of the already success¬ haphazard welter of efforts and give sidered, or at least ful Voice of America them a strategic vision before the new factored into the al¬ China Service. democracy bureaus grow out of con¬ location of re¬ Overt promotion of The first step to as¬ trol. There is already talk about a sources? sess what information presidential review decision on de¬ • Why should the democracy has and exchange can do mocracy promotion, instmcting the American public taken place for would be to look at agencies involved to write down a support these ef¬ decades under the our long record of ex¬ grand design. That would require the forts in the first perience. Overt pro¬ administration to answer a number of place? Is it enough USIA’s exchange motion of democracy basic questions: to say that democ¬ programs, now has taken place for • Can we judge which nations offer racies are rarely accepted as an decades under the the brightest prospects to succeed aggressors? For ex¬ USIA’s exchange pro¬ as democracies? Shouldn’t the ample, do we re¬ integral part of U.S. grams, now accepted taxpayer’s investments in political ally believe that a embassies. as an integral part of reform go to the best risks? free parliamentary U.S. embassies. Thou¬ • Can we agree on a methodology? system will make sands of foreign lead¬ For example, is it safe to say that the Ukraine more com¬ ers have gained direct considerable resources devoted to pliant with arms control agreements? exposure to the United States through monitoring the 1991 elections in In fact, die reverse seems to be true. the International Visitor Program, while Haiti were, to put it kindly, prema¬ Democracy-building has seemed the most promising students have re¬ ture? Is a dollar spent on radio exempt from critical scrutiny so far, but sided at our universities under the broadcasting to China more effec¬ the programs are now big enough for a Fulbright Academic Exchange Program tive than a dollar toward exchange reality check: the National Endowment or others like it. Through television programs for Chinese students? for Democracy at $30 million, Eastern dialogues, press articles, documents,
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APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 17 SPEAKING OUT
and books, and of course through the Some of the current programs are set realistic expectations. Specifically Voice of America, USIA has been more intrusive. Radio Liberty reports needed is a methodology to determine purveying American Russian politics to where and when to use different pro¬ ideas about every¬ Russians. By donat¬ grams, a rationale to prioritize compet¬ thing—but especially ing to democratically ing demands on funding for democrati¬ government, society, By law and by oriented political par¬ zation efforts, a coordinating mecha¬ and economics— presidential directive, ties, NED takes sides nism that takes into account private since 1953- ambassadors have within a society. Elec¬ efforts and—as President Clinton has USIA's programs tion monitoring inter¬ pointed out—the initiatives of other have a subtly different the authority and venes in a country’s countries, and, at bottom, a clear expla¬ raison d 'etre, however: responsibility to direct political process, al¬ nation of why the promotion of democ¬ USLA’s slogan is “Tell¬ and coordinate every beit with local gov¬ racy serves the U.S. national interest. ing America’s story to ernment permission. At no time has the United States the world.” They allow aspect of those All imply an interest possessed more influence on the politi¬ foreigners to look at us activities to maximize on the part of the cal course of nations. Never have Ameri¬ and draw their own the potential results. American taxpayer in can principles and experience been conclusions. While in¬ how foreigners orga¬ more relevant to human problems formation and ex¬ nize their societies. around the world. The promotion of changes have proven Before expanding democracy is important: too important profoundly subversive programs in today’s to leave to chance or mere rhetoric. ■ behind the Iron Curtain and in China, budget environment, the administra¬ they are not aimed explicitly against tion would do well to compare these Joe B. Johnson is a Foreign Service authoritarian regimes. differing techniques and, above all, to officer in USIA. r ""N Affordable Luxury 11' you are relocating, a business traveler or need temporary housing, we offer the comforts of home.
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18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 l.S. Special Envoy to Somalia, obert Oakley, right, walks with .ocal Somalis over a Bailey Bridge spanning a portion of the Juba River near Kissmayo, Somalia. Somalia£~*\ Reflections on Editor's Note: Ambassador GROVE: Bob, you must be the first Ababa. I got the title “special envoy,” ambassador to go to a country without because you can’t be an ambassador to Robert B. Oakley was the a government in a UN-sponsored hu¬ a country with no government, ft was in president's special envoy to manitarian operation involving nearly Addis that you and I concluded that, Somalia from November 25, 1992 30,000 U.S. troops, with only vague rather than coming back to Washing¬ instructions on what to do. How did you ton, I should head for Mogadishu and to March 1993. Now retired and plan your mission, decide on priorities, get there ahead of the military. working with the Institute of and on your first moves in Mogadishu? We thought we could do some good Peace, as well as with his own OAKLEY: It was done without much preparing the way for the military to instruction—sort of played by ear. I left come in with as much understanding consulting firm, Oakley had previ¬ Washington on the afternoon of No¬ from the local leaders and as little ously served as ambassador to vember 30 and spent an hour in very hostility as possible. It occurred to me Somalia in 1983-84. He is inter¬ intensive discussion with the secretary and to you all on the State Department general of the United Nations and his side as sort of spontaneous combustion; viewed here by Journal editorial top assistants over what the United we wanted to get there first in order to board Chairman Brandon Grove, States was proposing and how it related sit down and talk to them. Jr. who was director of the State to what the United Nations had been In Mombasa, I had a one day lay¬ doing and had in mind for the future. over and learned more about the mili¬ Department's Somalia Task Force Then I got on a plane for the UN tary plans. I also got a call from the while Oakley was special envoy. Humanitarian Conference in Addis embassy in Nairobi, greatly concerned APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 19 about my going to Mogadishu at all, I sent Don Teitlebaum to Baidoa the were F-l4s flying overhead. Therefore 1 especially in advance of the military. 1 day before I got there, to test the water wasn’t really too apprehensive. said that my mission was to do what was but also to make sure that the proper I'm sort of a fatalist. 1 tried to figure necessary to support the military. I didn’t civic groups were available. When we out what I thought made sense and feel there was any great danger, so I was got there we met with a large, large behave accordingly. I really felt that going to go. group—women, elders, religious lead¬ presenting a friendly and yet firm figure Of course, we had had a political ers, professionals, and all the different to the Somalis, along with relying on officer in Embassy Nairobi who was political groups. We met all of them and their awe of the U.S. military, would be responsible for covering Somalia who explained that the U.S. and UN were sufficient to deal with the problem. had made periodic trips up there, as did there to work with everybody and that However there were also outstanding a number of the personnel from the I assumed none of them wanted to see security details from State Diplomatic Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance the repetition of the Siad Barre period, Security plus Marines to protect all of us. (OFDA) who were based in Nairobi. when one group felt it could dictate They assured me that there wasn’t going what all Somalis could do. GROVE: It had been some eight years to be any major security problem. Don This was a very interesting meeting since you last served in Somalia. What Teitlebaum, who was the Somalia that went on for a very long time and set struck you most when you came back watcher in the embassy, went up ahead a precedent for advance trips to other under those extraordinary circum¬ and started making contacts with So¬ regions. One of the sheiks expressed stances? mali leaders and arrangements for a concern that Islam in Somalia was tem¬ OAKLEY: Obviously, the tremendous place to stay at the Conoco compound. porarily at a weak point, and we might human misery which Somalis had in¬ When I arrived, there was a room and a be encroaching by trying to impose flicted upon themselves or had inflicted bed, appointments were set, and we Christianity or other foreign ideologies upon them by very selfish leaders in an were off to the races. upon the Somalis. I assured him that I all-out struggle to oust Siad Bane and had some service in Islamic countries then to fight for national power as his GROVE: You’re very modest, Bob. That and could not agree with him that Islam successor. The tremendous reawakening was a decision of great courage on your would ever be weak. Moreover, we in a highly emotional, negative way of part, to precede our Marines into the certainly would not do anything to tiy to the old dan loyalties, which had not cities and pave the way. Were you impose foreign beliefs on the Somali been nearly so dominant when I was apprehensive? people. Then I turned to the represen¬ there and which added impetus to the OAKLEY: Let’s talk for a minute about tative of the Catholic Relief Services, and very bloody competitiveness and Mogadishu itself. Talking to Aideed and I said: “Here’s the CRS. I'm sure you’ll struggle for power. And, of course, the Ali Mahdi separately, I made the point to find that they’ll be working with you physical destruction and the destruction them that public expressions of support and not working against you.” Indeed, of anything that you could call a govern¬ for the United States had been wel¬ within a couple of weeks the CRS was ment. comed, and I hoped that they would repairing a couple of mosques in the translate these public expressions into a Baidoa area to make the point that this GROVE: Once you were on the ground, major positive effort to generate sup¬ was a humanitarian, not an ideological how did you determine what staff you port amongst their own followers for mission. needed? the U.S. effort, in particular the Marine The only place where I was a little bit OAKLEY: I determined it by a sense of Corps, when they arrived. I encouraged nervous, quite frankly, was in Bardera, feel, apart from talking to Bob Houdek them to call meetings of their party because that was way up in the interior, and talking to you and others back in apparatus and to use their radios to put there had been an awful lot of fighting Washington and looking at the likely the word out that the Americans were up there, and after Kissmayo to the requirements. Already you all had, very coming as friends of Somalia and the south and Baidoa to the east of Bardera correctly, identified the need fora politi¬ Somalis. I pointed out to them that it had been occupied by Marines, we cal adviser for General Johnston. That would certainly be to their advantage were nervous that a lot of the really bad was John Hirsch, who was also my and ours that this start as a harmonious actors who had gotten out of town had deputy, and he came up at once from relationship, particularly since, if it didn’t, converged on Bardera. There had been Johannesburg. I got instructions in Addis there was room for accident. Having a lot of fighting up there between from the task force, with a preliminary seen what the U.S. military had the different groups. The Aideed army had list of people, which turned out to be power to do in Desert Storm—and they gone in at one stage and been pushed just right. had all learned by heart that lesson—we back out by the SNF, people who were It was, I think, Bob Houdek who didn’t want any accidents and they to some degree carryovers from the Siad said, “What about adding Bob Gosende, shouldn't want any. They readily agreed. Barre period. It was a veiy nasty envi¬ who knows a lot about a broad scope of I had one security man with me. Others ronment. So I was a bit nervous, but my USLA activities?” and we were able to get argued for a group of people from Special nervousness was moderated because I him. Gosende has now replaced me as Forces or something. I said no, we didn’t had a forward air controller with me special envoy to Somalia. Then we want to project that sort of image. courtesy of General Johnston, and there identified a couple of other people from 20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 USIA to help avoid the gap between the tion to the military commanders in teachers, sports groups, and any num¬ political and the military by explaining particular areas around the country. ber of neglected areas of community things to the Somalis. Where the politics That turned out to be absolutely essen¬ activity and neglected community lead¬ on the ground are off or they’re not tial. Before long, the Australians, Bel¬ ers. We wanted to bring all of them back conceived properly at the outset, you gians, Canadians, as well as the Ameri¬ into the mainstream and see what we can have terrible trouble. We did this in cans were saying, “Hey, we need one of could do to promote this type of activity. one way to ourselves in Vietnam, we your political officers here, we need one Within three months there were a na¬ did it another way in Lebanon. The of your political officers there. We’re tional women’s conference under UN Marines and I agreed from the begin¬ having trouble getting our local council auspices, a jurists’ association, a cham¬ ning on the necessity of the right politi¬ to meet.” Or, “We’re having trouble pionship soccer match with 30,000 spec¬ cal-military mix. figuring out who the good guys are and tators and not a single incident. All of One of the tilings we wanted to get who the bad guys are.” So we had the this was started by our team. Then we right was the public information aspect. unusual experience—the last time I’ve had frequent military coordination meet¬ Because Somalia is an oral society, and seen this was in Vietnam—of political ings. So everyone was very busy, run¬ since there was nothing but mimeo¬ officers working alongside the military ning in one direction or another, but graphed pamphlets that passed for news¬ out in the field. every evening at 6:30 we’d come to¬ papers, and each of the so-called war¬ gether for a staff meeting. Evetyone lords had his own radio station, we felt GROVE: What was your daily routine? made that who was in town. We’d go it was absolutely essential that we have How was morale? around the room and report on the some authoritative voice. So the Army OAKLEY: We very quickly became. Bran¬ day’s activities and try to figure out what sent out psychological operations don, a remarkably cohesive, dedicated we needed to do the next day. (psyops) people from Fort Bragg who single team—military and civilian, work¬ The one thing that we did for recre¬ did a vety good job and who set up both ing together for a unified purpose. We ation was jogging over at the huge a radio station and a newspaper, which all stayed in the Conoco compound, American Embassy compound on the printed 20,000 copies, all in the Somali which had two houses. As the “big outskirts of town, where the military language. We wanted to match this with chief’ I had the luxury of the only single headquarters was located. About five people from USIA who understood the bedroom. Everybody else had to either o’clock a lot of us would end up going best way to get across to the Somalis double or triple up. We were fortunate over there for a walk or a jog for about what we really were up to. In that way in that we inherited from Conoco two 30 minutes before finishing up the day. we wouldn’t inadvertently create prob¬ good cooks, and they were able not After dinner we had cables and tele¬ lems through a lack of understanding. only to prepare good meals, but to get phone calls for Washington, reporting We figured we needed a very good out into the local market and scrounge. on developments. admin man, and we got Wayne Bush, We were able to get good Somali rock from Nairobi, one of the best I’ve ever lobster once in a while. Also the Navy GROVE: Did you eventually have the seen. We had the great cooperation of ships offshore provided us with some feeling that you were becoming some¬ the Conoco local manager, Raymond things, so we didn’t suffer at all from the thing like a normal embassy? Marchand. Fortunately they even had a food point of view. OAKLEY: We didn’t want to become a satellite telephone at their compound It was a full, seven-day-a-week, 12- normal embassy. We didn’t want to Later on we had great communicators hour-a-day operation. The first thing encumber ourselves with all the minor who could work miracles. We also had that had to be done on the humanitarian details, and fortunately Washington was a succession of wonderful secretaries, side was to set up a coordinating center, understanding enough to oblige us. one at a time, to support the entire and the military, the U.S. Marine Corps, John Hirsch and I, in our earlier service operations. plus OFDA brought in the right people in Somalia, remember very clearly when The final thing we had were the plus the right equipment, including the United States suddenly found that assets of OFDA. They had been work¬ computers, so that we had a sort of a Parkinson’s law had prevailed. At that ing the relief side, and in Operation war room there for humanitarian pur¬ moment of truth, instead of the embassy’s Provide Relief [relief flights from poses with information coming in on being in a very small building on the Mombasa to Somalia] had been cooper¬ activities of more than 40 different orga¬ corner of the main drag in downtown ating with the military vety very closely. nizations all over southern Somalia. Mogadishu, we had this huge com¬ We chose three political officers, There was a coordinating meeting at pound on the outskirts of town, and the because we felt we were going to need 0800 every morning chaired by Philip number of people expanded to fill up them as political advisers in the field, Johnston, the president of CARE who the compound. The United States ended not for the traditional functions of politi¬ was on loan to the United Nations to be up sometime before the evacuation cal reporting from the capital, but people the relief coordinator for Somalia. with 400 people there. That projected a who would actually be able to go out— The people from USIA, after they got signal to the Somalis of much greater find out what was happening in the through working with the psyops people United States involvement and a much field—but above all provide advice on in the morning, would go out to meet higher level of national interest than how to handle the local political situa¬ with lawyers’ groups, women’s groups, was in fact the case. APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 GROVE: Looking hack, what do you NGOs said, “No, no, no, don't bring the OAKLEY: 1 don’t know when they’ll all wish you had done differently? military in here.” But then it became leave, because our role is invaluable. I OAKLEY: Collectively, we didn't do as clear that the military had a tremendous don’t believe this operation could have well as we could in providing for the commitment, not just to protecting hu¬ been put together by any other way protection of the relief agencies and the manitarian operations but conducting than the United States military’s taking non-governmental organizations. Dur¬ them themselves—repairing orphanages the lead, because we had the right ing the period prior to the arrival of U.S.- and schools, digging wells, repairing connections with so many different for¬ lecl forces, they had to rely upon any irrigation systems, handing out food to eign countries whose military estab¬ local security they could get, and they kids, assisting medical workers, etc. lishments are used to working with the ended up getting caught in a protection United States. The admiration for the racket. They would hire local guards GROVE: Do you think the United States United States as the military super¬ with guns and cars. As it turned out is doing the right thing in Somalia? power, particularly after Desert Storm, these guards were really elements of the OAKLEY: I really do think so, Brandon, was very important to the other mili¬ warlords’ militia who had been sec¬ because I don’t believe that there was tary establishments agreeing to come onded to the NGOs and other relief any hope that the Somalis could have in and cooperate. We're going to retain agencies. saved themselves. They had somehow some specialists, I think, in logistics After we arrived the first person to lie lost all balance and reason. They had and communications and things of killed, one of the relief workers, Sean locked themselves into this paroxysm that sort, but I think we’ll be able to Devereaux down in Kissmayo, was killed of killing and competitiveness and loot¬ remove our combat forces fairly because UNICEF laid off some people. ing, which is the dark side of their quickly. I don’t think that there will be The local guards who were fired ar¬ nature. When we got there and Ali a need for a Rapid Reaction Force on ranged for Devereaux to be killed. At Mahdi and his group met with Aideed the ground for longer than—I don’t one point in Kissmayo, when there had and his group, I felt there was genuine know—two months, once the UN ac¬ been some trouble in town, security relief that this tiling had stopped. But it tually takes over. guards from Medecins sans Frontieres was also clear that they never would Let me say a word here about the (Belgian branch) had fired on the Bel¬ have been able to stop it themselves. incredible dedication and discipline, as gian military. So the Belgian and U.S. Even if the people at the top had wanted well as humanitarian concern, of our military said okay, no more armed to stop it, too much blood had flowed, men and women in uniform. Many of guards. Well, the people from Medecins the emotions were up too high. The them were on their third long foreign sans Frontieres were so terrified at the rivalries and ancient animosities had operation in a little over 2 1/2 years, thought of firing or even disarming been exacerbated by killings, so that it away from home and family. They were these guards, given what had happened required something like a blanket of in a totally alien environment, one which to Sean Devereaux, that they closed foam on a fire—you couldn’t do it with was very dangerous. But they acted down temporarily. They’d been paying a garden hose, as the UN had been with great restraint, actually firing at 87 guards $200,000 a month in dollars— trying to do with a more conventional Somali bandits who seemed threaten¬ an immense sum. This is indicative of peacekeeping operation. ing only one or two times for each 100 what was going on. I think we’re also doing the right times they could have done so within thing by turning it over to the United the rules of engagement. The number of GROVE: What was the hardest thing for Nations but providing a tremendous Somali casualties has been very small, you to do? amount of support. Admiral Jon Howe as has been the number of American OAKLEY: The hardest thing was to [deputy national security adviser to Presi¬ and foreign casualties. restrain myself in tiying to give advice to dent Bush] is going out for six months as our military friends. Like most Foreign the UN special representative [replacing GROVE: Finally, Bob, a different kind of Service officers who’ve been around, Ambassador Kittani], The UN force com¬ question. What does your experience in you think you have the answers to all mander will have a U.S. deputy and lots Somalia suggest about what retired FSOs questions. You tend to think the military- of U.S. military participation. I think the have to offer? does things too much by the mles, and third step would be for the secretary- OAKLEY: Well, you might have found they lack flexibility—but I discovered general to replace Admiral Howe after an on-duty FSO who could have done there was in fact a lot of flexibility as well six months with a non-American, while this. However the State Department has as some very good reasons why the U.S. military participation is cut way recognized that you have a sort of ready military operates according to the book. back. It’s son of a three-phased opera¬ reserve of people who can take on short Veiy quickly we established a good tion—the United States goes in, then we assignments of this nature without tak¬ working relationship, but it was diffi¬ turn it over to the United Nations, then ing someone out of a line position. Phil cult, at least for a while. the third phase will be a much more Habib used to do it regularly. So I think It was good to see how the military normal United Nations operation. from that point of view it makes a lot of culture and the humanitarian culture sense. somehow meshed. In the beginning, GROVE: When do you think the last most of the humanitarian agencies and American soldier will leave? GROVE: Bob, thank you very much. ■ 22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 Greenline PCs, Software, and Peripherals April 1993 SYSTEMS Forward 386SX/25 $1,099.00 85Mb hard drive, 2Mb RAM, mini tower case, enhanced 101-key keyboard 1.2Mb and 1,44Mb floppy drives, 14" VGA color monitor .31 dpi, MS DOS 5.0 Forward 386DX/33 1,199.00 85Mb hard drive, 2Mb RAM, mini tower case, enhanced 101-key keyboard 1.2Mb and 1.44Mb floppy drives, 14" VGA color monitor .31 dpi, MS DOS 5.0 Forward 486SX/25 1,299.00 85Mb hard drive, 2Mb RAM, mini tower case, enhanced 101 -key keyboard 1.2Mb and 1.44Mb floppy drives, 14" VGA color monitor .31 dpi, MS DOS 5.0 Forward 486DX/33 1,699.00 130Mb hard drive, 4Mb RAM, mini tower case, 64K cache, enhanced 101-key keyboard 1.2Mb and 1.44Mb floppy drives, 14" VGA color monitor .31 dpi, MS DOS 5.0 DUAL VOLTAGE Forward 486DX/50 1,999.00 POWER SUPPLY AND , 130Mb hard drive, 4Mb RAM, mini tower case, 256K cache, enhanced 101-key keyboard MONITOR 1.2Mb and 1.44Mb floppy drives, 14" VGA color monitor .31 dpi, MS DOS 5.0 Upgrades ONE YEAR Maxtor 130Mb IDE hard drive add $48.60 PARTS AND LABOR Maxtor 213Mb IDE hard drive 211.95 WARRANTY Samsung 14" SVGA color monitor, 1024 x 768, ,28 dpi, dual voltage 47.25 16 bit 1 Mb video card 14.51 Desktop case 27.34 Tower case 54.34 Quicktel 2400 baud internal modem 39.15 Additional RAM, per megabyte 39.06 Spanish keyboard 2.35 • Additional hardware and custom configurations available. 