Abd Al-Rahma¯N Al-Sufı¯, 1922 Aboriginal Peoples, 542–544, 546

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Index

A Alexander Romance, 1597 Abbey of Pomposa, 1745, 1747 Alexandria, 32, 1569, 1594, 1598, 1599 ‘Abd al-Rahma¯n al-Sufı¯, 1922 Algenib, 2087 Aboriginal peoples, 542–544, 546, 548, 549, Algeria, 1094, 1109, 1113 988, 990–994, 2215–2230. See also Alhambra, 1689, 1691, 1693 Indigenous peoples Alignment(s), 321–322, 412–414, 416, 418, Aboriginal bark paintings, 357 421, 422, 548, 549, 607–617, 788, 789, Abri Blanchard bone, 26, 322 1663. See also Axial alignments, Abul-Abbas, 1102, 1103 Solar alignments Abuli, 1446–1448 Alignment studies, 359, 360 Abu¯ Ma‘shar, 126–129 Align-the-Hall, 2087–2089 Abu¯ Rayha¯n al-Bı¯ru¯nı¯, 1922 Al-Jazari, 2176 Abu Simbel, 138, 139 Al Khazna, 496, 497 Accuracy, 375–376, 384 al-Khwa¯rizmı¯, 185, 187 Achaemenian dynasty, 1902–1904 Al Kutba, 1814, 1817 Acronychal rise(rising), 464, 465, 1577, 1578, Allied Forces of the Eight Powers, 2147 1857–1859 Almagest, 32, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921 Adamclisi monument, 1366 al-Mahri, S., 56 Ad Deir, 1818, 1819 al-Ma’mu¯n, 1921, 1922 AD 1054 supernova. See Crab supernova Almanacs, 1929, 1930, 1933 Aﬂa¯j, 1941, 1942, 1947 Almendres, 140, 1154–1156, 1161 Agrarian calendar, 1002–1003 Almogaren, 1117, 1118, 1120, 1122, 1123 Agricultural marker stars, 1936–1939 Alpheratz, 2087 Ahargana, 1995–1998, 2003 Alps, 1214–1216 Ahu, 2234, 2237–2239 Altair, 1683 Akapana Pyramid, 803, 805 al Tajuri, 1103 Akhet, 1507, 1535, 1536 Altitude, 460–465, 469 Akhet Khufu, 1510 Al Uzza, 1814, 1817, 1818 Akkadian, 1825–1826, 1830, 1836–1838 al-Zı¯j al-Mumtahan, 1921 Al-Andalus, 189, 190, 192, 195 Amaterasu, 484 Alaska, 534 Amazigh, 1112 Alatir and Tarazed, 536, 537 Amenhotep I, 1491 Alatri, 1645 Amun (Amon), 1474, 1507, 1531, 1533, 1534, al-Batta¯ni, 1922 1536, 1537 al-Bı¯ru¯nı¯, 126, 1902, 1903, 1905, 1922 Amenhotep, 1491, 1492 ‘Alchuklash,76 An, 1824, 1825 Alcor, 1681 Anahit, 1905 Aldebaran, 1208–1210 Analemma, 1744. See also Analemmata Alder Creek, 601 Analemmata, 1928, 1932. See also Analemma Alentejo, 1149, 1154–1161 Anaphoric clock, 1593, 1594, 1596, 1599

C.L.N. Ruggles (ed.), Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy, 2269 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8, # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 2270 Index

