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Rim Deformation As Evidence for an Oblique Impact at the Flynn Creek

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Rim Deformation As Evidence for an Oblique Impact at the Flynn Creek Rim Deformation as Evidence for an Oblique Meteorite Impact at the Flynn Creek Crater, Tennessee A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Joseph W. Perkins Jr. August 2011 © 2011 Joseph W. Perkins Jr. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Rim Deformation as Evidence for an Oblique Meteorite Impact at the Flynn Creek Crater, Tennessee by JOSEPH W. PERKINS JR. has been approved for the Department of Geological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by Keith A. Milam Assistant Professor of Geological Sciences Howard Dewald Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT PERKINS, JOSEPH W. JR., M.S., August 2011, Geological Sciences Rim Deformation as Evidence for an Oblique Meteorite Impact at the Flynn Creek Crater, Tennessee Director of Thesis: Keith A. Milam The Flynn Creek impact structure in north-central Tennessee was formed by an extraterrestrial impact ~382 Ma in a shallow sea. Roddy (1979) first suggested that the crater may have formed from an oblique impact citing the asymmetric structure of the central uplift; however, due to the burial of the crater, much of the usual evidence used for determining obliquity is inaccessible. The purpose of this study was to determine if the structural geology of the crater rim can be used to determine obliquity and angle of impact. By utilizing the areas of greatest deformation, coupled with post impact topography, and also strike orientation of the rim strata, it was found that the Flynn Creek crater was formed by an oblique impact following a trajectory from the present day northwest to the southeast, probably at a shallow ( ≤5° ) angle. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Keith A. Milam Assistant Professor of Geological Sciences 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge first and foremost my close friends and family, for their unwavering support, without which this project would not have been possible. I would also like to express my gratitude to my thesis committee, Dr. Keith Milam, Dr. Greg Springer, Dr. Damian Nance and Dr. Doug Green, for their oversight and guidance in completing this document. Many thanks are also due to Pete Malinski, Doug Aden, and Greg Higgins all of whom proved invaluable as field hands. I am greatly indebted to the Schorr family (John and Stacy) for their graciousness in allowing me to stay in the ir guesthouse for the majority of the fieldwork that had to be completed. I would also like to thank Dwight Fox for his help in familiarizing myself with area, and his all-around generosity. Finally I would like to thank all of the landowners in the Flynn Creek area, of which there are far too many too name, who invited me onto their land, and allowed me to collect the data that made this project a reality. This research was supported by grants from the Geological Society of America, the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, and the Ohio University Geological Sciences Alumni Research Grant Program. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Study Area............................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Geologic Description ............................................................................................ 9 1.3 The Impact Process ............................................................................................. 14 1.4. Angle o f I mpac t ................................................................................................. 16 1.5. Evidence for an Oblique Impact at Flynn Creek ............................................... 20 1.6. Expected Rim Deformation from an Oblique Impact ........................................ 22 1.7. Known Rim Deformation at Flynn Creek.......................................................... 23 1.8 Purpose................................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 2: Methods ........................................................................................................... 26 2.1 Field Work .......................................................................................................... 26 2.2. Data Collection .................................................................................................. 26 2.2.1. Rim Deformation (Dips of Bedding) .............................................................. 26 2.2.2. Rim Uplift (Elevations of Post-Impact Surface)............................................. 27 2.2.3. Strike Orientations of Rim Strata.................................................................... 28 2.3 Data Management and Processing ...................................................................... 28 2.3.1 Rim Deformation (Dips of Bedding) ............................................................... 28 2.3.2 Rim Uplift (Elevations of Post-Impact Surface).............................................. 32 2.3.3 Crater Rim Slope Analysis............................................................................... 33 2.3.4 Strike Orientations of Rim Strata..................................................................... 34 Chapter 3: Results ............................................................................................................. 35 3.1 Rim Deformation (Dips of Bedding) .................................................................. 35 3.2 Rim Uplift (Contact Elevations) ......................................................................... 40 3.3 Crater Rim Slope................................................................................................. 42 3.4 Strike Orientations of Rim Strata........................................................................ 43 Chapter 4: Discussion ....................................................................................................... 49 6 4.1. Rim Deformation ............................................................................................... 49 4.2 Rim Uplift ........................................................................................................... 50 4.3 Crater Wall Slopes .............................................................................................. 53 4.4 Strike Orientations of Rim Strata........................................................................ 54 Chapter 5: Summary ......................................................................................................... 56 References ......................................................................................................................... 58 Appendix A: Flatt Cave with Data Stations...................................................................... 61 Appendix B: Well Data Used for the Base of the Chattanooga S hale .............................. 62 Appendix C: Strike and Dip Data ..................................................................................... 63 Appendix D: Non-Collapsed Target Rock Orientation Data ............................................ 79 Appendix E: Standardized Contact Elevation Data .......................................................... 83 Appendix F: Full Deformation Map with Data Points...................................................... 86 Appendix G: Contact Elevation Map showing Data Points.............................................. 87 Appendix H: Profiles Generated at 10° Intervals ............................................................. 88 7 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Subsurface contour map showing base of the Chattanooga Shale ................... 9 Figure 1.2. Undeformed stratigraphy for the region around the Flynn Creek crater ........ 10 Figure 1.3. A) shows Leiper-Cathey F m. B) Shows Bigby-Canon F m ............................ 11 Figure 1.4. Unconformable contact of the Leiper-Cathey and C hattanooga S ha le .......... 12 Figure 1.5. Contact between the Black Shale and the Bedded Breccia ............................ 14 Figure 1.6. Probability of impact with angle .................................................................... 16 Figure 1.7. Cross sectional view of craters with changing impact angles ........................ 18 Figure 1.8. The three typical types of ejecta patterns ....................................................... 19 Figure 1.9. Structure of central uplift in an oblique impact crater.................................... 20 Figure 1.10. Photo mosaic showing roadcut through central uplift .................................. 21 Figure 1.11. Shows probable effect of oblique impact on strike and dip ......................... 24 Figure 1.12. Image shows entrance to Wave Cave ........................................................... 25 Figure 2.1A. Map showing area of Lacey’s Branch ......................................................... 30 Figure 2.1B. Image shows orientations of rim collapse at Lacey’s Branch ....................
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