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S. government purchase orders welcome. 9495 N.W. 12 Street, Miami, Florida 33172, USA • Telephone (305) 593-6862 • Facsimile (305) 593-6865 ■■■■ MMk The Clinton Admii and thel he coming of a new administra¬ tion in Washington inevitably raises concerns in the Foreign Service; the advent of the Clinton Administration is no exception. Foreign Service officers ask: What will be the influence of the foreign affairs agencies? How will poli¬ cies and processes affect career oppor¬ tunities? From the service standpoint, there will be pluses and minuses, but, per¬ haps, more pluses. In the final analysis, the position and influence of career professionals will depend not only on the formal decision-making process but also on personal relationships within the government, the ultimate roles of new policy centers, and the ability of the career service to adapt to a new team and a revised foreign policy agenda. At the time this article was written the Secretary future was clearest with respect to the of State State Department. Major appointments WARREN were still pending for both the U.S. CRISTOPHER Information Agency and the Agency for International Development. The new deputy secretary of state, Clifton Wharton Jr., has been charged with studying the organization of the economic assistance function; pressures for change in the functions and organization of the post- Cold War Agency for International De¬ velopment can be expected in both the Executive and Congress. USIA's basic mission is likely to continue. The possi¬ bility of change in the area of public diplomacy is currently focused on the 24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 isfrafion Foreign Service future role of the Voice of authority and reducing the satis¬ America and the radios under Transition planners believed that the faction of lower-level officials. the Board for International This problem was particularly effectiveness of the department in the Broadcasting, Radio Liberty, and apparent in the Bush Adminis¬ Radio Free Europe. new policy process would be tration, where key policy issues became the province of a small enhanced by streamlining the structure Governing by committee group of officials around the For foreign policy generally, and giving more responsibility to the secretary of state. As one source a new decision-making process stated it, “the sixth floor was assistant secretaries. The inauguration has been created, centered in severed from the seventh floor, the White House, reflecting the of a new administration provided a and the secretary was not well president’s interests and the served as a result.” Ideas for unique opportunity to do so. multi-dimensional nature of change were available in State today’s problems. The primary 2000, a report of a Management organ of the system is a Princi¬ Task Force of departmental (in¬ pals Committee, under the chairman¬ ministrations, the new team will limit cluding Foreign Service) officials re¬ ship of the national security adviser and State attendance to the relevant assis¬ leased in January 1993- including the secretaries of state and tant secretary, one other officer, and a defense, the director of central intelli¬ rapporteur. Views from within the de¬ Clearing the pipeline gence, the chairman of the joint chiefs of partment will be solicited in advance of Current changes have three objec¬ staff, and the permanent representative the interagency sessions through an tives: first, to move functions, including to the United Nations. A Deputies Com¬ internal process directed by the assis¬ those of several of the ambassadors-at- mittee under the chainnanship of the tant secretary. large, from the seventh floor to the deputy national security adviser includes Transition planners believed that the bureaus. Second, within the bureaus, the deputies of the principals and rep¬ effectiveness of the department in the more authority will be given to country resentatives of the vice president and new policy process would be enhanced directors and office directors; with this the new National Economic Council. by streamlining the structure and giving in mind the number of deputy assistant At die assistant secretary level, the more responsibility to the assistant sec¬ secretaries is to be substantially re¬ State Department will chair most retaries. The inauguration of a new duced. The third objective is to create interagency working groups dealing administration provided a unique op¬ clear pipelines of communication to the with foreign policy issues. The excep¬ portunity to do so. The Department of secretary through the under secretaries. tions will be groups responsible for State has grown during the past several The hope is that a more clearly defined intelligence, arms control, and crisis decades, succumbing to pressures from relationship with the assistant secretar¬ management; these will be under Na¬ Congress, constituent groups, politics, ies will also permit a reduction in the tional Security Council staff chairs. Con¬ and an expanding foreign policy agenda. staffs of under secretaries and the sev¬ scious of over-sized State representa¬ One result has been a trend to push enth floor duplication of bureau func¬ tions in policy committees in past ad¬ decisions to higher levels, lessening the tions. APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 Under the new only because of the nate Lynn Davis, recent vice president of plan, an effort will leadership style of Rand Corporation, is a respected expert on be made for the first As the history of other the president. To¬ national strategy. time to assign re¬ day’s scope of for¬ administrations has sponsibilities for eign-related prob¬ Participatory decision-making specific bureaus to shown, the influence of lems extends well Inevitably, members of the Foreign under secretaries. beyond traditional Service will express disappointment that a secretary of state The undersecretary diplomacy. Never¬ more senior appointments are not fall¬ for political affairs, depends heavily on his theless, the State De¬ ing to their colleagues. Of the five still the No. 3 posi¬ partment is likely to geographic assistant secretaries whose closeness to the tion in the depart¬ be a significant appointments have been announced, ment, will oversee president. player because of the only three are active Foreign Service the six geographic new team being as¬ officers and one of these has been bureaus and Inter¬ sembled. continued from the previous adminis¬ national Organiza¬ As the histoiy of tration. Such a mix has been a pattern tions (IO). The Political Military Bureau other administrations has shown, the since the Carter Administration when, (PM) will, on the new chart, be under influence of a secretaiy of state depends to a greater extent than before, political the under secretary for arms control and heavily on his closeness to the presi¬ and ideological factors were introduced international security affairs (A) and will dent. Secretaiy of State Wanen Christo¬ into State Department appointments, assume responsibility for non-prolifera¬ pher clearly has the respect and confi¬ including those at the deputy assistant tion matters. The under secretary for dence of President Clinton. He brings, secretary level. This same pattern was management will be responsible not as well, experience in the all-important followed in the Reagan years. President only for the normal personnel, adminis¬ relationship with the Congress. Further, Gerald Ford’s administration was the trative, and security bureaus, but also because Christopher and National Se¬ last in which the under secretary for for Consular Affairs. curity' Adviser Anthony Lake worked closely political affairs and all of the geographi¬ A strengthened economic organiza¬ together both in tire Carter Administration cal assistant secretaries were active tion and a new under secretary for and in tire campaign, the tension that has members of the Foreign Service. The global affairs reflect revised foreign af¬ sometimes marked the State/NSC relation¬ Carter Administration was the last to fairs priorities. The Bureau of Economic, ship should lx minimized. retain the incumbent under secretary Business, and Agricultural Affairs (EBA), Deputy Secretary of State Wharton is for political affairs, a position that at now assigned to the under secretary for a distinguished educator with strong times in the past has been immune from economic, business, and agricultural experience in administration and devel¬ electoral changes. To a greater degree affairs (E), will have additional func¬ opment work who comes from a For¬ than two decades ago, senior positions in tions, as recommended in the State eign Service family. Peter Tarnoff, un¬ the department are expected to reflect 2000 report, including a consolidated der secretary for political affairs, brings diversity, politics, and constituencies as International Communications and In- to his job not only a previous Foreign much as expertise in foreign affairs. fonnation Policy (CIP) office and a new Sendee career, but also the experience The approach of the Clinton Admin¬ Office of Business Facilitation. of the executive secretary position. His istration, however, appears different in The Global Affairs (G) position is appointment restores the tradition of key respects from the Reagan and Bush designed to embody the foreign affairs having a foreign affairs professional administrations. Secretary Christopher dimension of domestic and foreign is¬ occupy the No. 3 position in the depart¬ has made clear his desire to involve the sues of special concern to the president. ment. Fortner Senator Tim Wirth, desig¬ whole department in decision-making. Four reorganized bureaus are the re¬ nated as under secretary for global In his remarks to the department on sponsibility of the new under secretary: affairs (as of early March, only Wharton January 25, he said, “The greater resource Democracy, Human Rights and Labor andTamoff had been confirmed), brings we have, of course, is the people—all of (DRL); Oceans, Environment, and Sci¬ the strengths of former associations and you here in this room and in the posts ence (OES); Population, Refugees, and a demonstrated interest in the subjects around the world. You bring expertise and Migration (PRM); and Narcotics, Terror¬ of his new jurisdiction. Brian Atwood, ideas and energy. I want to work with you. ism, and Crime (NTC). another department and Foreign Ser¬ ... To me, that means die entire building— vice veteran with excellent connections not just die sevendi floor but die entire The president's ear in Congress, is slated to become the building, all die floors and all of our posts The success of any formal arrange¬ under secretary for management. Joan around die world.” ment of a cabinet organization, mea¬ Spero, a business executive who was in The new team, in addition, has kept sured by its influence in interagency the U.S. mission to the United Nations in in place career chiefs of mission around decision-making, depends on the tal¬ the Carter Administration, is to take on the world, in most cases, apparently, for ents and experience of its senior per¬ the increasingly important position of un¬ the duration of their terms, and has sonnel. Centering the policy machinery der secretary for economic affairs, and continued Foreign Service officer Ed¬ in the White House is inevitable and not Under Secretaiy for Security Affairs-desig- ward Djerejian in the key post of assis- 26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 tant secretary for Near Eastern affairs. mandate of new, priority issues in terms finally on how its members are seen as Christopher, who chaired the commit¬ that would conflict with more traditional serving the interests of the president. tee to select State nominees for ambas¬ bureaus and other cabinet departments. The new agenda and a secretary of state sadorships in the Carter Administration, On many issues, challenges will come seemingly more inclined to use the full is familiar with the problems and pres¬ from outside the department, not the resources of the department should sures of the process. Without commit¬ least of which will be that of the Defense give members of the Foreign Setvice ting himself to percentages, he referred Department. The interests of the secre¬ fresh opportunities. To seize those op¬ to the “higher numbers” of political tary of defense, former Congressman portunities, however, a career service appointees in recent administrations Les Aspin, in issues that range over that has seen its elite identified by and promised “a discussion between foreign affairs is well known; his con¬ success in political analysis and strategic- the president and myself and others gressional office was a fount of papers negotiation will need to adapt to an when he picks his targets. ” Christopher’s on international issues for many months agenda more economic and scientific emphasis was on “qualifications that before the election. He has, further¬ than ever before and to demonstrate its extend beyond campaign participation more, announced plans to reorganize professional support for the structures and will require some real expertise with the office of the secretary of defense in and priorities of a new administration. respect to the appointment.” The Clinton ways that will enhance its capacity to be Its members will also need to take Administration has already demonstrated informed and active in foreign affairs. note of three themes in recent state¬ its awareness of career talent by the ap¬ He will be assisted by an experienced ments of the Secretary of State. Christo¬ pointment of career Ambassador Thomas Foreign Service officer, Frank Wisner. pher spoke of the need for the depart¬ Pickering as ambassador to Moscow. The potential challenge to the State ment to avoid parochialism, to have an Department's role stems not only from “American desk.” He emphasized the The strain of power the new Defense secretary’s interests need for “confidence and trust” and How the process will ultimately func¬ and the Defense reorganization, but “loyalty and discipline.” To those as¬ tion depends not only on appoint¬ from the reality that questions on the sembled on January 25, he said, “I start ments, but on how the relationships deployment of U.S. forces bear directly with a strong disposition to have confi¬ stand the pressures of governing. Even on the U.S. capacity to be influential in dence and trust in the people of this the closest of pre¬ critical foreign affairs building. We can communicate ideas government or cam- issues; Bosnia is the about our policies only if people will paign friendships prime example. have the discipline and character to can be strained in jmi A further chal¬ realize that it is quite often communi¬ the interplay of am¬ lenge comes from cated in confidence and not to go bitions, power, and How the process will the new National beyond the building.” ideas that can be part ultimately function Economic Council To some in the Foreign Service this of policy-making. (NEC). Most observ¬ admonition will raise issues of reporting This interplay could depends not only on ers of the foreign crafted to meet domestic political sensi¬ be complicated by appointments, but on policy process have tivities and of past discouragement of adjustments among long seen the need frank talk. But the sensitivities of elected significant centers of how the relationships for a greater meld¬ political leaders and their appointees power that are stand the pressures of ing of political and are real. Some invariably harbor suspi¬ emerging in the new economic decision¬ cions toward those career officials “who administration, both governing. making. The lines have not been in the campaign.” But within and outside between the two dip¬ with a Clinton Administration desiring the department. The lomatic disciplines to conduct more open government, the degree of demonstrated cohesion and have become increasingly blurred. The Foreign Setvice has an opportunity to collegiality exhibited in the ultimate NEC will have a parallel structure to that demonstrate its capacity. Its ultimate relationship among these power cen¬ of the NSC. State will be represented by role and influence, however, will de¬ ters will determine whether the Clinton the under secretary for economic af¬ pend on how its members can adapt to foreign policy team is seen as one fairs. But the introduction of an addi¬ changed priorities and balance the pro¬ divided against itself or united in a tional body into the process will inevi¬ fessional obligations of the diplomat common goal. tably bring adjustment problems. State’s with the political needs of a new admin¬ The creation of the ambassador-at- capacity to be influential in such a istration. ■ large for New Independent States and council, dominated by trade and eco¬ the appointment of a close friend of the nomic interests, remains to be seen. David D. Newsom, retired Foreign president, Strobe Talbott brings echoes Service officer andformer under sec¬ of past tensions between special advis¬ Openness retary for political affairs, is cur¬ ers on Soviet affairs, the European bu¬ The ultimate influence of the State rently Cummingprofessor of interna¬ reau, and the embassy in Moscow. Department—and of the Foreign Ser¬ tional relations at the University of Former Senator Wirth could see his vice within and beyond it—will depend Virginia. APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOI RNAL • 27 ^Orphaned With the U.S.-Soviet Agency arms race called off, ACDA is fighting for its life BY DAVID CALLAHAN 12 years of Reagan/Bush War era began, the glory days of this 30- many believed that a Democratic ad¬ rule, few agencies within the national year-old agency, created in 1961 by ministration was the best hope for the security establishment fared as badly as President John F. Kennedy, appeared agency’s salvation. Now, in yet another did the Anns Control and Disarmament to be coming to an end. example of how the Cold War’s end has Agency (ACDA). In the early Reagan Today, ACDA is fighting is for its life. turned the politics of national security era, ACDA was marginalized in an ad¬ Two major reports on reorganizing the upside down, it is freshly anointed ministration that tended to be skeptical national security establishment have Democratic officials who are leading of arms control. Under called for the agency the attack on ACDA. President Bush, ACDA to be abolished and its Whether this attack will ultimately was left out of the loop, functions folded into succeed remains to be seen. ACDA has as Secretary of State the State Department. strong supporters in the amis control James Baker conducted Last fall, the transition community and on Capitol Hill who arms control negotia¬ Two major reports team working on State make a compelling case for keeping tions with just a few on reorganizing the Department matters for alive an independent advocate for arms close aides. By the early President-elect Clinton control in the executive branch. This 1990s, there was wide¬ national security backed this idea. While view may yet prevail at the White House. spread agreement that establishment hove no action was taken to Plans for folding ACDA into State re¬ ACDA was a rundown abolish ACDA during main poorly thought out and would fail colled for the and ineffectual agency. Warren Christopher’s to insure that arms control issues will ACDA is housed in agency to be abol¬ initial reorganization receive adequate attention in the new the oldest part of the ished and its func¬ moves in early Febru¬ administration. Moreover, while every¬ State Department, and ary, many observers one agrees that ACDA has problems, tions folded into the its director occupies the believe that ACDA is the challenge of rejuvenating the agency grand wood-paneled State Deportment. living on borrowed is by no means insurmountable. With office that once be¬ time. Clinton’s failure organizational changes and strong White longed to Secretary of quickly to appoint a House backing, ACDA has the potential State Dean Acheson. In high-profile director to once again to become effective. tire past, ACDA has been at the center of ACDA is widely seen as a move that some of the most important diplomatic heralds the agency’s abolition. Mission accomplished? negotiations of the 20th century, a major The current travails of ACDA are With a staff of barely more than 200 player in the high-stakes game of U.S.