Anasazi, 567 as part of landscape archaeology, 319 Anatolia, 1783, 1790 as a thematic archaeology, 318–319 Ancestral Pueblo, 258, 273, 567, 573, 574 Archaeological heritage, 289, 290, 295 Ancient Egypt, 484, 489, 1477–1486, Archaeological record, 288, 316, 317, 1489–1493, 1495–1499, 1501–1517, 320–323, 1456 1519–1528, 1531–1538, 1542, 1543, Archaeological theory, 233 1547, 1814 Archaeology, perceptions of archaeoastronomy Ancient Greek science, 1104 within, 229, 230, 232–233 Andesite Sun, 1367–1373 Archenar, 1034 Andronicus of Kyrros, 1592 Archimedes, 1596, 1618 Angkor Wat, 9, 296 Architectural documentation, 566, 569, 573 Annals of Sejong, 2167, 2169, 2173, 2176 Architecture of thought, 1055 Annunciating Clepsydra Pavilion Borugak Arctic Circle, 534, 537 (報漏閣), 2165, 2169 Arcturus, 151, 536, 538, 964, 965, 1086, 1433, Anomalistic cycle, 1995, 1996, 1998–2000 1434, 1682, 1683 Anomaly, lunar, 1606, 1613, 1616, 1618, 1619, Arcus visionis, 512 1621, 1622, 1994–1996, 1999 Ardnacross, 1292, 1293 Anta Grande de Zambujeiro, 1150 Argentinian Chaco, 988–990 AN.TAH.SUM, 1787, 1788, 1790, 1791 Argo Navis, 148 ‘Antap,76 Arguelles,€ J., 276, 277 Antares, 2072, 2073 Aristotle, 123, 124 Antas, 1136, 1138–1140, 1143, 1149–1152 Armenia, 1448–1450, 1453–1460 Antelami, Benedetto, 1750 Armillary clock, 2179–2194 Antequera, 1136–1138 Armillary sphere, 1590, 1595–1597, 1918, Anthropology, perceptions of 1921, 1923, 2127–2132, 2134, 2135, archaeoastronomy within, 229, 230, 2159, 2160, 2179–2187, 2192–2194 232–233 Armillary sphere hunyi (浑仪), 2037 Antikythera Mechanism, 53, 1565, 1567, Arochi, L.E., 271 1603–1623 Artemis, 496 Antikythera Mechanism Research Project, Artemis Orthia, temple of, 523 1604, 1605, 1610, 1611, 1613, 1614, Artha-s´a¯stra, 1956 1616–1620, 1623 Artifacts, concepts of space and time as, 4, 6, 9 Antiochos, 1660, 1662–1667 A¯ ryabhatı¯ya, 2004 Antoninus Pius, 1598 Asclepius, 1172 Anwa¯, 1928–1930, 1933 Assurbanipal, 97, 1848, 1852 Aotearoa, 2232, 2236 Assyria, 1847–1852 Aphrodite, 1597 Astarte, 515, 1795, 1797 Apis bull, 35 ASTER GDEM, 450 Apollo, Temple of, at Delphi, 523 Asterism(s), 519, 520, 522, 523, 535, 536, 538, Apparent horizon, 1069, 1073, 1074 1000, 1001, 1208–1210, 1212 Aquila, 150, 536, 537, 1683 Astrolabe(s), 1594, 1601, 1690, 1831, 1832, Aquileia, 1598 2010–2013, 2015 Arachne, 1590 Astrologers, 69, 70, 72, 74 Ara Pacis, 1657 Astrological tablets of Grand, 1597, 1598 Aratus (Aratos), 53, 60, 150–158, 161, 1432, Astrology, 94, 97–100, 103–114, 151, 234, 1556–1560, 1595 918–919, 1627, 1629–1634, 1879, Arawak diaspora, 931–943 1880, 1903, 1905, 1982, 1984, 1987, Archaeoastronomy 2201 deﬁnition of, 354 Chinese, 2044, 2047 as part of archaeometry, 320–321 Astrometeorology, 1625–1628 as part of cognitive archaeology, Astronomer priests (tohunga), 2262 319–320 Astronomica, 72, 149, 160 Index 2271

Astronomical calendar, Korean, Azimuth of the maximum slope (aspect), 2157–2162 1157, 1160 Astronomical ceilings, 1478, Azmina, 1929 1481, 1497 Aztec(s), 484, 730, 732, 733, 743, 745 Astronomical clock, 2179, 2180, 2194 Astronomical dating, 320, 383–384, 478, 480, 527, 1886 B Astronomical diaries, 1870 Baal, 1795, 1808, 1809 Astronomical equinox, 1723 Baal Hammon, 1094, 1097, 1098, 1794 Astronomical heritage, 1236 Babylon, 32–34 Astronomical instruments (天文儀器), 2182 Babylonia, 1586, 1587 Astronomical intent, 429, 433, 434 Babyloniaca of Berossus, 1826 Astronomical representations, 999, 1000 Babylonian Astronomical tables, 1864, 1869 astrology, 1870 Astronomy, 228–232, 234, 235, 750, 857, 861, calendar, 1884, 1885, 1903 1183, 1981–1988 mathematical astronomy, 1863–1870 Astrosim project, 448, 449, 454 records, 1567 Astrotourism, 287–298 Backsight, 143, 484, 487, 489 Athabascan, 630, 638 Bailovo, 1378, 1382, 1383 Athens, 1565–1568, 1590, 1592 Baja California, 595, 599 Atituiti Ruga, 2239, 2240, 2242 Baktun 13, 89, 273, 276–280 Atkinson, R.J.C., 266, 268 Balearic Islands, 1144 Atmospheric phenomena, 1338, 1344 Ball court, 552, 560, 561 Atmospheric refraction, 1720 Ball-falling power transmission, 2176 Atoms, 1550, 1551 Ballochroy, 1289, 1290 Atrahasis, 1826 Balnuaran of Clava, 362, 363, 1283, 1284 Atum, 1473, 1474 Bambang Basiwara, 2213 Aubrey Holes, 366, 1225, 1226, 1235 Bamboo book, 2080, 2083 Augustan solarium, 69 Banjar, 2208–2214 Augusta Raurica, 1646 Baptistery of Parma, 1750, 1751 Augustus, 69, 70, 99, 1599, 1600 Barasana, 17 Aunjetitz, 1354 Bashi, 53 Auriga, 537, 1683 Basic concepts, 459–471 Aurora borealis, 535, 538 Basketmaker III, 578–580 Australia, 2216, 2217, 2223–2229 Basque Country, 1188, 1191, 1195 Authenticity, 304, 306, 310 Batca Doamnei, 1366 Automation and robotics, 2176–2177 Bat guano, 1381, 1383 Autumn equinox, 495, 504 Baur Bilah, 2210, 2211 Aveni, A.F., 217–219, 222, 270, 278 Bauval, R., 274 Avesta, 1902, 1903, 1905 Bayesian methods, 500–503, 505 Axial alignments, 2086, 2089 Bears, celestial, 151, 158–161, 1682 Axial-stone circles (ASCs), 1282 Bear Son Tale, 160 Axle-shaped monuments, 1064, 1065, Beda, 745 1070–1074, 1076 Beijing, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 2092 Ax-throwing, 1191 Beijing Ancient Observatory, 2141–2148 Aya Marq’a, 845 Belize, 769 Azerbaijan, 1444–1446, 1450 Beltane, 487 Azimuth(s), 390–397, 399–407, 460, 461, 463, Bel-Usˇezib, 97 465, 549, 1721 Bentaiga, 137, 1117, 1120, 1122 quadrant, 2147 Berossus, 1826 of the sun, 431 Berrybrae, 1282 Azimuthal ring, 2147 Bha¯lu¯mal, 2015 2272 Index