- ironic, to say the least. During more people and a minuscule budget, ACDA Soviet arms control. But as the post-Cold than a decade of neglect and abuse, has not become a target of reorganizers 28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 because of its bureaucratic bloat but argument goes. Not only is there a cently, proliferation issues were handled because it is seen as both anachronistic diminished need for a separate agency at State by a variety of offices, but mostly and ineffectual. to handle the wide range of technical by the Bureau of Oceans and Interna¬ When ACDA was founded, at the questions that arise in negotiations, but tional Environmental and Scientific Af¬ height of the superpower rivalry, it was many also believe that the need for an fairs (OES) and by a special ambassador hard to imagine an agenda of more institutional advocate of aims control for non-proliferation issues. That work pressing importance than that of better¬ has evaporated. Since nobody disputes has now been centralized in an en¬ ing relations with Moscow and bringing tire merits of anns control, a bureaucratic larged PM. Once ACDA is shut down, the nuclear anns race under control. conscience is no longer seen as necessary. PM will simply be split in half, creating ACDA would symbolize the U.S. Bringing anns control back into State is the two separate bureaus. viewed as an obvious adjustment to the post-Cold War era. Second thoughts Were ACDA a first-class Supporters of ACDA, and there are agency, it might now be on finner many, reject nearly every argument made ground, but ACDA is widely re¬ for killing the agency. To begin with, garded as mediocre. ACDA is arms control experts like Jack .. .the original mission of ACDA seen as “doing grunt work; it’s Mendelsohn of the Arms Control Asso¬ is far from completed. While it not making a major contribution ciation argue that the original mission of that couldn’t be made in other ACDA is far from completed. While it is is true that the big superpower parts of the government,” says true that the big superpower negotia¬ negotiations ore over, there is Michael Krepon of the Stimson tions are over, there is still “a lot on the Center. It is also perceived as arms control agenda,” Mendelsohn still "a lot on the arms control being “chock full of profession¬ points out. Besides dealing with the agendo." Besides dealing with als who lack distinction, who issue of non-proliferation, there is a don’t hold their weight. The job huge amount of work to be done in the issue of non-proliferation, could get done elsewhere.” regard to the implementation of chemi¬ there is a huge amount of cal and biological weapons agreements The 2000 model and the two new strategic arms treaties work to be done in regard to The leading blueprint for with the Soviet Union, START I and the implementation of chemi¬ ACDA’s elimination is contained START II. There are also new arms in a report released in January by control challenges looming on the hori¬ cal ond biological weapons the Office of the Under Secretary zon, including the negotiation of a Com¬ agreements and START I and of State for Management. “The prehensive Test Ban Treaty and the era of prolonged, painful, and regulation of conventional arms trans¬ START II. highly politicized arms negotia¬ fers. Finally, “we still have all this excru¬ tions with a superpower adver¬ ciating discussion on what to do with sary is over,” says the report State SDI and the ABM treaty,” notes 2000. “The bureaucratic re¬ Mendelsohn. “The old agenda, which government’s commitment to this goal. sources needed for such negotiations people say is wrapped up, ain’t wrapped The agency would conduct arms con¬ have markedly diminished.” The report up, and when it is wrapped up there will trol research, formulate policy, serve as suggests that ACDA be abolished and its be new problems.” the backstop in negotiations, help imple¬ responsibilities given to a new Bureau Supporters believe that only an inde¬ ment agreements, and inform the public for Proliferation and Arms Control. In pendent advocate for arms control within about amis control. Most crucially, per¬ addition to absorbing ACDA, this bu¬ the government can be relied upon haps, ACDA would be what one of its reau would also take over the prolifera¬ consistently to push the pro-arms con¬ directors would call a “bureaucratically tion and arms control issues currently trol viewpoint. State, for example, might independent conscience.” Whereas handled by the Bureau of Politico- allow concern for its ties with foreign other agencies would always have goals Military Affairs. Another bureau called nations to override efforts to limit con¬ that might be higher on their agenda Security Policy and Operations would ventional arms transfers, while Defense than arms control, ACDA would be a be responsible for the many other mat¬ might let consideration for weapons permanent instutional advocate for aims ters that PM now handles. Both bureaus contractors intervene. ACDA, in con¬ control. would report to the under secretary for trast, would come at the issue solely Many now believe that ACDA’s mis¬ arms control and international security, from an arms control perspective, with sion has been accomplished. The tradi¬ a post now occupied by former RAND no other interests at stake. Says Krepon, tional centerpiece of the arms control analyst Lynn Davis. whose Stimson Center recently released agenda—extended negotiations with the Already, State’s leadership has taken a report on the future of ACDA that Soviet Union over nuclear weapons— steps toward implementing the recom¬ suggested preserving the agency: “You has essentially been wrapped up, the mendations of State 2000. Until re¬ are always going to have people sitting APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 29 around a table saying, ‘We should allow tive,” notes Jack Mendelsohn. “It comes amis control capabilities will continue country X to have access to this dual-use from the fact that the White House while ACDA is left to twist in the wind technology because otherwise some¬ chooses to invest the agency with some without a director of any stature, or body else will do it and we will lose prestige and power.” Such prestige might perhaps without a new director’s being whatever leverage we have to moderate derive from the appointment of a promi¬ appointed at all. After a year or so of this country X's behavior.” nent director who has the full support of treatment, the agency would be dead in By folding ACDA into State, the arms the president and secretary of state. practice if not on paper. “Who would control position would no longer have The most thorough independent stay in such circumstances? I Iow could a permanent voice in NSC policy delib¬ study yet done on ACDA has suggested you recruit good people?” asks Goodby. erations. “State will have a voice,” says rejuvenating the agency. That report, Once ACDA has been gutted, it will be Mendelsohn, “but arms control will have entitled “New Purposes and Priorities easier to kill it altogether. to make it to the top of the State for Anns Control,” was prepared by a By all accounts, President Clinton is Department before it has a voice at the panel of past and present officials set up a leader who prefers policymaking pro¬ NSC. You'll have a lot of issues that are by the State Department’s inspector cesses that assure a broad spectrum of won and lost in State and won’t actually general to satisfy a request from Con¬ opinion. Rejuvenating ACDA would be come to be debated at the high level.” gress. The panel was chaired by retired the best way to achieve this goal in the The Stimson Center report suggests Ambassador James Goodby, a former arms control field. Both the Goodby that it would be possible to eliminate chief U.S. delegate to the conference on report and the Stimson Center study ACDA and still insure that arms control Disarmament in Stockholm and cur¬ recommend a variety of steps for getting receives adequate attention, but this rently a distinguished fellow at the United ACDA back on its feet. Among these would require a reorganization plan States Institute of Peace. Working are, first, the appointment of a high- going well beyond what is envisioned through last summer, the panel inter¬ profile arms control expert to lead ACDA in State 2000. Although the report does viewed more than 300 experts about who clearly has the confidence of the envision that the under secretary for both the future of ACDA and possible White House. It should be understood arms control and international security alternative arrangements for managing that this person will, as specified in would concentrate on proliferation and anus control in the State Department. ACDA’s charter, serve as the principal arms control issues, he or she would be Goodby and some of the other panel adviser on arms control issues to the simultaneously dealing with foreign de¬ members began this enterprise inclined president and secretary of state. Second, fense relations and with amis control to believe that perhaps the time had the ACDA director should be clearly issues. come to eliminate ACDA. designated as the government's coordi¬ According to the Stimson Center, This view changed during the course nator of non-proliferation issues. Re¬ abolishing ACDA would require estab¬ of their work. The panel was particu¬ flecting this, ACDA should be given a lishing an under secretary exclusively larly worried that State would not be lead role in interagency deliberations for proliferation and arms control. There able to attract and retain the technical on export controls. Third, ACDA’s staff would also be a need for one or more personnel needed to manage arms con¬ must be strengthened in a number of special ambassadors in this area, since trol. “The basic culture at the State areas, including multilateral and regional the under secretary could not be ex¬ Department is dominated by the For¬ arms control and economic issues that pected to manage his or her bureau¬ eign Service,” Goodby says, and State relate to defense spending and conver¬ cratic responsibilities as well as engage has “never succeeded at building a sion. Rebuilding ACDA’s technical staff in much overseas diplomacy. Finally, career ladder for technical personnel.” cannot be done overnight, and in the the Stimson Center plan would com¬ Goodby and other panel members also interim, personnel from other agencies pensate for ACDA’s demise by beefing came to share concerns about State’s should be reassigned to ACDA on a up the On-Site Inspection Agency (OSIA) conflict of interest in some arms control temporary basis. and giving it semi-autonomous status. areas. If Clinton is truly committed to a Currently, OSIA is located at the Penta¬ sound arms control policy, he should gon and deals strictly with verifying A stay of execution? thwart the plan to eliminate ACDA and anus control agreements. The Stimson Abolishing ACDA is easier said than personally involve himself in the selec¬ Center plan would widen OSIA's man¬ done. The agency was created by legis¬ tion of a director for the agency. He date and give it a substantial research lation, and congressional action would should then insure that the new director budget. be needed to terminate it. Authorization has regular access both to himself and to from the Hill would also be required to Warren Christopher and that the direc¬ Saving ACDA set up a new arms control bureau in tor has adequate resources for rebuild¬ Supporters of ACDA readily acknowl¬ State. It now appears unlikely that the ing a demoralized but critical institution edge that the agency has problems, but Clinton Administration will put forward of the U.S. government. ■ they attribute them to ACDA’s years of such legislation this spring. Instead of marginalization under two risking a fight with Congress, State’s Author of a biography of Paul Nitze, unsympathetic presidents. “The power leadership may pursue a more gradual¬ David Callahan is a freelance writer of a small agency like ACDA is deriva¬ ist strategy. The effort to bolster PM’s based in Princeton, New Jersey 30 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 minus 0.5 percent, and a locality ad¬ conducting a survey to determine the Federal Pay justment, which would vary according exact localities that will be affected and Comparability to location. the rates that will apply. An official de¬ The department has obtained an ex¬ termination of where locality pay will Act of 1990 ecutive order that includes the Foreign apply is not expected until December by Colleen Fallon Service in interim geographic pay ad¬ of 1993. Staff Attorney justments, so employees now assigned Since the president may deem ad¬ AFSA has received many inquiries to New York City, San Francisco, and justments inappropriate if economic from members regarding implementa¬ Los Angeles are currently receiving an conditions necessitate it, payments tion of the Federal Pay Comparability 8 percent pay adjustment. under FEPCA are considered discre¬ Act of 1990 (FEPCA). Since not all of The Office of Personnel Manage¬ tionary. In his February 17th speech, the guidelines for the implementation ment (OPM) is now formulating the re¬ President Clinton proposed deferring of FEPCA have been formulated, infor¬ maining regulations, principally those implementation of the remaining mation now available is incomplete, dealing with provisions for im¬ FEPCA provisions until 1995. It is pos¬ but the following background should plementation of locality pay. The Bu¬ sible that further delays could be rec¬ be helpful. reau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is ommended. The intent behind FEPCA, as out¬ lined in its legislative history, was to irovide agencies with additional flex- Membership drive under way ioility to address serious recruitment AFSA’s annual spring membership drive was mailed to non-members in ; nd retention problems occurring in State, USAID, USLA, and FCS last month. The success of this campaign depends ;he federal government workforce. In on you, the members, to actively recruit your colleagues. Remind them that May of 1990, a Government Account¬ AFSA is the voice of the Foreign Service. AFSA’s ability to represent each seg¬ ing Office (GAO) report comparing ment of the Foreign Service depends upon individual members participation. 1988 federal salaries with pay in the With the new administration seeking to cut federal spending, an active private sector showed the private sec¬ voice representing your professional interests is of vital importance. While tor paying on average 24 percent more we recognize the need to accept responsibility for a fair share of budget re¬ than the government in 90 percent of ductions and burgeoning national debt, this is not the time to weaken the the cases. Agency officials complained Foreign Service-the inevitable consequence of the combined pay freeze and about difficulties in hiring the staff tax hike. Now is the time for AFSA vociferously to defend the need for a ded¬ needed to carry out their programs. Re¬ icated, respected diplomatic corps. Each member increases the strength of cruiting and retaining quality employ¬ our voice, in Congress, in the media, with the public, and with management. ees has been both difficult and costly. Last year’s tremendously successful membership drive enabled AFSA to L EPCA is the product of a bipartisan achieve our goal of more than 10,000 members. As the newly elected bar¬ ’egislative and executive effort to rem¬ gaining agent for USIA, we hope to duplicate that success with the 1993 drive. edy the negative effects of the pay dis- Please invite your non-member colleagues to support their profession by )arity existing between the federal and joining the only association specifically established to safeguard and advance private sector. the professional interests of the career Foreign Service. Post reps should also It is designed to modify the current provide AFSA materials to prospective members and encourage them to be¬ GS-includingFS-schedules, which ad¬ come active members of their overseas chapter. For more details contact just pay for white-collar federal em- AFSA’s membership department at 2101 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 I loyees on a uniform nationwide basis or call (202) 625-7153. v he cost-of-living adjustment or (. OLA). Under FEPCA, annual adjust¬ ments would be based on two factors: the Employment Cost Index (ECI) APRIL 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 1 ommending an employee for perfor¬ measure of immediacy to presenta¬ mance pay the rater is required to use tions on fast-breaking international is¬ State EER form specific criteria (listed in the instruc¬ sues. If you are planning home leave tions) in preparing the narrative eval¬ this summer, we would be eager to ar¬ revised uation of the performance range for you to speak on your areas By Julie Smithline competency groups. of expertise-and about the Foreign Member Services Representative An additional revision was the in¬ Service-to groups in your home com¬ The Employee Evaluation Form (DS clusion of a Data Summary and Sub¬ munities. By thus taking a day (or even Form 1829) has been revised this year. mission Control sheet. This page will a few hours) out of your home leave, The revisions, made in consultation be a tearoff sheet for PER/PE’s use, fa¬ you would make a valuable contribu¬ with AFSA, were prompted by two cilitating the recording of general in¬ tion to AFSA’s vital mission of building considerations: legislation on lan¬ formation. The other EER pages domestic constituencies and recruiting guage proficiency, and senior officer essentially remained the same, other the finest, most diverse talent for the performance pay. The department de¬ than a few administrative changes to Foreign Service. cided to clean up other loose ends as facilitate the processing of the EERs. If you would like to volunteer to well. The following is a summary of While we realize that this revision speak during home leave, please con¬ the changes in the EER form. comes at the end of the rating period, tact Outreach Coordinator Gil Kulick. The revision on language profi¬ both management and AFSA felt that We’ll take it from there. ciency was needed to respond to the to delay further compliance with the Simon Amendment of 1990 that re¬ Simon Amendment would not be quires “an assessment of the viewed favorably by Congress. AFSA’s employee’s effectiveness in using, in goals in its negotiations with the de¬ AFSA joins his or her work, a foreign language or partment over the new form were to languages tested at the [S-3/R-31 level keep the changes minimal, to maintain smoke-free task or above, in cases where the supervi¬ the space available for narrative re¬ force sor is capable of making such an as¬ porting, and to avoid redundancy and Although an Executive Order to ban sessment.” This requirement had not additional time in preparation. The smoking in federal and GSA-controlled been implemented despite having State Standing Committee and the Se¬ buildings has not yet been signed, it been enacted several years ago and nior Officers Association were fully in¬ appears to be only a matter of time be¬ has now been added as a sixth com¬ volved. We feel the changes were fore the ban is in place. The present petency in section II of the EER form. prudent in light of the circumstances. agreement between AFSA and the De¬ In the second revision the department partment of State expires in June of this proposed adding an additional page year and would not be nullified by an for EERs on Senior Foreign Service of¬ Executive Order. AFSA has, however, ficers in order to provide more credi¬ Speakers Bureau agreed to renew negotiations on bility for Senior Performance Pay. seeks smoking during this interim period. In AFSA appreciated management’s con¬ view of the results of the recent EPA cern, but we opposed this proposal on home-leave study on the dangers of passive smok¬ the grounds that an additional page speakers ing, AFSA is committed to ensuring would require additional effort and that a safe and congenial workplace is The AFSA Speakers Bureau is prov¬ would result in repetitious reporting. available for all Foreign Service em¬ AFSA and management agreed to a ing to be extremely effective at spread¬ ing the word about the Foreign ployees. substitution page (thereby not increas¬ Management has invited AFSA to Service’s central role in defending ing the length of the report). When rec¬ participate in the Smoke-Free Work¬ America’s global interests and promot¬ place Task Force, which we have ac¬ ing democratic and free-market values. cepted. This task force will decide In the last six months, AFSA speakers upon the policy, the means of im¬ USAID Retiree have addressed well over 60 audiences plementation, and the time frame for across the country and at least a dozen Lunch a smoke-free workplace. AFSA’s inclu¬ more programs are scheduled. Most of sion will facilitate the implementation our speakers thus far have been drawn A USAID retiree lunch will be of a well planned program, which we from the ranks of AFSA retirees, of held on May 7 in conjunction hope will include assistance to those whom more than 120 from all over the with Foreign Service Day. The who wish to stop smoking as well as United States have volunteered to some accommodation for those who lunch is scheduled for noon at speak. cannot or do not wish to stop smoking. the AFSA Club. Reservations The upcoming home-leave cycle af¬ We recognize that in pursuing this aim, may be made by calling 703- fords an excellent opportunity to aug¬ we are unlikely to be able to satisfy ev¬ ment this talent pool with some 370-0210. eryone. active-duty officers who can bring a 2 • AFSA NEWS*APRIL 1993 John N. Gatch Jr. Memorial LOCAL HOLIDAYS AND 1993 AFSA Scholarship scholarships The annual John N. Gatch Jr. Memo¬ ANNUAL LEAVE rial Scholarship has been established The 3 FAM 433.3(a) regulation with the generous contributions made announced ends with the clause, .. or an¬ by family and friends of John N. Gatch By Michael Dailey nual leave.” AFSA determined, Scholarships Jr. who passed away December 21, after research and meetings The chairman of AFSA’s Committee 1992. After serving in the U.S. Army on Education, Robert H. Miller, is during World War II, Mr. Gatch grad¬ with management, that the pleased to announce the establish¬ uated from Princeton University and phrase had been added in error. ment of two perpetual scholarships joined the Foreign Service in 1947, Management has agreed to de¬ serving in Baghdad. Later posts in¬ and one new annual scholarship for lete the phrase and official cluded Warsaw, Tripoli, Hong Kong, the 1993-94 academic year. Addition¬ notification of the change should ally, one perpetual scholarship has Beirut, and Bahrain, where he estab¬ be distributed shortly. been further endowed and two annual lished the first U.S. embassy in newly scholarships have received renewed independent Bahrain. Mr. Gatch re¬ tired from the Foreign Service in 1975 commitments. A gift of $1,000 or more will name and made his residence in Bethesda, Philip Charles Habib Memorial a scholarship in the year it is given, Scholarship Maryland. The John N. Gatch, Jr. Me¬ while a gift in the amount of $10,000 The perpetual Philip Charles Habib morial Scholarship will be awarded at or more will qualify the donor to name Memorial Scholarship was established least for the next two academic years. a scholarship in perpetuity. Our deep¬ thanks to the generosity of the many John Campbell White Memorial est thanks to all those who have given friends of Phil Habib. As stated in a Scholarship to these scholarship funds. cable from the secretary of state to all Mrs. Tapley Bennett, daughter of posts, “the nation owes Phil a great late Ambassador John Campbell Agreement debt of gratitude for his successes as White, has further endowed the John the president’s Middle East envoy, Campbell White Memorial Scholar¬ reached on skill under secretary for political affairs, as¬ ship, a perpetual scholarship which code regulations sistant secretary for East Asian and Pa¬ has been responsible for providing fi¬ By Deborah M. Leahy cific Affairs, ambassador to Korea, and nancial aid scholarships to needy stu¬ Member Services Representative the many other trouble-shooting mis¬ dents for over 25 years. AFSA and the department have con¬ sions he undertook He epitomized Robert J. Yost Memorial Scholarship cluded negotiations on the regulations the best and brightest in the Foreign Mrs. June Yost, wife of the late Rob¬ governing Skill Codes and Occupa¬ Service and set a standard of excel¬ ert J. Yost, and family have renewed tional Categories (3 FAM 150). The reg¬ lence that has characterized the career their commitment for a second year by ulations will now provide specialists Foreign Service.” Ambassador Habib providing funding for another annual who have served excursion tours in passed away May 25, 1992 in France. Robert J. Yost Memorial Scholarship. other specialties with the mechanism Albert E. Carter Memorial James L. Holmes Memorial to apply for a skill code change. In ad¬ Scholarship Scholarship The perpetual Albert E. Carter Me¬ dition, these regulations and those Mrs. Donna Mae Holmes has re¬ providing the mechanism for general¬ morial Scholarship was established newed her commitment to the AFSA ist skill code changes now allow the di¬ with a generous contribution made by Scholarship Fund for a fifth consecu¬ rector general, in exceptional Dorothy S. Carter, wife of the late Mr. tive year through the annual James L. circumstances and on a case by case Carter. Albert Carter was a 1933 grad¬ Holmes Memorial Scholarship. uate of the University of Chattanooga basis, to permit conversion into skill and worked as a commercial artist be¬ codes that are not specifically in defi¬ fore beginning a career as a journalist cit. for several newspapers. He entered One further change is found in the government service as a senior eco¬ environment, science and technology nomic analyst on the Board of Eco¬ officer (EST) category (3 FAM 155). nomic Warfare before he finally joined The new regulations have expanded the Foreign Service. Mr. Carter served the EST skill code to include qualified in Costa Rica, Uruguay, Chile, Panama, employees at the FS-03 grade. We ex¬ Germany, and Paraguay, and ended pect these new regulations to be im¬ his Foreign Service career in 1969 as a plemented in the near future. member of the Board of Examiners. Employees with questions about 3 Mr. Carter passed away August 18, FAM 150 should contact AFSA’s Mem¬ AFSA Scholarships Director Gail ber Services Department at (202) 401- 1992. Volk receives a check from Donna Mae Holmes for the James L. Holmes 6405. Scholarship APRIL 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 3 of a Foreign Service officer, compared AAFSW gives the Foreign Service of the 1930s to that first Lesley of today. Then, there was no FLO to listen to the concerns of family mem¬ Dorman Award bers. There were no CLOs overseas- Deputy Secretary of State Clifton R. now there are 150. There were no Wharton Jr. addressed the March 9 bilateral work agreements, which general meeting of the Association of allow many spouses to work while American Foreign Service Women overseas-now there are more than (AAFSW) and presented the first Lesley 110. Wharton applauded the work of Dorman Award. the Family Liaison Office, pointing out The program, a celebration of the that FLO has taken a lead role in emer¬ 15th anniversary of the Family Liaison gency evacuation assistance. Office, focused on the challenges fac¬ At the conclusion of the meeting, ing Foreign Service employees and Wharton presented the Lesley Dorman families in the 1990’s. Award for sustained, outstanding ser¬ In addition to Deputy Secretary vice to AAFSW to Patricia Ryan. Lesley Wharton’s remarks, a panel made up Dorman was president of AAFSW in of Director General Genta Hawkins 1978 and directed the Forum Commit¬ Patty Ryan (left) receives the first Les¬ Holmes, Family Liaison Office Director tee survey that resulted in the report on ley Dorman Award for outstanding ser¬ Maryann Minutillo, and AAFSW Presi¬ the concerns of Foreign Service vice to AASFW from past president Lesley Dorman dent Christine Shurtleff spoke to the spouses and the opening of the Family group of about 200. Liaison Office. In addition, she has AAFSW. For many years she has been The deputy secretary and all the held several positions on the board the AAFSW legislative liaison repre¬ panel members touched on a common and continues to represent AAFSW sentative, ensuring the visibility of For¬ theme: the contributions of FLO and and family-member training programs eign Service family concerns on the AAFSW to Foreign Service employees at the Overseas Briefing Center (OBC), Hill-especially in the area of protec¬ and families, and to the Foreign Ser¬ giving a realistic picture of both the old tion for divorced Foreign Service vice itself. and new Foreign Service. spouses. Deputy Secretary Wharton, the son Patricia Ryan is a past president of legisiativenews By Rick Weiss tribution” to reduce the deficit is two¬ and FY95. The initial hearings focused Congressional Liaison fold: for Foreign Service personnel, a on structural reorganization of the for¬ In March, Congress moved into au¬ pay freeze, no COLA adjustment in eign affairs agencies; the second series thorization, appropriations, oversight, FY94, and no locality pay adjustment of hearings will be the personnel and budget hearings. Before legislative in FY94, and in addition, Foreign Ser¬ needed to work on global issues: pop¬ decisions can be made, the Clinton Ad¬ vice employees will pay more in fed¬ ulation, technology, environment, ref¬ ministration budget, due by April 5, eral taxes. Furthermore, the Clinton ugee, trade, and economic issues. must be received by Congress. More¬ administration has announced a mini¬ The Leahy subcommittee on For¬ over, Congress awaits testimony from mum 3 percent cut in administrative eign Operations of Senate Appropria¬ executive branch witnesses, who are costs for each department and agency tions has focused on the reorganization unavailable because they are awaiting in FY94 and a reduction of 4 percent of USAID. That committee will be hold¬ their confirmation hearings. Senior ap¬ of its civilian personnel positions. At ing a hearing-a-week through June on pointee nomination papers were not least 10 percent of the reductions the various programs and proposals to even submitted to the Senate by the should come from SES, GS-15 and GS- restructure foreign aid. White House during February. 14 level or equivalent. In other congressional actions, the While Congress argues about bud¬ Congress has followed President Hatch Act amendments are being ad¬ get deficit numbers, more spending Clinton’s executive reductions in an¬ dressed in March Senate hearings. On cuts and increased taxation as a result nouncing staff reductions of 5 to 7 per¬ March 4, the House voted 333 to 86 to of the Clinton economic plan, the leg¬ cent for the current calendar year and liberalize the Hatch Act to allow federal islative branch is also discussing the pay freezes are being implemented. workers to engage in partisan politics second major issue-the Health Care The Berman subcommittee on Inter¬ as long as they do so on their own time. Reform package to be presented in national Operations of the House For¬ Retained is the prohibition on running May. eign Affairs Committee has for federal and state offices. ForU.S. government employees, the commenced hearings on the State De¬ “shared sacrifice” and “individual con¬ partment Authorization Bill for FY94 4 • AFSA NEWS-APRIL 1993 the former Soviet Union, China, tary of Energy; David Oulton, a senior Southeast Asia, and other new en¬ Canadian energy official; Jeffrey AFSA hosts ergy areas affect American foreign Seisler of the Natural Gas Vehicle Co¬ energy policy and the U.S. economy? alition; Allen J. Lenz of the Chemical • What new opportunities will the Manufacturers Association; and senior conference quest for ecologically sound energy energy officials of the departments of AFSA will sponsor a symposium on development present to American State, Energy, and Commerce and the Energy, the Environment, and the entrepreneurs in the 1990s? Environmental Protection Agency. World Economy: Critical Linkages for Former Senator Timothy E. Wirth The symposium will be the 16th the 1990s at the Department of State will be the featured luncheon speaker. AFSA-sponsored conference since No¬ on April 8. Conference participants include C.J. vember 1989. BENS (Business Execu¬ The conference will seek to identify Silas, chairman and CEO of Phillips Pe¬ tives for National Security) will the policy options and trade-offs fac¬ troleum Company and chairman of the cosponsor the program, which will be ing the Clinton Administration as it American Petroleum Institute; Helga financed by grants from the American searches for a viable and constructive Steeg, executive director of the Inter¬ Gas Association, the National Coal As¬ energy policy for the 1990s. national Energy Agency; Nelson Hay sociation, the Edison Electric Institute, Four panels will focus on the fol¬ of the American Gas Association; Gen¬ Aramco, Arco, BP, Caltex, Chevron, lowing questions: eral Richard L. Lawson of the National Exxon, Hunt Oil, Oryx Energy, Pecten • How will environmental concerns, Coal Association; Ambassador Richard International, Pennzoil, Phillips, the drive for energy security, and T. Kennedy, former special advisor to Statoil, Texaco, and Unocal. the challenges of the global econ¬ the secretary of state for nuclear en¬ omy affect U.S. energy policy in the ergy; David L. Swanson of the Edison Foreign Service 1990s? Electric Institute; Richard H. Mantzke, • How will NAFTA alter the energy president of Chevron Overseas Petro¬ Day is May 7, outlook in North America? leum; Edward L. Morse, publisher of • How will exploration for and devel¬ Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, 1993! opment of new sources of energy in Rogelio Gasca, Mexico’s under secre¬ Open Forum Proposed pension cuts adversely affect survivors As a close observer of pension is¬ els for the elderly increased from 1991 vice survivors are women. Until 1972, sues for the past 15 years, I was aston¬ to 1992. Foreign Service women employees ished to see in the Vision of Changefor It is generally calculated that one had to resign if they married so the America, a proposal to cut survivors’ person living alone requires 70 percent male spouse is a more recent phenom¬ benefits in the federal pension system. of a couple’s income to continue at enon. Second, the Foreign Service In the late 1970s, the President’s Com¬ the same living standard. So the cur¬ widow served most of her life under a mission on Pension Policy starkly rent calculation of the survivor’s ben¬ system which rigorously discouraged illuminated the dreadful inadequacies efit as 55 percent of the base pension, her from holding a job, even if one of private sector pension systems. Dur¬ undiminished by the deduction at re¬ were available at post. Furthermore, ing the Reagan Administration, the tirement, already presupposes a drop she was required to donate substantial Grace Commission proposed to alter in living standard. The current pro¬ hours both to furthering U.S. policy the federal system to be as inadequate posal to recalculate the survivor’s ben¬ aims by connecting with host-country as the private system, rather than to im¬ efit at 55 percent of the reduced decision makers and to enhancing post prove private pension plans! As many pension would further erode this stan¬ morale by voluntary activities in the know from living abroad, our patch- dard. Foreign Service community. work system of care for the elderly is Clearly, the vast majority of these While the 1972 Wives Directive rec¬ at the bottom of the index among the surviving wives cannot take steps to in¬ ognized the independent and private advanced industrialized societies. crease their income because of age nature of the Foreign Service spouse, Despite the “greedy geezer” stereo¬ and sex discrimination, even suppos¬ employment issues in an age of two- type, 25 percent of persons over 65 ing them physically able to hold em¬ income families continue to be salient. who live alone subsist below the pov¬ ployment. While Civil Service The old-time diplomat from a well-to- erty line, according to the 1990 census. survivors are equally adversely af¬ do family has given way to a group Women over 65 are 70 percent more fected, there are further unique finan¬ much more broadly representative of likely to be poor than men, according cial issues facing Foreign Service America, with members from all walks to the House of Representatives Select widows. of life. To meet minimum family goals Committee on Aging. The poverty lev¬ First, most of today’s Foreign Ser- such as home ownership and college APRIL 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 5 education for their children, most Federal pensioners are not indiffer¬ badly needed changes to expand med¬ spouses today need to work. How¬ ent to the needs for financial sacrifice ical services to all Americans. ever, in the context of long-term mo¬ from all segments of the population. The current proposals target a bility, all employment must be Employees fortunate enough to be in uniquely vulnerable group which has short-term and each transfer means the upper income bracket will pay in¬ a limited constituency and in the case starting over yet again, usually at the creased tax. All federal pensioners will of the Foreign Service survivor this at¬ bottom. Since over 30 percent of For¬ pay the proposed energy tax as well as tack is especially indefensible given eign Service spouses have educational the concomitant price increases in all the family sacrifices exacted during a credentials beyond a bachelor’s de¬ products reflecting their energy cost career in the Foreign Service. gree, the loss to family income over a component. Federal retirees, who Patricia Bums Ryan life-time is significant. Therefore, the have already seen their health care APSA and Legislative Liaison accumulation of funds to supplement benefits increase as much as 300 per¬ Association of American Foreign retirement income is constricted. cent since 1986, will pay a share for the Service Women 1992 Legislative Action Fund Contributors AFSA wishes to thank the following contributors. Other contributors were listed in the February issue of AFSA News. Wesley C. Haraldson William E. Knight Daniel F. Margolies E. H. Moot Marselis Parsons, Jr. Lois Richards John H. Holdridge Lawrence Koegel Louis Mark, Jr. Ofelia C. Moreno William Grant Parr Elizabeth Richardson Robert H. Harlan Gametta Kramer E. R. Marlin Lois Morgan J. Graham Parsons Grace R. Riddle Philip J. Harrick Sheldon Krebs Gene B. Marshall William D. Morgan David Passage N. H. Riegg F. Allen Harris William L. Krieg Robert J. Martens Norman W. Mosher Mary E. Patterson Domnick G. Riley Constance R. Harvey Henry G. Krausse, Jr. Leona Marti John W. Mowinckel Mildred Patterson Robert F. Ritchie Charles T. Hash Louis H. Kuhn Calvin L. Martin JohnJ. Muccio Edward L. Peck John F. Ritchotte Stella G. Hatala Donald B. Kursch Thomas H. Martin J. P. Mulligan Francis H. Pell Constance Roach Tom S. Hatsukano Dennis Kux Jack Masey William G. Murphey Alfred J. Pelland David A. Roberts Roy T. Haverkamp John A. Lacey Edward E. Masters Thomas J. Murphy Robert Pelletreau George B. Roberts Guy L. Haviland, Jr. Lyle F. Lane R. & K. Matheron James M. Murray Alec M. Peltier Peter Roberts Maurice Hawes Robert L. Lane Donald E. Mathes Ruth C. Musser Edward J. Perkins William J. Roche Walter A. Hayden, Jr. Wilson G. Lane, Jr. Robert P. Mathia Ruth D. Mustard Raymond L. Perkins Lloyd Rollins William A. Hayne Anthony Lapka G. B. Matthews Jacob M. Myerson Alvin Perlman Matthew M. Rooney Martha Hayward Francis P. Larocca Charles D. Matthias Philip C. Narten Robert C. Perry Adeline G. Rose Theresa A. Healy Garold N. Larson Joseph Mauck Edmundo G. Navarro Richard B. Peters TheophilusJ. Rose Charlie Heffernan Victor Lateef Robert W. Maule Jack D. Neal Ivan Peterson L. G. Rossin Hugh M. Heighbor Loren E. Lawrence W. Mazzocco Howard F. Needham Richard W. Petree William M. Rountree Colin Helmer Daniel J. Lawton Walter McAleer Leonardo Neher J. Stanley Phillips Ludwig Rudel Douglas Henderson .John C. Leary Phoebe McCarthy David R. Nelson Richard B. Phillips Charles E. Rushing George D. Henry Josef D. Leary Grant V. McClanahan Eric G. Nelson Shirley C. Phillips Theodore E. Russell George High William H. Lebrane Michael McClellan Robbie Newell Lyle R. Piepenburg F. H. Sacksteder, Jr. Colbert C. Hild Nelson Ledsky A. Marvin McClure Richard Newman Gordon K. Pierson Marian J. Salay John C. Hill Armistead M. Lee Robert E. McColaugh George P. Newton Paul H. Pina Cameron Sanders, Jr. Lillard Hill May Y.L. Lee Harold McConeghey Loretta M. Nial Peter Piness Virginia T. Sandifer Mark Hill Howard S. Levy Janet C. McCrory Thomas Niblock, Jr. Henry L. Pins, Jr. Chris Sandrolini Sheila Hinkle I. Levy Douglas McElhaney Steve A. Nielson R. W. Pons Frances L. Saran Deane & Pat Hinton Fran Lide Debra McFarland Richard Nishihara Richard A. Poole William P. Sargent Stephen Hipson Mark Lijek James McFarland, Jr. Guss H. Nolan David H. Popper John C. Sauls Gloria Jordan Gloria Lindahl Elizabeth McGrory Richard Norland Dwight J. Porter Oliver L. Sause Herbert Kaiser Edward V. Lindberg Tatiana McKinney Charles North Leonard & Ann Porter E.W. Savage Jack Karapetian Vera Lindenberg Robert McKinnie Kenneth L. Norton Humphrey T. Potter Teresa L. Savignano Julius L. Katz Herman Lindstrom Brian McNamara Michael O’Brien Leila D. J. Poullada Geneva V. Sawyer John H. Kean John A. Linehan Frances McPhaul James F. O’Connor Glenn D. Powell Abbott P. Sayre Douglas R. Keene F. R. Lineweaver Lois McSweeney Patrick T. O’Connor Raymond Pracht Eugene M. Schaeffer Henry J. Kellermann James C. Lobenstine Anna F. Meek John B. O’Donnell Peter A. Prahar M. Virginia Schafer Edward Kelley Robert H. Locke Emerson J. Melaven John F. O’Donnell, Jr. Emily Price William E. Schaufele William M. Kelly Gerald J. Loftus Donald Melville Thomas J. O'Donnell Sandy M. Pringle Pete Schmeelk Joseph M. Kemper Guy O. Long Sandra L. Mendyk Timothy J. O’Hare Vladimir P. Prokofieff Carl W. Schmidt Charles Kennedy, Jr. William F. Loskot Sharon Mercurio W. Orbett James F. Prosser Elizabeth Schneider Ltwrence J. Kennon Roman Lotsberg Nancy F. Metcalf James L. O’Sullivan Patrick R. Quigley Peter Schoettle Douglas Kent Stephen Low Cliff Metzner William C. Ockey Lucy Diana Quinn Martha J. Scholton William M. Kerrigan J. & H. Lowenthal Colette Meyer Harry I. Odell E. E. Ramsaur, Jr. Norman V. Schute Stepney C. Kibble Thomas C. Luche Ardith Helene Miller John R. Oleson E. Raven-Hamilton Walter K. Schwinn Stanley R. Kidder Marguerite O. Luckett Bill Miller W. Paul O’Neill, Jr. Normand Redden Thomas J. Scotes Andrew I. Killgore Alan W. Lukens James A. Miller David A. Oot John P. Reddington Gerald Wesley Scott Chester H. Kimrey William Lynch Margaret J. Miller Hendrik Van Oss Karla Reed David P. Searby Bernard C. King Cecil Lyon Mark Miller F. Samuel Ostertag Sumner C. Reed Cabot Sedgwick John F. King Margaret Mackellar Ray E. Millette Douglas E. Owen Arthur M. Reich E. Clayton Seeley Thomas D. Kingsley Donald R. Mackenzie Nicholas R. Milroy Robert I. Owen Herbert Reiner, Jr. Edwin E. Segall Robert L. Kinney William MacLauchlan Dorothy Moffitt Charles B. Padgett James F. Relph, Jr. Peter Bird Seiers Richard Kinsella Thomas E. Mahoney John Moller Anne Panor Carol Rennie Mabel S. Sekiya William A. Kirby Betsy June Malpass Amy Monk Albert E. Pappano Herminia Renteria Dev P. Sen Northrop H. Kirk Hanson R. Malpass Ann K. Monterrey Anita S. Parelman G. Edward Reynolds Michael J. Senko Raymond E. Kitchell Janeau L. Mann Roxy M. Montgomery David M. Park Ralph J. Ribble R. M. Service Herbert Klee, Jr. Thomas C. Mann Mark Monton Barrett Parker Patrick M. Rice Judi A. Shane Ridgway B. Knight Jean Marburg Eugene W. Moore Marie A. Parkinson Yale W. Richmond Thomas Shannon 6 • AFSA NEWS-APRIL 1993 The Area's Largest Jack Shellenberger Katie M. Tilford K, IN/I Diplomatic Dealer Earle W. Sherman Daphne Michele Titus Robert K. Sherwood Timothy L. Towell Paul M. Shields Thomas M. Tracy Pierre Shostal Irving G. Tragen FREE SERVICE Leonard Shurtleff George Trail George N. Sibley F. Donley Trebbe LOANER Nelson Sievering, Jr. Orson W. Truewoithy David Simcox Soching Tsai Dale M. Simmons Blaine C. Tueller Virginia Simpson James L. Tull The Washington Area's Largest BMW Dealer Harold Sims A. W. Tunnell, Jr. Contact: Abraham M. Sirkin George F. Twohie Jay Klein Richard Burton Charle Skoda Leonard Unger Louis G. Sleeper Richard E. Usher Sales Director Sales and Leasing Dane F. Smith Mary R. Vemseir Elaine Diane Smith Matthew Victor Jack M. Smith, Jr. John L. Viles Joan V. Smith Henry S. Villard Thelma P. 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BUCHANAN Developments in the distinguish between former Soviet Union, nota- \ heated oratory that it may bly in Russia, have more | find distasteful and disturb¬ potential for derailing the | ing and concrete actions domestic program of stmc- ! that have serious implica¬ tural reform, for which the | tions for U.S.-Russian rela¬ Clinton Administration was | tions. We should assume elected, than any other for- | neither that a more demo¬ eign policy issue. If the new cratic, market-oriented administration is not to be | Russia will be a natural thrown off course, it must j friend nor that a more au¬ understand the extraordinary thoritarian, socialist-ori¬ complexity and protracted ented Russia will inevita¬ nature of the revolutionary bly be our enemy. change under way in Russia American security in¬ and help the American pub¬ terests will be seriously lic to accept it. The adminis¬ affected by the process of tration must also accept that economic refonn in Russia the United States has only a only if economic chaos veiy limited ability to affect leads to civil war or the what happens in that conti¬ emergence of a chauvin¬ nent-sized country, which ist, militaristic, anti-West¬ spans 11 time zones and a ern regime. Otherwise, it rainbow of ethnic minori¬ does not seriously matter ties. If the U.S. government whether the pace of re- is to make any impact, its form is radical or incre¬ diplomatic and foreign-aid I mental, whether the gov¬ strategy must be carefully I ernment is efficient or lag¬ crafted to meet the economic, I gard in breaking up its social, political, and psycho¬ monopolies and logical conditions of con- [ privatizing its industries, temporary Russia. "See? 1 already taught it to sit!” or what the balance is at The administration will any one moment between need to beware lest America’s traditional missionary zeal to state and private-run enterprises. It may matter to individual help other countries share our democratic values distort its Americans tiying to do business in Russia, but not to perception of what is happening in Russia and how these American security interests. developments affect our national interest. The pace and Having an understanding of the role of government in the extent of modernization will be detemiined primarily by the development process and less paranoia about “socialism" outcome of Byzantine political staiggles in Moscow and than some of his predecessors, President Clinton is well throughout the Russian Federation over which the United placed to create a long-tenn framework for relations with States has no control. Washington will need constantly to Russia—one that is sensitive to political realities and not APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 focused on economic criteria valid largely in a free-enterprise ered a “tool of foreign interests” than in Russia, particularly at economy. The hard fact is that no one knows how Russia is this crucial moment when Russia's whole identity is the to make its “great leap forward” from communism to subject of bitter debate. The other republics of the former capitalism, condensing in a few years the process of building Soviet Union have achieved a sense of national identity with democratic, free-market institutions that took centuries in the their independence. Among Russians, however, there is no West. The problem is not one of greasing the rusty gears of agreement regarding the future role and even the boundaries a West European economy with a Marshall Plan. Rather, the of a tmneated Russia, which has lost its imperial mission. challenge is to perform a transplant operation in which we do Moreover, the struggle for the soul of Russia has reignited in not know whether our new value standards, institutions, and more vitriolic form the 19th century debate between those work ethic may not be rejected by the body politic. who would like to see Russia develop along Western lines and those who believe that Russia has unique institutions, THE HANDS-OFF APPROACH history, and spiritual qualities that demand a more traditional, How the Clinton Administration addresses the issue of autocratic, Eurasian orientation. Inevitably, conservative na¬ modernizing Russia will go far to determine the tone of U.S.- tionalists question the patriotism of politicians and programs Russian relations. Our attitude should be one of partnership that receive a warm Western blessing. However monetarily on a very long journey of trial and error—not to impose our sound, former Prime Minister Gaidar’s “shock therapy” vision of the Good Society on Russia, but to improve life for program of economic reform not only proved to be unreal¬ the Russian people in ways they consider helpful. If we are istic politically, but it was judged by many to have been perceived to be a concerned, friendly country without an imposed on a weakened Russia by Western politicians and ideological axe to grind, we will be more successful in bankers; some even argued that the motive was to destroy Russia addressing the problems in our relationship, which will as an industrial power and global competitor. Let tire pain that inevitably arise. serious reform will inevitably inflict on Russia lx? clearly die Americans need to put development in a longer perspec¬ product of decisions made by Russians, not Americans. tive and not overreact to each zig or zag in Russia’s unfolding Americans need ter understand that there is an inherent revolution. To minimize the danger of unpleasant surprises, contradiction between democracy, the will of the majority, however, the incoming administration should remain agnos¬ and radical reform in a country where probably the majority tic regarding the future direction of Russia and what this may of the population has serious reservations about the implica¬ mean for American national interest. The future is murky. We tions of reform for their personal future. In this sense, Yeltsin cannot be confident that whoever mles Russia will be a fits the pattern of the reforming tsar in Russian history, tiying democrat, that efforts under way to create some form of to push through radical reform with the help of a small urban federal or confederal structure will succeed, that ethnic and elite in a fundamentally conservative country. But he lacks the economic centrifugal forces may not tear this huge land apart, powers of a tsar to impose reform. He is just as hamstrung as or that the resulting threat tiny democratic politician to reduce Mother Russia by competing vested in¬ to her early Muscovite core terests, parties, and per¬ might not ignite the civil . Oa r dtfrtude shoufef bo sonalities. Much of the hin¬ war that all Russians dread. one of partnership on a very long journey of trial terland of the Russian Fed¬ The unpredictability of eration is also asserting its the situation in Russia is and error—not to impose our vision of the Good independence of Moscow, an added reason for avoid¬ Society on Russia, but to improve life for the whether it is in tax policy ing the mistake made so Russian people in ways they consider helpful. or the pace of local re¬ frequently by past presi¬ form. Traditional Russian dents of becoming too attitudes are beginning to emotionally committed, make themselves heard, and conespondingly iden¬ after having been silenced tified with, the political by the breathless changes future of a specific Rus¬ imposed on Soviet soci¬ sian leader and his policies. At the same time, it is important ety by democrats in their initial euphoria. to develop a relationship of respect and dialogue with Yeltsin, the politician, has found himself whipsawed whoever leads Russia. To this end, we should continue to between the demands of his foreign critics, who have linked treat Russia as a great power, without condescension, not economic assistance to implementation of radical “shock stinting those symbolic actions and personal touches that therapy,” and his domestic critics, who accuse him of provide a psychological boost in hard times. The Russian allowing the West to impose a disastrous economic policy on leader needs to be treated, however, as someone who is Russia. If Yeltsin is to survive, he cannot base his policy on cooperative with the United States for his own hard-headed support of the “radical left" democratic reformers. He must national reasons and in no way someone we can take for reach out and create a centrist coalition of industrialists and granted. politicians, military leaders and academicians who under¬ Nowhere is it more harmful for a politician to be consid¬ stand the need for market refonn and modernization of 32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 Russia’s institutions but who differ with Gaidar regarding the Russian industry is uneconomic by Western standards and of pace and individual elements of his reform program. Unsure no interest to foreign investors? America was unwilling to see of his support in the country, sharing some of the concerns Chrysler or the S&Ls go belly up. Russians fear that the of his critics regarding Gaidar’s program, Yeltsin backed withdrawal of subsidies from huge company towns like down under pressure from a broad-based centrist coalition in Magnitogorsk will throw millions of workers on the street. the December Congress of People’s Deputies and agreed to They will lose not only their jobs but the social safety net, a compromise, brokered by the Constitutional Court, that which these industrial conglomerates provide, of housing, respected the constitution. While purist economists deplore medical and other services, and food, at a time when Moscow the compromise and subsequent dilution of aspects of has still not developed a Western-style substitute. Gaidar’s program by his successor, Chernomyrdin, Ameri¬ For the indefinite future, Russia will live in the worst of all cans would be wiser to view this reaching out to a centrist worlds, trapped between a command economy that no coalition as a small step on a road to constitutional govern¬ longer functions and a market economy that is not yet in ment that will have many turnings. In the short term, Yeltsin place, and which many fear and do not understand. Russia has chosen political reality over fiscal responsibility. has the advantage over most other developing countries of possessing a large, educated population, increasingly orga¬ WORST OF ALL POSSIBLE WORLDS nized in vested interest groups that are determined to protect Gaidar would argue that his program was sabotaged by their newly acquired freedom of expression and action. the central bank and the industrial lobby. The controlling Unfortunately, Russia has also inherited more psychological political perception, however, is that “shock therapy” impov¬ obstacles to the creation of a market economy than most erished the population to a point where old women were developing countries, including a communal tradition that forced to sell vodka on the street to survive, and many scorns “selfish individualism,” private property, and the profit professionals must work two jobs to keep their heads above motive, and a Soviet-induced association of capitalism with water. An estimated 80 percent of the population have exploitation and unemployment. Tolerance and compro¬ incomes below the poverty level. More important, radical mise, essential elements of democratic government, continue reform was seen to threaten the survival of an industrial base, to be regarded by many Russians as signs of weakness and which was Russia’s pride: the product of Five Year Plans that lack of principle. A government of institutions and laws made possible her victory in World War II and her emergence remains abstract for many Russians, for whom the “little as a superpower. No one argues the need to phase out father” who will mle them justly still has appeal. uneconomic plants, but how can this be done when much of Only the “red-brown” coalition on the far right is nostalgic APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 for an old-style autocrat. Para¬ conceptualize a strategy of aid to doxically. it is westernized demo¬ Russia that is realistic, both fi¬ crats who argue that a powerful nancially and tactically, given executive or even an authoritar¬ the Russian realities. ian leader is essential if modern Next, it must develop a struc¬ reforms are to be imposed on ture that can impose order on Russia. The conservatives in par¬ the proliferating assistance pro¬ liament are most opposed to giv¬ grams, governmental and pri¬ ing the president “dictatorial pow¬ vate, to help implement the aid ers" and are fighting to impose a strategy. The idea of creating tin parliamentary system in which “aid tsar,” either in the White the president would be essen¬ House or the State Department, tially a figurehead, with parlia¬ is attractive. By its very preten¬ ment naming the prime minister sion, however, creation of an aid and his cabinet. In part, the oppo¬ tsar risks misleading both the sition to strong presidential rule is American and Russian people an issue of power, but it also into believing we can do more reflects hypersensitivity, for obvi¬ than is really possible. ous historical reasons, to any domi¬ The administration will need neering personality. This sensitiv¬ to develop some objective moni¬ ity, combined with the disputa¬ toring mechanism to determine tious, anarchic streak in the Rus¬ whether our aid strategy is effec¬ sian character, makes the emer¬ tive and which projects work or gence in the next few years of should be scrapped. A small, stable political parties capable of mobile group of Russian-speak¬ parliamentary leadership very ing inspectors, independent of problematic. any agency like the Agency for This argument about how Rus¬ International Development orthe sia should be ailed continues to produce political gridlock on Peace Corps and located in Moscow, could report directly to both the national and the local levels. While it is hard to build the ambassador and the senior aid coordinator in Washing¬ an organized opposition in a country so politically fractured, ton. it is equally difficult to create a firm, centrist coalition that will To tighten control and cut administrative costs over time, work with a president or a prime minister to modernize Russia steps should be taken to centralize all agencies involved in aid at a pace and in ways that are politically acceptable to the programs in Russia in our unused, “bugged” chancery nation. Impatience with the gridlock and corruption of building in Moscow in place of their expensive offices rented present-day Russia has reinforced the attraction for many around town. Russians of the Chinese and “Asian tiger” models of authori¬ Coordination. Donor countries frequently lose patience tarian development, which give priority to economic over with the Russian bureaucracy and try to circumvent it. They political reform. Gorbachev is blamed for having reversed have money to spend but cannot find projects to support, these priorities, opening a Pandora’s box of nationalism and because the Russians have not learned how to work up a democracy, which has destroyed the Russian empire without project for funding. As we have learned in other Third World putting a viable alternative in its place. countries, however, working with the host government on In peering into the future, Americans should not forget that developing feasible projects is an essential part of the Russia remains, in many respects, a developing nation, modernization process. In the winter of 1992, doctors from undergoing the trauma of modernization that China, South the Centers for Disease Control learned the hard way that, if Korea, and other Third World states have experienced in their they wanted a program to get off the ground, it had to respond separate ways. In all these countries we witness a pull and tug to a felt need on the Russian side and must have been of varying violence between democratic institutions strug¬ endorsed by all the key bureaucratic players in this land of gling to be born and an authoritarian leadership determined consummate bureaucrats. to impose its vision of progress on the nation. This is, at least, One way to avoid working at cross-purposes with the one of the several Russias the Clinton Administration should Russian bureaucracy is to maintain dose contact with the be prepared to deal with. How America can assist this Russian Humanitarian and Technical Assistance Commission convoluted process of modernization without playing into that has tried, often with difficulty, to carry out its mandate of the hands of the anti-Western opposition will challenge the coordinating foreign aid coming into Russia, deciding what creativity of the new administration. is most needed and where. It is in our interest to help the commission operate more efficiently. Working with the STRATEGY OF ASSISTANCE commission, aid administrators should also tiy to ensure that Structure. At the outset, the new administration must there is some rational division of labor, both in type of project 34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 and its location, between the many donor nations. Our allies GIVING PROFIT A BAD NAME sometimes hesitate to share information about projects in The time is past when refonns could be imposed nation¬ which they have a commercial interest. Some mechanism is wide across Russia; local officials now resist taking orders needed, however, in the field, whereby aid administrators from the center. Even though the breakdown of central can share experience and avoid duplication and conflict. authority has strengthened conservative fiefdoms, local Philosophy of aid. We should have no illusion that the Tammany Halls, throughout the country, energetic individu¬ West is going to determine the future shape of Russia. As one als will be found, regardless of political philosophy, willing Englishman wrote last winter in a Moscow publication: to experiment if change appears to be in their interest. We ancient Russia with its “idiosyncratic history [will] ... in the must accept the reality, therefore, that change will come end create its own solutions, but for that it needs time.” Many about incrementally, erratically and spottily across the Rus¬ Russians would like, for example, to prove Western econo¬ sian Federation. There is a generation gap in adapting to mists wrong and demonstrate that there is a “third way” change, and local officials, at widely different points on the possible, amalgamating the best of capitalism, socialism, and learning scale, must be exposed systematically to new ways Russian values—a sort of social democracy a la russe. We of doing business. should not close our minds to their self-vision. Russians need to assimilate new ideas not only over time The Englishman also warned that “bullying and coercion but also over space: there is a danger in widening the gulf too of Russia will get the West nowhere. ” This would be tme even abruptly between pockets of democratic reform and the if the West were prepared to undertake a program on the surrounding neighborhood. The leveling instinct, to drag scale of the Marshall Plan in Russia. As it is, the $24 billion down the more prosperous rather than trying to elevate the offered by the West provides us with precious little leverage less successful, has always been a destructive trait of Russian with which to move gargantuan Russia where it is unwilling character. to go itself. Bonn has made disappointingly little impact on Unfortunately, democracy and capitalism have become the former East Gennany with $200 billion. We may let the synonymous with blatant corruption for many Russians, for International Monetary Fund dictate the terms of its aid to understandable reasons. Most “entrepreneurs” are not creat¬ Russia, with its sometimes irritating “papa knows best” ing new wealth by productive activity but are profiting from attitude. Our own posture, particularly given our likely the acquisition and resale at exorbitant profit of state assets. resources, should be In some instances, man¬ more modest: “Tell us agers have closed down what your priority prob¬ to doorcf fVrttcrrog ooiag an operating plant because lems are, and we will see they have found it more our aid on projects scattered across mammoth how we may be able to profitable to buy and sell help you.” Russia, we should seek to create small “islands state property, depositing The fact that many Rus¬ of success” that will encourage emulation by their capital abroad and sians fear (and some repatriating the foreign ex¬ energetic individuals in different parts hope) that America un¬ change to buy up Russian der Clinton will be too of the federation. assets at low prices. We absorbed with its own should understand the economic problems to strong support that Yeltsin help Russia in any sub¬ & has for his announced stantial way means that drive to clean up the Mafia expectations will have become more realistic on the Russian and remove “enforcers” from the streets where they control side. It will make it easier for the administration to convince sales and prices. To minimize the danger that this anti¬ Moscow that our major contribution must be through advice, corruption campaign will also snuff out genuine business¬ training, and technical assistance, not huge outlays of money. men, American specialists will need to work closely with the Given the limitation of our resources, we must decide how police and legislators, helping them refine legislation on fair we can make maximum impact in each of the areas where we business practices. decide to devote financial or human investment. To avoid frittering away our aid on projects scattered across mammoth AID PRIORITIES Russia, we should seek to create small “islands of success” The military. For almost the first time in Russian history, that will encourage emulation by energetic individuals in the Russian military has lost the prestige and leverage for different parts of the federation. We could choose, for resources provided by confrontation with a major enemy. It example, to build on the program of privatization being is vital to American security interests that the now shrunken pushed by the International Finance Corporation in Nizhniy and demoralized Russian military find a new identity under Novgorod, a large defense center where there is a dynamic, civilian leadership. This requires a reassertion of discipline young leadership. One could imagine adding a model farm over free-wheeling Russian officers, who support the ultra¬ tied to a grocery outlet, or a model hospital to the small private right “patriots” in their goal of restoring the Russian empire operations already in operation, each to be presented as and back separatist moves by Russian minorities in Moldava. teaching models for replication. Building on the cooperation already developed with APRIL 1993 • F0RK1GN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 civilian and military leaders, the incoming administration provide draftees with modern, market skills. must try to convince the Russians that America’s priority aim Helping consumer industries. It is unrealistic to assume is to lighten the burden of armaments and increase security that privatization and foreign investment can resolve in any for all states, not to exploit Russia’s weakness to impose a reasonable time frame the horrendous problem of huge, position of permanent military inferiority upon her. To this polluting, industrial white elephants, with their millions of end, it must address the perception among many Russians workers. In this chicken-and-egg dilemma, it will require a that the START II agreement was one-sided, forcing Russia to vigorous market economy to absorb the workers from these dismantle its major weapon, the SS-18s, without requiring any industries. But putting the market in place at a time of high comparable reduction in American ballistic missile subma¬ subsidies to uneconomic plants is a very slow process. Only rines. American protests over Russian arms sales to neighbor¬ the Russian government can determine, however, the pace at ing Iran, coming on the heels of U.S. anus sales to important which it is politically feasible to squeeze out specific indus¬ American clients, have also played into the hands of nation¬ tries by withdrawing their subsidies. alist critics of Yeltsin’s foreign policy. To assist the Russians with their industrial dilemma, the The Clinton Administration should assume that: administration should, of course, encourage Russian legisla¬ ■ It may well end up paying more to Russia, Ukraine, tors and bureaucrats to improve the climate for foreign Kazakhstan, and Belarus for implementation of START I investment. We should also pursue an aggressive training and II and the storage and destruction of nuclear program in enterprise management and modernization in weapons than it anticipated, but it will be a small price fields of special Russian concern. But, most important, we to pay for maintaining forward momentum in our arms need to understand that Russian industrial modernization, control programs. like U.S. development in the 19th century, will be fueled ■ Russia will continue to use arms sales abroad to keep primarily by the demands of a huge, domestic consumer some defense plants operating and to pay for conversion market, once it can find sources of start-up capital. The of others. In particular, it will wish to implement arms challenge for U.S. aid strategists is to devise programs that agreements with key neighbors like China. If the U.S. will help promote the consumer industries that will create government wishes to dampen Russian arms sales in the the jobs and capital and provide the tax revenues for Third World, it will have to return to a more consistent future growth. global policy of conventional anus limitations, supple¬ Most Russian consumer industries, including the more menting the policy of nuclear non-proliferation. Restrain¬ efficient spin-offs from defense plants, will not produce ing conventional arms sales should be more feasible in goods up to world standards for many years. Like many new the post-Cold War world. This will require, however, that industries in developing countries, they will also probably the U.S. government discourage sales by its own arms agitate for import protection. If asked to help, our primary merchants, as well as purchases by Third World clients concern should be to diversify production to make it more of our economic aid programs. competitive and to improve its quality. We should not be There are some specific initiatives that the Clinton Admin¬ inhibited by ideological prejudice from providing, for ex¬ istration might take to assist the Russian military. There has ample, pollution-control equipment or managerial training to been a demoralizing slash in the living conditions of Russian plants that still receive state subsidies. military families returning from Central Europe and the Baltic states, with some still living in tents. We have a unique SEED MONEY STRATEGIES capacity for erecting housing quickly, ranging from emer¬ There is a maze of training programs being offered in gency Quonset huts to mobile homes and prefabricated Russia by foreign governments, private groups and interna¬ houses. A priority program to house distressed military tional organizations. There is no systematic link, however, families would be politically wise and, with appropriate between these programs and onward employment. Unless incentives from the U.S. and Russian governments, could we bridge this gap, we risk exacerbating existing frustration open the door to the huge housing market in Russia to on the part of our trainees. The writer was impressed in visits American constmction companies. It is time for action, not last winter to two cities with defense industry by the further discussion of this project. importance placed by both civilian and military managers on The demobilization of thousands of Russian soldiers poses establishing small industries to soak up unemployment and a serious unemployment threat. At a time when Russia’s meet consumer needs. More imaginative efforts are needed infrastructure is falling apart, one of the most tangible ways so that prospective entrepreneurs can have an opportunity to to make the Russian population see some benefits of reform run their own businesses. But how to provide them with seed would be to mend the streets and sidewalks, clean up urban money and have some control over how they use it? litter, and beautify rundown cities. The Soviet military was One approach could be to create regional development used, inefficiently, on urban construction projects. With banks, where retired American bankers might be stationed our experience with the Civilian Conservation Corps with discreet veto power over unwise loans, and the authority (CCC) and more recently CETA, we could assist the to recruit technical expertise to assist industries receiving Russian military in organizing a Renovation Corps focused loans to start off on the right foot. Primary responsibility for on the theme of nation-building, in which infrastructure extending loans, however, should be left with the Russian renewal would be combined with specialized training to bankers in training. Given the dollar exchange rate, the cost 36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 In Veltsin’s footsteps of providing small industry ruble loans should be within the Western officials should use every opportunity to express means of the industrialized world. concern and support for CIS efforts to develop peacekeeping Some of the 56 American cities that have “sister” relation¬ mechanisms and bridge the economic barriers dividing CIS ships in the Russian Federation might be encouraged, states. Where appropriate, aid projects should encourage through tax incentive, subsidized transport, or other forms of cooperation between CIS neighbors and discourage separat¬ stimulus, to become active sponsors of small local industries ist approaches. in their sister city. They have often been active in humanitar¬ Unless Yeltsin moves with more determination to set up ian and exchange programs but have not generally ventured a genuine federal structure that grants substantial self mle to into technical assistance. Retired businessmen, fanners, doc¬ the separate autonomous republics and economic regions— tors, et al. could be encouraged to use their expertise and in fact, not just on paper—the Russian Federation faces a second-hand equipment to sponsor a shoe factory, a grocery serious risk of either disintegration or civil war to restore the store linked to a local state or private farm, or a local hospital, union by force. Too many Russians still seem to believe that for example. The cost need not be great, and there would be it is possible to govern Russia from Moscow. It would be a personal commitment and follow-through often lacking in appropriate for President Clinton to discuss this problem with bureaucratic programs. Yeltsin and to suggest that America has unique experience that may be helpful to Russia in combining unity with FEDERALISM OR BALKANIZATION? diversity over a vast, ethnically divided land. Specifically, we For all their faults, the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Rus¬ should expand our efforts to bring officials from all across sian, and Soviet empires kept a leash on historic, ethnic Russia together to examine how our federal, state, and city hatreds. American interests are directly affected by whether officials cooperate in resolving specific problems, which the the states of the former Soviet Union can get on with the Russian side will have selected for study. painful process of nation-building within accepted interna¬ A major cause of tension between Moscow and its outlying tional boundaries, or are doomed to suffer through a regions appears to be a lack of systematic dialogue between phase of dangerous, infantile nationalism. Being an hon¬ central and local officials. U.S. assessment teams last year est broker in situations of serious ethnic and nationalist detected lack of interest on the part of rival ministries in tension is a thankless task. But the global consequences sharing information that remains highly compartmentalized. of serious conflict within the Russian Federation or be¬ Here too, we can discreetly discuss better ways of doing tween Russia and its new commonwealth (CIS) neighbors business, including assisting officials to set up computer, fax are too serious for the West to adopt a policy of passive and conference call links, to exchange vital information and non-intervention. Conflict could trigger a nuclear disaster, just “keep in touch.” not to mention a refugee and human rights crisis that Should separatist sentiment (e.g. in Siberia and the Far would dwarf that of Yugoslavia. East) develop irresistible momentum, the West, through The West’s influence is obviously limited, but it must do perhaps the United Nations, might need to encourage a whatever it can to accelerate the processes of reconciliation peaceful, Czech-style divorce, to avert civil war. Meanwhile, and restructuring already under way. however, the United States and its allies should be seen to be APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 doing whatever they can to make the federation work, lest we behavior in Russia and other CIS states (bureaucratic harass¬ lend credence to nationalist accusations that we are promot¬ ment, brutality, ethnic discrimination, etc.) that they would ing the final destruction of Russia. consider regrettably normal in a Third World state, forgetting that Russia remains, in many ways, an undeveloped country. REFUGEES, EMIGRATION, AND HUMAN RIGHTS The challenge of the Clinton Administration will be to The single most explosive issue in the former Soviet Union distinguish clearly between actions by local officials that the is the situation of the more than 70 million people living government cannot reasonably be expected to control and outside their ethnic homelands, notably the 25 million flagrant violations of human rights, like ethnic cleansing, for Russians concentrated in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and the Baltic which Moscow must be held responsible. It would be sad if states. Pressures on these people to move back to a home human rights were to become again a major source of friction many never knew could be catastrophic, creating frightful with a post-Communist Russia. problems of assimilation and unemployment and conse¬ The present emigration psychosis is as much psychologi¬ quent pressures to escape, legally or illegally, to a West that cal as it is economic in origin. It is fed by the apparent ease is becoming increasingly hostile to immigration. Here again, of emigrating, legally or illegally—a fact that needs to be our influence is mar¬ addressed. Our refugee leg¬ ginal, but the stakes are islation, which presumes too high for us to re¬ that Jews and certain cat¬ main passive. Our goaJ should be egories of Christians will To the small extent to remove the Russian-minority issue as a pretext suffer persecution if they that we can provide an remain in the former Soviet economic incentive to for Russian chauvinists to tr^either to bully CIS Union, both contributes to people to remain where governments or to snip off parts of CIS states where this psychosis and exacer¬ they are in the CIS (as there are large Russian minorities. bates social tensions. Or¬ Bonn is attempting with thodox and non-religious the Volga Germans), it Russians often resent that is in our interest to do & they are not offered the same so. opportunity to be resettled Through intern and in the United States that is exchange programs and work contracts, either at home or offered to Russian Jews. The latter, in turn, seize on any abroad, we can provide some safety valve for unemployed perceived symptom of anti-Semitism to justify to U.S. officials Russian professionals and scientists, including weapons —and even to themselves—their desire to leave Russia. The specialists who might otherwise seek work in unstable Third possibility that the United States may face a major outpouring World states. For political reasons in Russia, we need to be of ethnic Russians fleeing famine or civil war makes it sensitive to the charge that we are promoting a brain drain. imperative to return to the even-handed policy of the 1980 For our own domestic reasons also, we need to take firm Refugee Act, which made no distinction based on race or measures to see that Russians who come to America are not religion between applicants for refugee status. At least ethnic encouraged to seek asylum but to return to Russia. Russians should be given equal opportunity to qualify for As part of its human rights policy, the Clinton Administra¬ entry ter the United States under any special program that may tion will wish to address the fears of discrimination and need to be created, in consultation with our European allies, persecution that are driving the exodus of minorities, particu¬ to deal with an emergency exodus of people from Russia and larly Russians, from Central Asia and the Baltic states. Already other CIS states. upwards of 1 million Russians have returned to the federa¬ Meanwhile, with humanitarian and perhaps housing assis¬ tion. Local antipathies are hard to address, but we can, at least, tance, we may be able to ease the transition of refugees tie extensions of foreign aid to serious efforts by local returning to Russia so that they do not try to move on to the governments to protect their minorities. This is a particularly West. sensitive issue in the Baltic states where the population insists that the Russians are “occupiers” and a Fifth Column, not a A NEW VOICE legitimate national minority. In the perception of some For a brief period, the Bush Administration was able to Russians, Americans speak out vociferously on the issue of count on almost automatic support from a Russian govern¬ human rights in Russia only when the perceived victims are ment visibly anxious to please. Clinton will not be so Jews. Nothing would do more for the American image in fortunate. Russia has already begun to speak with a distinctly Russia than to have American representatives at international independent, Russian voice on issues like Iraq. In his speech conferences speak out loudly in defense of Russian minori¬ to senior officials of the Russian Foreign Ministry on October ties. Our goal should be to remove the Russian-minority issue 27, 1992, Yeltsin made plain his feeling that Russian foreign as a pretext for Russian chauvinists to tiy either to bully CIS policy, and his controversial foreign minister, Kozyrev, have governments or to snip off parts of CIS states where there are been too timid in standing up for Russian national interests. large Russian minorities. In part, his remarks were tactical, to protect his flank from Human rights zealots will be tempted to complain of attacks on his foreign policy by right-wing “patriots,” but they 38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 were also the remarks of a tough, emotional politician, who the federation), should Russia initiate a massive reannament resents what he senses is a lack of respect by the West for a program that went beyond the badly needed modernization Russia that has made too many concessions without adequate of its armed forces, should Russian officials seek once again reciprocity. to lower a curtain of secrecy around their military and other The chauvinist right in Russia has not yet found a programs, or should Russia replace its policy of cooperation charismatic leader capable of challenging Yeltsin, and revers¬ with the United States by efforts to build a coalition of states, ing the generally pro-Western thrust of his foreign policy. particularly in the Third World, directed against “American Many of the ingredients, however, that brought an irrational hegemony.” leader to power in Weimar Germany are present in trauma¬ tized Russia today. Support for the UN has become a key HELPING HAND plank in Yeltsin’s foreign policy, but ultra-rightists oppose UN Ambassador Lukin asked that America give Russia the intervention in Bosnia. 'I'hey see a worrisome precedent benefit of the doubt, not necessarily siding with Moscow on should Russians in Moldava or the Baltic states undertake contentious issues but “playing the role of facilitator of good their own policy of “ethnic cleansing,” and they are trying to relations between Russia and its neighbors.” In addition to drive a wedge between Yeltsin and the West on the issue of providing patient understanding and discreet council, when Slavic solidarity. While the lunatic fringe accuses Yeltsin of asked, there are some concrete actions that the administration being part of a global Masonic Zionist plot to destroy Russia, might take to help Russia play the positive role in world affairs some latter-day Slavophiles envisage an alliance between a to which it aspires. reconstituted Russian empire and nationalist forces in West¬ By perhaps adjusting our naval posture in the area of ern Europe against the “decadent consumer civilization” of Japan, or by other means, we could try to defuse the America. This “patriotic” demagoguery has thrown the demo¬ confrontation over the Northern Territories, making some crats on the defensive. Fortunately, even conservative nation¬ staged withdrawal from the four disputed islands more alists recognize that it would take a bloody civil war to force acceptable to Russian public opinion and large-scale aid to newly independent states like Ukraine back under Russian Russia more acceptable to the Japanese public. rule. To facilitate Russian military withdrawal also from the Deprived of Kiev, the city that gave birth to Rus, the Baltic states, we might examine the utility of a Nordic security Russians must find some other meaningful identity for their conference, in which we would explore with the Scandina¬ gigantic Federation. Writing in the fall, 1992, issue of Foreign vians, Balts, and Russians arms limitations in the Baltic region. Policy Russia’s ambassador to Washington, Vladimir Lukin, A serious effort should also be made to involve Russia in spoke of the need for Russia to develop a “restrained, the development of an enlarged peacekeeping role for the democratic nationalism, a kind of mature patriotism ... [that] United Nations, to include the eannarking of Russian troops. is new in Russia’s long history. ” He warned, however, that this In a myriad of small ways, the Clinton Administration has sort of mature nationalism cannot develop “in an environ¬ an opportunity to try and convince the Russian leaders and ment of national humiliation.” He appeared particularly people that America is, indeed, a good neighbor, and would concerned lest the United States try, once again, to ring Russia like to help Russia become, in Lukin’s words, “an integral with hostile states, starting with Ukraine and the Baltics, member of the democratic community.” Cooperative rela¬ which would be disastrous for the democratic evolution of tions should not be postulated, however, on Russia’s becom¬ Russia. We can share Lukin’s hope of seeing Russia play a ing in our lifetime a western-style democracy. We should be positive, stabilizing role, helping to promote a “Europeanized content to watch the yeast of democracy and freedom work Germany” rather than a “Germanized Europe,” containing slowly, in its Russian way. Our long-term partnership must be ethnic rivalries and Islamic fundamentalism in Central Asia, based simply on respect for each other’s efforts to become and preventing the emergence of any dominant power in the better than we are and on the need to preserve peace Far East. between us and to strengthen peace throughout the world. Lukin is, of course, correct in his belief that the best ban ier The ultimate decision—whether Russia earns its place as a to resurgent Russian imperialism will be a return to pride in responsible power in the family of nations, or, again in Lukin’s a Mother Russia that has taken control of its economic destiny words, “remains outside it and poses a threat to itself and the and is playing a positive, respected role in international rest of the world”—is one that only the Russian people can affairs. But these goals will not come easily for a country so make. ■ divided within itself over human values and future policies. Tire Clinton Administration should have no doubt, how¬ Thompson R. Buchanan worked on Soviet affairs in the ever, regarding the determination of the Russian people to State Department’s intelligence area from 1948-55 and in modernize their state, at their own pace and in their own way, the Office of Soviet Union Affairsfrom 1968-70. He served with or without Western aid. The watchwords of the admin¬ three tours in the Soviet Union, the last as consul general istration must be not only patient helpfulness but also quiet in Leningrad. Since retirement, he has prepared analyses vigilance. Washington will need to revise the assumptions on for the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, interviewed which current policy is postulated should the Russian military refugees in Moscow for the Immigration and Naturaliza¬ invade a neighboring state, with or without government tion Service in 1990-91, and helped the embassy with approval (excluding moves to crush separatist activity within humanitarian relief in 1992. APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 Editor’s Note: With Ibis article, the Foreign Service Journal Foreign Service Cookbooks: inaugurates an occasional column on cooking and recipes and what food reveals about A Slice of Life foreign cultures. Written by guest BY ANN LUPPI VON MEHREN contributors, the column will explore foreign cultures and Foreign Service life through food. “WJjat! one may perhaps say, yet another work on cookery? This column looks at a group of For some years note the public has been inundated by a cookbooks written by Foreign flood of writings of this kind. ” Service spouses. 'The author, a former editor of the —From Le Manuel des Officiers de Bouche, 1759 Foreign Service Journal, remem¬ bers spectacular dining growing up in a Foreign Service family in Pakistan. India, and Canada. he Schlesinger Library on sents a tradition of a population of T the History of Women in women.” America at Radcliffe College The 1972 Directive on Wives, which is interested in collecting changed the traditional status of For¬ cookbooks published by eign Service spouses by barring their American women while serving at mention in the employee’s efficiency posts abroad.” This advertisement ran report, marks a watershed that is ap¬ in the Foreig n Service Journal in 1989- preciable in the cookbooks. For ex¬ 90. Curious to find out the purpose of ample, the American Women’s Club collecting these cookbooks and what of Djakarta cookbook of 1969 in¬ had come from the ad, i recently cludes a foreword by the “wife of the visited the library in Cambridge, Mas¬ charge d’affaires,” most likely a for¬ sachusetts. I learned that scholars are mality, since the chief of mission’s increasingly studying cookbooks to wife was frequently honorary presi¬ trace undiscovered aspects of women’s dent of an association, and lists con¬ lives and the social history of commu¬ tributors by “Mrs. (husband’s name),” nities. But I was disappointed to find as does Savoir Fare, the American fewer than 20 cookbooks produced Women’s Club of Brussels 1966 cook¬ by overseas American women’s com¬ book, which is even dedicated to “our munity groups in the library’s collec¬ long-suffering husbands.” The refer¬ tion. ences to marital status and dedica¬ To the curators of the library, these tions to husbands disappear or become cookbooks can open a window not less pronounced in the 1970s. only on how Americans eat and enter¬ The cookbooks can also be read to tain abroad but on highly distinct determine whether the overseas com¬ subcultures formed by women stuck munity was attempting to recreate in some often obscure part of the America or acclimate to the foreign world. The library is not seeking “yet post. About half the cookbooks in the another recipe for Grape Nuts pud¬ collection reflect in varying degrees ding,” said Barbara Wheaton, honor¬ an effort to bring home the best of ary curator of the culinary collection. local cooking. Foreign Service people The Foreign Service cookbook repre¬ usually get to eat the finest local 40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 cuisine by dining with the leaders of tion. The book also includes an “Indo¬ books, because life there requires an the host country. Such access enables nesian Tips” chapter that gives a good overseas community to find and ex¬ members of the Foreign Service to idea of how the post earned its hard¬ change lore. Posts with more ameni¬ acquire experiences of “considerable ship differential (a pinch of salt to a ties may not need as much to jell into authenticity,” Wheaton believes, not gallon of boiled drinking water elimi¬ a community or to get guidance on only about the host country’s food but nates the flat taste; store local beef in local markets and foods. The Interna¬ also about the lives of the people. the fridge 24-48 hours before tional Cookery Exposure to the “best food” also al¬ freezing to improve qual¬ • Book for India, lows Foreign Service women to bring ity; use crushed pa¬ produced by into the published record the high paya leaves to the United cuisine of their host country. tenderize meat; Nations The most complete effort in this saturate mat¬ \ Women’s genre is Cooking In Morocco, a pro¬ tresses with duction of the American Women’s clean Association of Rabat. Originally ed¬ gasoline ited by Jan Cusick, it was revised in and place 1977 by Helen Kindler Behrens, who in sun till wrote a cooking/entertaining column fumes are for the Foreign Service Journal years gone to elimi¬ ago. The cookbook is entirely Moroc¬ nate bedbugs; a can cuisine and includes extensive bar of soap in a descriptions of Moroccan life, food, stored suitcase cookware, and spices. prevents musti¬ The American Women’s Club of ness, and so on Djakarta cookbook offers a good bal¬ for five pages). ancing act between the two strategies, Hardship posts incorporating both multinational reci¬ may inspire the most pes and an extensive Indonesian sec¬ comprehensive cook¬ UNBELIEVABLE PACKAGE • Government Per Diem available • Apartment style suites with fully furnished kitchens including dishes, silverware and cooking utensils • On-premise coin-operated laundry facilities • Daily laundry and valet service • FIORE’s ITALIAN CAFFE/Room Service European Elegance with American Value • Long term rates available • Complimentary Washington Post and shoe shine • Complimentary Continental breakfast • VIP Services PERFECT LOCATION • 2 blocks to the State Department • 1 block to Foggy Bottom Metro 824 New Hampshire Ave., N.W. • Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 337-6620 • (800) 426-4455 • FAX (202) 298-7499 APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 G L O B A L G 0 U R MET ★ ★ ★ ★ GREENLINE FORWARDING INC. exporters specializing in Association in New tions, recipes, Appliances Delhi in 1972, “was and ideas about guided in our choice how to run a G.E. • WHIRLPOOL of recipes by those SPEED QUEEN • EUREKA happy house.” whose ingredients are MOST MAJOR BRANDS Phyllis Kane also available in India.” Like¬ turned to writing Refrigerators—Freezers wise the sole cri¬ about her culi¬ Washers—Dryers—Ranges terion for nary pursuits TV's-VCR's recipes in Air Conditioners overseas far from Unto American conve¬ Ceiling Fans Kariskci nience, with Microwave Ovens Somalida/ Notes from an Replacement Parts Cooking O All electric currents and cycles A m erica n in Soma¬ Kitchen In Office Supplies lia, the Dakar, a 1971 American ASK ABOUT lrook-length es¬ Women’s Club of Mogadiscio’s cook¬ say on French cooking Senegalese-style. OUR FULL-COLOR, 834-PAGE book, was “the availability in Some groups stick simply to gather¬ CATALOG. LIST PRICES Mogadiscio of all the required ingre¬ ing up and sharing the contributors’ DISCOUNTED 20%. dients.” This period piece leads with favorite dishes. But several cookbooks Auto Parts Somali recipes, some with anecdotal offer their multicultural mix of recipes commentary evocative of a bygone for the use of the host country as well. PARTS SUPPLIED FOR era. “Somali-style goat” contributed ANY FOREIGN OR DOMESTIC What's Cooking in Rio, from the by “Bruna Stahnke instructed by Jama MODEL MEETING U.S. Fundacao Escolar Pan Americana, gives Yusuf’ was perhaps a nod to Stahnke’s recipes in both English and Portuguese; SPECIFICATIONS locally hired cook and if so a rare a Mexico City American Women's Group ► General Motors our specialty original credit. From the Crocodiles, project, El Cookbook, has English and Computers produced in 1981 by the International Spanish versions of each recipe. Women’s Club of Kaduna, Nigeria, Since American women overseas fre¬ IBM COMPATIBLES lists Hausa maganarkasuwa or “words quently dedicate part of their time to DESKTOPS AND PORTABLES of the market” to enable the user to charitable works in the host country, it Competitive software pricing live off the local economy. The is suiprising that a number of these O All CPU's 110V. 220V switchable Bamako Community Liaison Office cookbooks fail to mention their pur¬ produced What's Cooking in 1988, pose. Tire Rio book noted it is the ★ and it begins with a paean to “the product of “a group of international versatile mango” and highlights Mali’s If your commissary volunteer women who wish to make a as well as other African nations’ cui¬ or local market doesn't contribution to Brazil, and who have sine. Distinguishing a non-hardship have an item you need, chosen to concentrate their efforts in the post, the Benvenuto Club of Milan we'll find it for you. field of primary education, where the chose a businesslike approach-—the need is so great.” Mexico City used its cookbook includes advertisements proceeds to aid its scholarship fund. / NO ORDER IS TOO SMALL from local shops. The American-Hindi Cook Book was Many of these books include recipes compiled by the American Women’s Greenline Forwarding, Inc. for “playdough,” paints, clay, and other Club of New Delhi, which allowed the 9495 N.W. 12 Street American kids’ stuff. Recipes for clean¬ Indian Adult Education Association to Miami, Florida 33172 ers and play materials and, indeed, food reprint it to raise funds. Telephone (305) 593-6862 offer help not on how to be the ideal Other relevant information is miss¬ Facsimile (305) 593-6865 housewife but on how to live a full ing from the history these books could Telex 153183 GRNLN community life in the Foreign Service. tell, sometimes even the date of publi¬ One book that has extensive household cation or names of contributors or espe¬ and family-life tips is How To Cope In cially the cookbook committee’s Karachi, by Mary Thomas Sargent, which members. No mention of the vital role she introduced as “a batch of sugges¬ and character of that Foreign Service 42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 GLO B AL GQUR MET (Executive cjCodffintj. ^diternativeS institution, the commissary, is on record over the years, but the message that a in any book, although many of them library wants them must not have gotten Interim Accommodations for offer recipes that clearly rely on com¬ out. It may be difficult to let go of your The Corporate and Government missary stocks—Campbell soups, Jello, favorite cookbooks, but consider donat¬ Markets Skippy peanut butter, and other 20th- ing them, along with descriptions of the century staples. Some books make no community each came from, for mention of local markets at all. The ad posterity’s sake. Along with explanatory c/tfiaxtmznti letters and supporting documentation that ran in the Foreign Service Journal 4“ ^Joivn/ioaua asked that contributions be accompa¬ accompanying gifts of cookbooks, the 4" cStnafr amiCu oHo nied with contextual materials so that library will also consider accepting con¬ potential researchers might better un¬ tributions of menus and guest lists from derstand the communities these books memorable functions arranged by For¬ FOR THE EXECUTIVE ON THE MOVE” represent. However, it appears that eign Service spouses, with accompany¬ only Mary Thomas Sargent provided an ing explanations about the historically explanatory letter with Rico—A Cook significant occasion (e.g., a presidential LOCATIONS Book, done by the Women’s Club of visit or treaty signing), which would be Tegucigalpa, describing how the book stored in hanging files in the archives Crystal City was put together and pasted up on her and made available to historical re¬ Ballston kitchen table. The library particularly searchers. Manuscripts are not collected. Rosslyn wants information about the commu¬ Queries or donations should be directed to: nity and the voluntary association, such Ms. Barbara Haber, Springfield as contemporaneous newsletters. Curator of Printed Books, Alexandria Undoubtedly there have been hun¬ 10 Garden Street, Tyson’s Corner dreds of these cookbooks produced Cambridge, MA 02138. ■ Reston Falls Church Listen to Newsweek McLean Conversations on cassette with newsmakers, celebrities, Washington, D.C. authors and the reporters of Newsweek worldwide. Call today for your introductory • Furnished and 10-week subscription to unfurnished "Newsweek On Air" • Furnished units fully equipped and for only $29.95. • accessorized Each week you'll • Pets and children receive an audio welcome in many locations cassette covering • Many “walk to metro” politics, health, locations \ science, entertainment, • Accommodations to fit specific requirements finance, and international 9 • Variable length leases stories from the current issue of Newsweek. available. 1 (800) 227-7388 Fax: (703) 642-3619 1 (800) CAS-SETTE 5105-K Backlick Rd. or send a check payable to: Annandale, Virginia 22003 MARK56 Records ” P.O. 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This may was U.S. minister in Madrid through about the gates; the city holding out in occasion some trouble and some several years of this tumultuous period. the hope of relief from troops . . . scenes of violence. Narvaez, how¬ Thefollowing dispatch describes the siege which were known to be on the ever, has the power at present to and capture of Madrid by General march for the capital. Aware of their impose his own terms, but will doubt¬ Ramon Maria Narvaez, overthrowing approach, the besiegers repeated their less be influenced by leading men of then-regent Baldomero Espartero. demands to surrender, with threats of his party within the city, who will be Narvaez remained in power for eight a general attack and of rigorous terms cautious not to exasperate the popu¬ yearn, holding sway over Queen Isabella in case the place were carried by lace. II, who was just 13 yea is old a 'hen Irving storm. . . . I consider this blow as decisive of penned this report. Apprehension that, should the city the political fortunes of the Regent. be carried by storm, the lives of the Other troops from various points are Madrid, July 22,1843 youthful queen and her sister might marching upon the capital, where the Sir: be endangered by the defense being insurgents will soon concentrate a Since the date of my last despatch pushed to an extremity, and the pal¬ force of between 30,000 and 40,000 Madrid has been in a state of siege. The ace used as a citadel, the diplomatic men. The insurrection is too wide and insurgent troops from Leon and old corps addressed a note to the govern¬ general to be quelled by any troops Castile under General Aspiros took a ment, urging the utmost caution with the Regent can collect. He is at present position on one side while a superior respect to the safety of the royal in Andalusia, seeking it is said to bring force under General Narvaez, who had children and offering to repair in that rich province into obedience. managed to out maneuver or out march person to the palace and be near the Others think he is desirous of making the Regent’s generals, invested it on the queen at any moment their presence his way to Cadiz, from whence, in other. They had brought no artillery and might be deemed useful. This offer case of extremity, he may embark and evidently calculated on a cooperation was respectfully declined. save himself by sea. On hearing of the from within, expecting that a Two days since, the besieging troops, single defection of the army and the pronunciamento would take place and finding the advancing forces of the capture of the capital it is thought he the gates be thrown open to them: or at regency were near at hand, drew off to will either resign or endeavor to leave least that the city being defended mainly a distance of two or three leagues, the kingdom. by the national guard would soon sur¬ where they took up a position. . . . I shall keep this despatch open render. In this expectation they were Tidings are incessantly expected of a until the last moment, to give any disappointed. The militia behaved ad¬ battle decisive of the fate of the capital. further tidings that may arise. mirably. Martial law was proclaimed on July 23. The question is decided. Ia m Sir, the 10th inst. On the 12th the whole The amiies met yesterday morning; a Very Respectfully population seemed under amts, and few shots were exchanged when a Your obedient 20,000 men, well equipped, were at the general embracing took place between Washington Irving orders of the Captain General of Madrid. the soldiery, and the troops of the The gates were barricaded, batteries regency joined the insurgents. . . . The Editor’s Note: This historical dis¬ planted commanding the approaches city was overwhelmed with astonish¬ patch and explanatory note were pro¬ to the city, trenches digged and breast¬ ment. The members of the cabinet re¬ vided to the Journal by Peter D. 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VA 22180 down and persecuted by the first two tales of heroism, whether for the French, Tale of Tragedy for their earlier alliances, and forcibly later for the Americans, and still later for TRAGIC MOUNTAINS: THE HMONG, THE rebuffed by the Thai, who have already themselves after the French and the been burdened by too many refugees Americans had left. She saw the hurt of AMERICANS AND THE SECRET WARS FOR from Cambodia and Vietnam. misplaced tmst, their alienation and LAOS, 1942-1992 Adding to this tale of sadness and confusion as refugees in a strange and By Jane Hamilton-Merritt, Indiana tragedy, the Hmong’s former allies in indifferent America, and their University Press, 1993, $29-95 war—France and America—have aban¬ unassuaged sense of abandonment by a hardcover, 448 pages doned them in peace, leaving them to great people to whom they gave their their fate at the hands of their new trust and, many of them, their lives. Reviewed by Robert H. Miller masters, the Lao and Hanoi regimes. Reading this well-written, thoroughly Tragic Mountains is the tale of a Both these regimes have brought dras¬ documented story gives one the feeling people, the Hmong, from the moun¬ tic, inhuman punishment against them, of viewing the Vietnam War through the tains of northeastern Laos, condemned killing them, torturing them, and per¬ wrong end of a telescope positioned in by geography, history, and fate to haps worst of all, soaking them in the war’s furthest corner, the mountains struggle for their existence against a showers of “yellow rain,” a poisonous of Laos; one gains a “Hmong-ocentric” succession of hostile forces much view of that war. Such a nar¬ larger and more powerful than Jane Hamilton-Merritt has based this tale of rowly focused view parallels the Hmong themselves. It is in¬ woe on meticulous, painstaking research many others of the Vietnam deed a tragic tale, with its begin¬ war—that of the South Viet¬ nings in the mists of history. over many years. When most American namese who gave their tmst to The Hmong people migrated journalists were seeking the pot of gold in the United States and fought centuries ago out of southern Vietnam, where many made fame and for¬ unsuccessfully with it to prevent China, pushed by the southward the worst from happening; suc¬ expansion of the 1 lan peoples. tune, Hamilton-Merritt was among the very cessive Lao regimes, which did From their acquired homeland in few who chose to focus on the first Ameri¬ the same; Cambodians who the mountains of northeast Laos, can crisis in Indochina—Laos—and to stay found themselves in the same over the centuries the Hmong sinking boat; and in all three have had to defend themselves focused on it. countries, mountain minority against enemy tribes, the Chi¬ peoples who for centuries have nese, the Vietnamese, the Lao, the chemical that has led to much illness been oppressed by the far more popu¬ French, the Americans, and the Thai. and death among them. As the author lous, more homogeneous, more eco¬ The French and Americans have gone, points out, despite the mass of evidence nomically developed peoples of the but the others remain for the rest of time. of this chemical warfare, no one in the lowlands. In modern times, these struggles world community has pressed charges The United States indeed bears a have divided the Hmong against them¬ against the Laotians or Vietnamese. heavy responsibility for all this during its selves: some sided with the Vietnamese Line Hamilton-Merritt has based this war in Indochina. It bears responsibility against the Lao, some with the Lao tale of woe on meticulous, painstaking above all, for believing, and leading against the Vietnamese, some with the research over many years. When most others to believe, that it could not help Vietnamese against the French, some American journalists were seeking the but win against a small, fanatical regime with the French against the Vietnamese, pot of gold in Vietnam, where many that embraced an oppressive, totalitar¬ some with the Lao and the Americans made fame and fortune, Hamilton-Merritt ian ideology. But the United States first against the Vietnamese, and some with was among the vety few who chose to of all bears that responsibility to its own the Vietnamese against the Lao and the focus on the first American crisis in people, who are still dealing with the Americans. Indochina—Laos—and to stay focused trauma, the costs, and the losses of that Now, after the departure of the French on it. She spent years recording the fate unsuccessful war. At the same time, and the Americans and the victory of the of the Hmong in the mountains of Laos, Americans should not overlook the fact Communist regimes in Hanoi and in the refugee camps of Thailand, and in that, despite its failures in Indochina Vientiane, once again the Hmong find the resettlement communities in the itself, the United States’ larger objective themselves caught between the Lao, the United States. She gained their tmst, in fighting that war was realized: the rest Vietnamese and the Thai—often tracked interviewed many of them, heard their of Southeast Asia has been left able to 48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 SHORT-TERM RENTALS 2 weeks — 6 months APARTMENTS & TOWN HOMES follow its own paths to independence, “commonplace book.” A commonplace Foreign Service Institute, to developing political institutions; and book, for the uninitiated, is a time- Foggy Bottom and the ASEAN region’s economies are grow¬ honored literary tool—now falling into government offices a short ing at rates envied by the rest of the disuse—that lends itself to reference, in METRORAIL ride away world. the words of Benet’s Reader’s Encyclo¬ All this, of course, is small comfort to pedia, “as a storage place for thought, or FREE SHUTTLE the Hmong and the many others who as a collected miscellany of arguments to nearby lost that war with us but cannot go on any given theme.” Huntington MetroRail home as we could. I cannot help but Roy Melbourne’s themes are the Station wonder what would have happened to changes and chances of a Foreign Ser¬ them, however, if the United States had vice professional life. In Melbourne’s not been tempted to fight the cause of case that life spanned 35 years of active freedom in that part of the world. Would duty and continued on into retirement. HUNTINGTON the Hmong be better off today? Or Since he turned in his badge in 1972, GATEWAY would they have continued to be perse¬ Melbourne has been teaching and lec¬ cuted by the Lao, by the Vietnamese, turing on international relations at Alexandria's newest and and by the Chinese, as they had been for Newbeny College, Duke University, and most desirable location centuries before Americans had ever on the University of Pittsburgh’s Semes¬ heard of Indochina (or before America ter at Sea. NO BETTER PLACE even existed)? The selection and arrangement of his NO BETTER PRICE Hamilton-Merritt has written a grip¬ ping tale that needed telling, and her work is indeed prodigious. But it is a tale with many morals, not the least of Melbourne’s themes Featuring ... which is that the Hmongs are not alone are the changes and • Rates well below per diem by any means in their betrayal and chances of Foreign Service • Flexible leasing suffering; moreover, their betrayal and • Elegantly furnished suffering can be laid at many doorsteps professional life. • Fully equipped kitchen; linens; TV over many decades in a comer of the • Washer/dryer, dishwasher, microwave, world where external powers have been in each unit by no means alone in applying force to • Cable TV & local phone service included achieve their national goals. miscellany reflect a teacher’s outlook. Although arranged in chronological or¬ • Indoor/outdoor pool • Tennis courts Robert H. Miller’s posts in the Foreign der, Melbourne’s entries set side by side • Indoor racquetball and basketball courts Service included that of ambassador to some engaging personal notes about • Fitness center Malaysia. his living arrangements and recreations, enough of the day’s topical headlines to • Sauna, steam rooms, whirlpool set his own professional activities in • Garage parking A Storage Place context, and cogent, instructive notes • On-site retail stores for Thought about the foreign policy issues or opera¬ • Major credit cards accepted tions in which he was absorbed from CONFLICT AND CRISES: A FOREIGN 1-800-933-8367 assignment to assignment. Fax 703-329-8659 SERVICE STORY The substantive chunks of Conflict By Roy M. Melbourne, University Press and Crises have more to do with the 5990 Richmond Highway of America, 1993, $38.50 hardcover, way American foreign policy is con¬ Alexandria, VA 22303 300 pages ducted than with what its objectives should be. Melbourne was an early ^KCorporate Reviewed by Daniel Newberry Cold Warrior, even before being one WSxcciftivc Our service was fashionable or official. He scarcely Wj TEMPORARY DOgi/IS There should be nothing incongru¬ H o u s i N G the day ous about calling Foreign Service officer mentions the Vietnam War. His readers V INC 1 Serving YOU Call! Roy Melbourne’s memoir a splendid should not look for searching analyses J Northern Virginia APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 49 BOOKS of American foreign policy objectives. are muted notes of chagrin about that, rural Tennessee, laundry soap as tooth¬ Where Conflict and Crises excels is but Melbourne does not dwell on it. The paste, newspaper in the outhouse, and in the recurring diagnoses that implicit message in Conjlict and Crises survival fare of beans and wild rabbit. Melbourne brings to bear on the pro¬ is that the Foreign Service offers a World War II and, more specifically, the gram management and planning fea¬ uniquely satisfying arena in which to Navy V-12 program educated Rowan tures of each of his Foreign Service exercise one’s patriotism, intellectual and commissioned him an officer and a posts. His enduring concern is “profes¬ curiosity, and a conviction that there is gentleman. Today’s gays in the military sionalism," and therein lies the unique always a way to do a good job even issue comes to mind as Rowan recalls a value of Melbourne’s book for Foreign better. The corollary is that the service, 1944 aside by a senior military man: Service Journal readers. Younger read¬ with all its faults, is so organized and “This integration will blow up the first ers will discover that many contempo¬ staffed that there should never be an day a Negro officer walks into a ship’s rary service problems have been around excuse for anyone’s being bored any¬ wardroom.” for a long time. where. Foreign Service recruiters would The Rowan book is colloquial, stud¬ Older readers will no doubt find do well to put Melbourne’s book high ded with pungent quotes, most of them many erf Melbourne’s commentaries on suggested reading lists. his own, most of them indignant, many resonate with their own experiences. ribald. Older readers tort are more likely to Daniel Newberry is a retired Foreign His writings on civil rights brought enjoy the gossipy content sprinkled Service officer. Rowan national recognition and a State throughout the book. Melbourne iden¬ Department invitation to lecture in In¬ tifies the good guys and gals and pours dia for three months. “My eyes got praise on them. He targets the bad guys Inside Rowan bigger than doughnuts when I read that without naming names, but every For¬ if selected I would be paid expenses eign Service old-timer will be able to BREAKING BARRIERS, A MEMOIR plus $723 per month. ‘GoodLord, I said guess who is being skewered. by Carl T. Rowan to fmy wife] Viv, 'that’s more money For the non-Foreign Service reader Little Brown & Co.. 1991, S22.95 than double my [Minneapolis] Tribune there are episodes of privileged insight. hardcover salary!”’ Roy Melbourne was in Bucharest in In the event, Rowan got the Tribune 1945 when the U.S. government still Reviewed by Jack H. Shellenberger to continue paying half his salary during thought it possible to have free elections Carl Rowan’s just-published bestseller his sojourn. It went well beyond three in a Romania occupied by the Soviet on the world of Thurgood Marshall, months and well beyond India to South¬ Army. He was in Kobe, Japan, during Dream Makers. Dream Breaker; re¬ east Asia and garnered him, inter alia, the lead-up to Pearl Harbor. After being kindles an interest in not only the sub¬ the title, “Foreign Correspondent of the interned and subsequently released, ject but the author of that work. There Year.” Melbourne was in Istanbul deeply in¬ is a lot of breakage in both men’s lives. With John F. Kennedy’s election, volved in sifting intelligence reports Rowan’s memoir, now two years in Rowan unexpectedly found himself coming out of the Nazi-occupied print, is essentially an angry if not offered and accepting a high public- Balkans. outraged recitation of what the writer affairs post at “the State Department Melbourne was in Tehran when the endured during decades of involve¬ plantation,” where he quickly showed CIA mounted the counter-coup that ment in public affairs. “that 1 was not a tame black who would drove out Mosadegh and restored the Those of us who have been regular bend meekly to the white establish¬ Shah. Melbourne was charge d’affaires viewers of the talk show “Inside Wash¬ ment.” He challenged and memoed in Baghdad in 1962 when Baathists ington," and its forerunner, “Agronsky and bucked to Kennedy’s reported per¬ overthrew and murdered President and Company,” or readers of his syndi¬ verse glee. Qasim. During the Biafra war in Nigeria, cated column will find Rowan’s memoir Any who have been at the fringes of Melbourne chaired an interagency task consistent with his persona as a some¬ an LBJ overseas swing will relish Rowan’s force for humanitarian relief. At the times sardonic, occasionally avuncular, inside account of then Vice President Foreign Service Institute in 1965 and but mostly critical commentator on the Johnson’s circus-like foray through Asia, 1966 Melbourne was in position, as establishment, the power brokers, the and recall his pique at being the odd dean of the School of Foreign Affairs, to elites, and the icons. man out at the White House. impart to others the fruit of three de¬ Yet, as his book makes clear, Carl But although the stage of this mem¬ cades of devoted and courageous pro¬ Rowan himself, by the time he reached oir is peopled by many of the world’s fessionalism. 30, was a nationally recognized, award¬ celebrated, the narrator moves among This was by no means a common¬ winning Midwestern journalist, an Afri¬ them and delivers the punch lines. A place career, even though it was not can-American icon-in-the-making whose 1963 example: “I walked into the Oval crowned with an ambassadorship. There origins included a rat-infested home in Office...’Good morning, Mr. President 50 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 BOOKS MARTENS VOLVO [Kennedy]. I just came to see if I can convince you not to send press rules to Dedicated to Diplomacy Viet Nam that will get you in a lot of Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats trouble.’ ‘Now Carl,’ he said, “isn’t that a bunch of s—?’” Rowan responded, and Members of International Organizations ‘“When this telegram leaks and your ass is in a sling, you won’t think it’s a bunch of s .’” Colloquies of this sort abound, whether at State or during Rowan’s brief tenures as ambassador to Finland and director of USIA, the former at the instance of JFK, the latter at the urging of LBJ. His departure from government service had to do with both principle and profit. He felt that Johnson was using him, and there were those mu¬ nificent offers from Westinghouse, Readers’ Digest, and the Chicago Daily Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director News. 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Write for my Real Estate Information Package! « Completely furnished and Carolyn Mooney c/o McEneamey Associates, Inc. accessorized. 1320 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101 * ideal for State Department and 703/790-9090 or Fax 703/734-9460 Foreign Service personnel relocatitrg Name: or on a temporary assignment. Address: 800/776.5057 703/506.3993 phone 703/506.3997fax CLASSIFIEDS PROPERTY MGMT. vides more personal care and ment #5012, Washington, D.C. of furnished and equipped attention to you and your Ar- 20016 $157,000. CALL JIM (202) efficiencies, one-bedrooms, RESIDENTIAL PROP¬ lington or Fairfax County 362-2721. two-bedrooms and some fur¬ ERTY MANAGER concentrat¬ home than PEAKE MANAGE¬ RETURNING TO D.C.? nished houses. Many wel¬ ing on northwest Washington, MENT, INC. Call, write or fax Real estate prices are where come pets. For brochures & D.C. neighborhoods offers Lindsey Peake, 6842 Elm they were in the late 80’s, in¬ info: EXECUTIVE HOUSING CON¬ extensive personal attention Street, Suite 303, McLean, VA terest rates the lowest in 20 SULTANTS, INC., Short Term and professional service for 22101. (703) 448-0212 Phone, years—now may be a good Rental, 7315 Wisconsin Ave., your rental and management (703) 448-0236 Fax. time for you to buy. I have Suite 1020 East, Bethesda, MD needs. Information available WASHINGTON MAN provided exclusive represen¬ 20814. (301) 951-4111. Re¬ on our services. Contact Shan- AGEMENT SERVICES: Resi¬ tation to many Foreign Ser¬ serve early! Avoid disappoint¬ non Rodes, METRO CONDO dential property management vice employees as a buyer ment! MANAGEMENT, INC. 1720 Florida is our only business. Call, agent. For important informa¬ BERKELEY SPRINGS, Avenue, NW Washington, write, or fax MARY BETH OTTO, tion on the benefits of buyer WV: Offers living at its best. D.C. 20009. (202) 332-7574, 2015 Q St. NW, Washington, agency send for a free report Ask those of us who’ve cho¬ Fax: (202) 387-6155. D.C. 20009. Tel. (202) 462- available from MARILYN CAN¬ sen it! Be it land now for fu¬ FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: 7212, Fax (202) 332-0798. TRELL, GRI, Associate Broker at ture building (or investment), Professional, residential, Mary Price-FIowell Properties, a cabin for restful weekends, property management service REAL ESTATE 6402 Arlington Boulevard, or a downscaled (and “down for Northern Virginia proper¬ Falls Church, VA 22042. (703) taxed") home here, we’ll help ties. Expertise and personal FOR RENT: Four bedroom 533-3333, Fax (703) 538-6092. you find it. For example: attention to detail are the hall¬ three bath house on wooded ELEGANT APARTMENTS CACAPON EAST: 37 lots marks of our established firm. half acre. Near Vienna Metro AT RIVER PLACE. Arlington, atop Cacapon Mountain adja¬ References provided, JIM and Interstate 66. New VA; Efficiencies one-, two- cent to the State Park where FAHEY, 9520 B Lee Highway, kitchen, fireplace full base¬ bedrooms, two blocks from there’s golfing, swimming, Fairfax, VA 22031 (703) 691- ment. Available July. $1300 metro, FSI. Bike or Metro to tennis and averaging 3 acres 2006, Fax (703) 691-2009- per month plus utilities. 1001 Pentagon. Superior furnish¬ from $25,000. With spectacu¬ J.P. PROPERTIES: Com¬ Ware Street, Vienna VA 22180, ings, immediate phone and lar views...and going fast. plete professional dedication (703) 255-9865. CATV, microwave, linens and BRICK RANCHER with to the management of resi¬ ALEXANDRIA, VA. Lovely many amenities. Site has spa, 3BRs, 2BAs, family room, par¬ dential property in Northern home near Mount Vernon rates within your per diem. quet floors in foyer, formal DR Virginia. Brokers with Foreign Parkway, minutes from D.C. 5 Call or fax SOJOURNER HOUSLNG and living room with brick Service overseas living expe¬ Bedrooms, 3 Baths, Living at (301) 762-7692 for brochure fireplace.. HP, CAC. Walkout rience and 13 years in residen¬ Room, Dining Room. Florida or reservations. basement on 1.92 ac. in pres¬ ts 1 real estate. We work for Room, Family Room, Garage, FLORIDA. Enjoy the best tigious area and more yc U. JOHN PIEKNEY OR JAMES in-ground Pool, large Deck. of living all year. Former FSO $135,000. GOLDEN, 301 Maple Avenue Secluded landscape 1/4 acre. Paul Byrnes, PRUDENTIAL COUNTRY ESTATE or W -st, Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. $335,000. Call ANN LOCKWOOD FLORIDA REALTY, 100 N. corporate retreat: 21.38 acres ( '03) 938-0909, Fax: (703) (707) 212-8000. Tamiami Tr., Sarasota, FL 25.-9782. with 5BRs, 4BAs, solarium IDEAL RETIREMENT 34236, can help with property complex with in-ground pool, MANOR SERVICES: For¬ HOME. On hillside overlook¬ anywhere in Florida, CALL 4400 sq ft of living. Organi¬ mer federal law enforcement ing Palm Springs. Mountain PAUL toll free, 1-800-766-1610. cally grown garden, trees ga¬ agent letting his 10-year resi¬ and valley views., spectacular NORTHERN VIRGINIA: lore—fruit and nut—berries, dential management com¬ day and night, living Room, Vineyard, beautiful mature 6 grapes, more. Views. 90 min¬ pany expand upon formal dining room, large acre Chardonnay, Cabernet utes to Beltway via 1-70. retirement. Best tenant kitchen, 3 bedrooms, 3 baths, vineyard on 32 acres. View, $245,000. screening. Frequent property separate studio/office, 2-car pond, barns, 3 bedroom, 2500 Call IDRIS ROSSELL, REALTOR, inspection. Mortgages paid. garage, large pool, estab¬ sq. ft. residence. 75 minutes to GRI for appt. at your conve¬ Repairs. Close personal atten¬ lished desert garden, 8 palm Washington, DC. Agent: CAR- nience (304) 258-4604. HOME¬ tion. We’re small but very ef- trees, 19 fruit trees. Contact: OLE MILLER, ARMFIELD, MILLER & STEAD PROPERTIES 209 1/2 N. ie.tive. FS and military HOWARD TERHUNE, (619) 320- ASSOCIATES., Middleburg, VA. Washington St. Berkeley references. Lowest rates. Best 8986 or write: 2300 Palermo (703) 364-2969, Fax: (703) Springs, WV 25411,Gary K. seivice. TRESII NORTON, Box Dr., palm Springs, CA 92262. 687-5195. Olsen, Broker. 42429, Washington, D.C. WESLEY HEIGHTS BACK FOR TRAINING? 20015, (202) 363-2990. CONDO. For sale, large, LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? We are WASHINGTON D.C., AR LINGTON Personalized relo¬ GOING OVERSEAS? We ll sunny 2-bedroom, 2-bath the Washington Metro Area cation, short, or long term. rent and manage your home condo in full service. Building short-term rental specialists. We specialize in walk-to- for you. Our staff of experi¬ hardwood floors, updated Excellent locations. Wide Metro sales and furnished enced professionals special- kitchen, parking roof, deck, price range. In Virginia walk rentals. Arlington Villas, 1-1/2 i EXCLUSIVELY in property small pets okay. 4301 Massa¬ to FSI. In D.C. and Maryland blocks from Metro, luxurious management. Nobody pro¬ chusetts Avenue, N.W. Apart¬ walk to Metro. Large selection APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 57 CLASSIFIEDS studio, one, two, three bed¬ ft. airstrip. Contact ROY & ASSO¬ FOREIGN SERVICE OFFI¬ 242-8559. P.O. Box 1144 Vi¬ room. Fully furnished. CIATES, 2300 Lohmans Cross¬ CER: Extensive experience enna, VA. 22183. Washer/dryer, microwave, ing, Suite 122, Austin, TX, with tax problems peculiar to cable, linens. AMERICAN RE¬ 78734 (512) 263-2181. the Foreign Service. Available MAIL ORDER ALTY GROUP, 915 N. Stafford St., BLUE RIDGE MOUN¬ for consultation, tax planning, Arlington, VA 22203. (703) TAINS. Rent spacious chalet and preparation of returns. AVON for free catalog 524-0482 or (703) 276-1200. near Asheville, NC by M.BRUCE HIRSIIORN, BORING mailed to you, write: STEPHA¬ Children welcomed. Pets on week/month. Golfing/hik¬ PARROTTS PILGER, Suite D, 307 NIE Y. HUGHES, 713 Grandview approval. ing/fishing. Or consider pur¬ Maple Avenue, West, Vienna, Drive, Alexandria, VA 22305- FOREIGN SERVICE AS¬ chasing this hassle-free VA 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161, BEADS, BEADS, BEADS! SOCIATES can provide fully investment, earning income, Fax: (703) 281-9464. plus pendants, findings, furnished apartments five & vacationing free! $143,000. COMPLETE TAX & AC¬ stringing materials, tools, minutes walk from FSI and the GILBOY, Box 761, Flat Rock, COUNTING SERVICES. Spe¬ books, and more. Wherever Rosslyn subway. We have at¬ NC 28731. (704) 693-4781 or cialize in Foreign Service and you may be, BEADZIP can fill tractive efficiencies, 1 bed¬ FAX (704) 693-7588. overseas contractor situations, all your beadstringing needs. rooms, 2 bedrooms, and even HOME LEAVE AT THE VIRGINIA M. TEST, CPA 2200 E. To receive our 30-page cata¬ a Penthouse in River Place. BEACH! Oceanfront com¬ Patrick Lane, #27, Las Vegas, log and information about PS, They are completely fur¬ plex; 2BD/2BA, fur¬ NV 89119, (702) 795-3648. our personal shopper service nished, including CATV and nished/equipped condo, ATTORNEYS specializing for beadstringers, send $5, re¬ telephones. Short term leases Carolina Beach, NC (6 hours in tax planning and return deemable with any order, to: available within your per from DC: 1-95 & 1-40); sleeps preparation for the Foreign BEADZIP, 2316-D Sarah Lane, diem. Write us at P.O. Box 6; uncrowded, family beach; 2 Service community available Falls Church, VA 22043. And 12855, Arlington, VA 22209, or pools; telephone; microwave; for consultation on the tax im¬ whenever you are in the call or fax 1-703-636-7606. cable TV; washer/dryer; res¬ plications of investment deci¬ Washington area, be sure to Give us the dates! taurants & services nearby; sions, business-related visit BEADAZZLED, the world’s $545/week; contact: CAROLINA deductions, separate mainte¬ most wonderful bead store, VACATIONS/RESORTS BEACH REALTY, 800-222-9752 nance allowances, real estate open seven days a week at for C-10 Sand Pebbles (Pero). purchases and rentals, home 1522 Connecticut Ave. in BETHANY BEACH, DEL¬ leave deductions, audits, etc. Washington, DC and 421 N. AWARE, RESORT CONDO TAX RETURNS Contact Susan Sanders or Paul Charles St. in Baltimore, MD. RENTAL:!.ovely 2-bedroom, Clifford, CLIFFORD, FARIIA & 2-bath, ground floor condo, AFSA TAX COUNSEL: SANDERS, 1606 New Hamp¬ MEDICAL SERVICES sleeps 4-6, family resort, Problems of tax and finance: shire Ave., NW, Washington, gt arded half-mile ocean Never a charge to AFSA mem¬ D.C. 20009- (202) 667-5111, DR. BARRY LAURENT, beach, lakes, 9 pools (1 in¬ bers for telephone guidance. FAX (202) 265-1474. D.D.S. Tyson’s Corner. 8292 door), active tennis program, R.N. Bob Dussell (ex-A.I.D.) FREE TAX CONSULTA¬ Old Courthouse Rd, Vienna, fitness center, kids’ camp, golf at tax work both within and TION for overseas personnel. VA 22182, convenient to Rt 7, nearby, central air, full without I.R.S. since 1937. We process returns as re¬ 123, & Gallows Rd. General & kitchen, large deck, Now solely in practice to as¬ ceived, without delay. Prepa¬ Cosmetic Dentistry-Bonding, w-tsher/dryer, cable, maid sist Foreign Service employ¬ ration and representation by Bleaching, Laminates, service. Weekly rates $500 to ees and their families. Also enrolled agents, avg. fee $195 Crowns, Bridges, Root Canal $850, depending on month. lectures on TAX LAW at FSI includes return and TAXTrax, Therapy, Periodontics. Partic¬ Available for Spring, Summer every month since 1970 at unique mini-financial plan¬ ipating with B/C, Delta Den¬ and Fall, CALL THE FERGUSSONS Rosslyn, VA. BOB DUSSELL ning review with recommen¬ tal. (703)893-1603. (703) 849-8444 or FAX 97030 (703) 841-0158 and Fax (703) dations. Full planning 442-9469 now for best choice. 522-5726. Office is 100 feet available. Milton E. Carb, EA, BOOKS FRANCE PROVENCE. from Virginia Square Metro and Barry B. De Marr, EA, CFP, Hilltop village near Avignon. station at 3601 Fairfax Drive, FINANCIAL FORECASTS, metro BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS Restored medieval house Arlington, Virginia 22201. location 933 N. Kenmore St. We have thousands in stock, w/apts. Courtyard & and roof¬ REPRESENTATION BE¬ #217 Arlington, VA 22201 do special-orders daily, top terraces. Sensational FORE THE IRS: Can handle (703) 841-1040, FAX (703) search for out-of-print books. views of VenToux and envi¬ tax return preparation, audit 522-3815. Visa or Mastercard. THE VER¬ MONT BOOK SHOP, 38 Main rons. $700 to 1,250 per month. collection and other IRS mat¬ ROLAND S. HEARD, CPA Street, Middlebury, VT 05753 PADRAIC SPENCE (413) 528- ters. For inquiries contact has worked overseas and is 0044. John T. Hanna, Enrolled familiar with Foreign Service YOUR PERSONAI AUSTIN, Tx: Lakeway Agent. JOHN T. HANNA, INC., and contract employee situa¬ BOOKSTORE AWAY FROA ht mes and homesites outside P.O. Box 6202 Mclean, VA tions, computerized tax ser¬ HOME: Order any U.S. book Austin on 65-mile-long 22106-6202 or phone (703) vices, financial planning, in print. Store credit available. 1 ake Travis. Three 18-hole 442-0560 (if not at home leave member AICPA, Tax Division SALMAGUNDI BOOKS Ltd. 66 golf courses, World of Tennis a message). and Personal Financial Mgmt. Main St, Cold Spring, NY Center, 400-slip marina, 4000 ATTORNEY, FORMER Division. Phone/FAX: (703) 10516. 58 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 ATTORNEYS/WILLS LET EUROPE WILL KIT! Make your own will, valid all states. $12.50 BE YOUR CAMPUS postpaid. Order from: EARS LEYSIN AMERICAN SCHOOL IN SWITZERLAND #111, 5429 Mapledale Plaza, Dale City, VA 22193-4526. GRADES 9 THROUGH 12, PG YEAR FORMER FOREIGN SER¬ SUMMER ENRICHMENT PROGRAM VICE OFFICER NOW PRAC¬ TICING LAW IN D.C./MD Highly respected, private, coeducational, American International general practice, estate plan¬ ning, real estate, domestic. boarding school in the French Swiss Alps, near Lake Geneva. Gregory V. Powell, FUREY, Successful American College Prep, Advanced Placement, and the DOOLAN & ABELL, 8401 Con¬ necticut Ave., PH-1, Chevy International Baccalaureate programs. SAT testing Center. Finest Chase, MD 20815. (301) 652- sports and recreation programs in all of Europe. Magnificent skiing “at 6880. SPECIALIZING IN SERV¬ our doorstep”. Full U.S. and European Accreditations. ING FOREIGN SERVICE OF¬ FICERS AND THEIR Thomas F. Rouillard FAMILIES — Our firm can as¬ L.A.S. U.S. Director of Admissions sist you in drafting wills and Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 powers of attorney, adminis¬ Tel: 603.431.7654 tering estates, establishing @ conservatorships and guard¬ Fax: 603.431.1280 ianships and providing advice on real estate matters. Prompt response to your inquiries. J CLIFFORD, FARHA & SANDERS 1606 New Hampshire Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009 Fax: (202) 265-1474 Tel: (202) We concentrate on 667-5111. only ONE thing ... WILLS/ESTATE PLAN¬ Managing your property. NING by attorney who is a former Foreign Service offi¬ cer. Have your will reviewed PROFESSIONAL and updated, or a new one PROPERTY prepared, No charge for initial MANAGEMENT consultation, M.BRUCE IIIRSII OKN, BORING, PARROTT & PILGER, OF NORTHERN Suite D, 307 Maple Avenue, VIRGINIA INC. West, Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161, Fax (703) 281- Join our growing number of 9464. owners from Athens to Zaire who trust the management of MISCELLANEOUS their properties to PPM. Pro¬ fessional service with a per¬ AIR ANIMAL, “the pet sonal touch. movers" an IATA air freight forwarder USA origin pet Discounts on appliances shipping services 4120 W. Cy- and more! Monthly comput¬ press-Tampa, FL 33607. Voice erized statements. 813/879-3210, Fax (813) 874- 6722. USA/Canada 1-800-635- 5105K Backtick Rd. 3448. Contact Dr. W. Annandale, VA 22003 Woolf-Veterinarian. 703/642-3010 Fax: 703/642-3619 APRIL 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 59 CeaVe your most important Depleted by the Draft investment Editorial Columnfrom the Foreign Service Journal, April 1943 ome months ago we remarked Service is wearing down numerically. The S upon a change being wrought in draft so far restricted the department's field the Foreign Service by the cir¬ of recruitment that examinations and the with the cumstance that a larger number Foreign Service school had to be sus¬ of Foreign Service officers than ever pended many months ago. Its reserves of before were moving through the mill of younger officers have been exhausted. management the Department of State. The origin of this For this acute crisis no solution is at movement was purely fortuitous, an im¬ present in sight. There can be no solution, mediate consequence of the war. in fact, without a fuller and more general professionals On the other side of the medallion we understanding of the vital importance of have die very considerable number of maintaining and, if possible, strengthen¬ officers still interned by our enemies, of ing this corps, painstakingly built up over you trust. officers reassigned while in process of the years and for which there will pres¬ being exchanged and who thus have not ently be an even more pressing need Rental and Management been permitted to come home since their when we set about erecting the edifice of release from enemy internment, and of the new peace, it has appeared of late that of Tine "Properties in officers stationed in critical areas who can a prevailing and shortsighted tendency Northwest T)C, CheVy Chase, ill be spared from their posts of duty. might further handicap it by releasing from The demands upon our Service, the draft only those officers who are Pethesda and Potomac whether in the field or here in the depart¬ actually on posts abroad and thus, for the ment, have never before been so heavy; sake of two or three dozen recruits, de¬ and the Service, quietly and anonymously, prive the Department of State of as many niiiiimiiiinn 11 schooled by experience to face emergen¬ valuable experts in key positions. The lack / cies thus far has managed somehow to of realism and perspective is patent when 4 / .'V ,meet these demands. it is pointed out that in our entire Service, l i’ The awkward feamre in all this is that here and abroad, we have only 850 offic¬ V \ < \w - ( - -V l « w- U Off the demands go on increasing while the ers of all ages. ■ '> v FOREIGN SERVICE QUIZ Balkan Basics Executive Housing Up until 1990, the Balkan States numbered five. Name them. Consultants, Inc. Name a) the four states that broke away from Yugoslavia in 1990-91 7315 Wisconsin Avenue and b) the two that remain in the rump Yugoslav Federation. Suite 1020 East What is the predominant language of Montenegro? Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Name the principal seaports of the five original Balkan states. 301/951-4111 What is the total population of the former Yugoslavia? Of those, how many people identify themselves ethnically as a) Serbs, b) Croats, c) “We care for your home Muslims (Bosnians)? uojiijui 6' t-siujisniAj iuojiijLU gg-sjEOJO luowjW Z 6-S(1J3S qo!4M 1° ‘uonijLU Z'PZ Wi S EiAEisoBnA 'nidg iBiuBwoy ‘etuEjsuog iaoaajo ‘snaejy :Eue6|ng 'EUJEA Tiusqiv ‘saiing > as if it rtere our ovdn. ” uepEOJO-oqjas g EiqjES 'ojBauaiuoi/\| (q EjuaAois ‘eiuopaoBi/M 'EIJEOJO 'eujAoGazjaH-eiusog (e z EjAEisoBriA 'EjUBiuoy ‘aoaatg ‘Bue6|ng ‘Biusqiv T Contributed by Gil Kulick 60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1993 TOUR FREE GOVERNMENT COVERAGE COULD LEAVE TOU OVERSEAS AND UNDERCOVERED The last thing you need when you’re living far away is coverage that doesn’t go far enough. Unfortunately, many people mistake the benefits provided by the U.S. Government Claims Act for insurance coverage. And that can often lead to near-total disappointment. In fact, the Government encourages employees to buy private insurance. If you rely solely on the Claims Act, you may not adequately protect personal articles like jewelry, furs, and fine arts. You’ll have no coverage if you’re not on government business. And, you’ll have no coverage for per¬ sonal liability. Fortunately, you can remedy these oversights before you go overseas. When you cover your¬ self with the AFSA Plan-sponsored by the American Foreign Service Association-your insured possessions will be covered against virtually all risks, up to the limit of your choice. You can insure yourself against personal liability. And, you’ll be covered whether or not you’re on government business. The AFSA Plan has been specifically designed for members of the American Foreign Ser¬ vice Association on active duty abroad. Through the Plan, | : 1 AFSA Desk, The Hirshorn Company you can get comprehensive moving insurance, theft, fire and 14 East Highland Avenue catastrophe coverage, itemized valuable articles protection Philadelphia, PA 19118 and personal liability insurance. Telephone: 215-242-8200. In Wash. D.C. Area: 202-457-0250 So don’t wait until you find yourself overseas and Please send me your free brochure that undercovered. Call or send for your free brochure today. answers questions about overseas insurance. Name. Address. THE Hf ^H INSURANCE PLAN Don’t go overseas undercovered. City | State . Zip. The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. -J rr As a member of the Diplomatic Corps, you are eligible for special privileges when you order a vehicle through Chrysler’s Diplomatic Purchase Program. They include preferred I savings, fast personalized ordering assistance and uncompromising service with Chrysler’^ worry-free worldwide warranty. Perquisites appropriate to your office. Choose from the full line of 1993 Chrysler Motors products: Chrysler, Plymouth and Dodge cars and minivans, Eagle cars and Jeep and Dodge trucks. Phone for personalized service. Your Personal Advisor will order the model and colon you want with the equipment you want, and quote the official Diplomatic price including all applicable rebates. Your Personal Advisor can also arrange delivery anywhere in the U.S. or to most overseas locations. In other words, we set you free of tedious details. If you’d rather, fill out and mail or telefax the card on Page 7. You’ll quickly receive a catalogue for the vehicle(s) of your choice. The Diplomatic Purchase Plan. It’s the easy, money-saving way to start enjoying Chrysler’s many Advantages. CHRYSLER W INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC SALES IN THE U.S., PHONE YOUR PERSONAL ADVISOR AT 1-800-877-7083 or (516) 496-1806. TELEFAX: (516) 677-3701.