Bha¯skara, 2010 C Bianchini tablet, 1597 Caborca, 661 Bible, 1884 Cahokia, 255, 256, 377, 798 Big Horn Medicine Wheel, 255, 522, 523, 527 Cahuachi, 827 Bilingual Creation of the World by Cahuilla, 601 Marduk, 1826 Calakmul, 726 Bilzingsleben, 1202, 1203 Calculation of Motions Seven Celestial Biodiversity, 1053 Regulators Chiljeongsan naepyeon Biological times, 1209, 1211 (七政算內篇), 2174 Black bile, 123, 124, 127 Calculus, 2002 Black constellations. See Dark cloud Calendar/calendrical, 94–97, 166, 168, 169, constellation 171, 172, 176, 542, 548, 743–747, Blackfoot, 544 832–836, 851–861, 1041–1049, Blanchard des Roches, 1199 1107–1113, 1183, 1184, 1502, 1506, Blessed star, 1756 1507, 1510, 1563–1570, 1607, 1610, Blood, 121, 123, 124, 127 1614, 1617–1619, 1623, 1626, 1627, Bluestones, 1226, 1229–1231 1841–1844, 1892, 1895–1899, 1929, Boats of the Sun, 1445, 1446, 1450 1930, 1933, 1982–1987, 2226–2228 Bohusl€an, 1216 agrarian, 1002–1003 Book of Documents, 2032, 2044, 2060 Chinese, 2044, 2048, 2059–2067 Boo¨tes, 160, 1682 circle, 1080–1082 Borana, 23, 28 pot, 1330–1332 Borana calendar, 16, 18, 21, 23, 1041–1049 regulator, 1434, 1439 Borchardt, L., 39 Round, Mesoamerican, 19, 23 Borobudur Temple, 9, 296 specialist (Zapotec). (see Colanı´) Bororo, 949 sticks, 26, 247, 653 Boulder conﬁgurations (Medicine Wheels), Calendrical Astronomy lifa (历法), 2032 542–543, 547 Calendrical Phenomena lixiang (历象), 2032 Boustrophedon, 1778 California, 74, 77, 90 Boyne valley tombs, 378, 380 Camaquen, 796 Brad, 1366 Camay, 796, 803 Bradley, R., 1282, 1283 Cambyses, 35 Brahmagupta, 2009–2010 Camera obscura, 751, 1417 Brandt, J.C., 270 Campo Lameiro, 1216, 1219 Ba˘rbos¸i-Galat¸i, 1366 Campus Martius, 69, 70, 1657, 1658 Bridges, Lucas, 1008 Canaanite, 1794–1796, 1798 Bromley, A., 1609 Canada, 534, 536 Bronze Age, 156, 158, 161, 1154, 1307–1315, Canary Islands, 1097, 1115–1123, 1127 1350, 1352–1355, 2086 Candlemas, 487 Brown archaeoastronomy, 355, 356 Candrava¯kya, 1992 BR-type dolmens, 499 Canon of Yao, 2032, 2105, 2110 Buena Vista, 797, 799 Canopic Decree, 38 Buffalo Cult, 547 Canopus, 1433, 1434, 1506, 1507, 1511, 1599 Bugis, 2213 Cape Kumukahi, 2239 Building surveying, 1744 Capella and Menkalinan, 536, 538 Bulan, 2211 Capua, 1646 Bundahisˇn, De¯nkard, 1902 Caracol, 255, 364, 527, 528 Bureau of the Grand Astronomer, or taishi ju Carahunge, 139–141, 377, 378, 1448–1450 (太史局), 2143 Caral, 796–799, 805 Burials, 1066, 1076 Carambolo, 1795, 1796 Burl, A., 1278, 1279, 1281–1284 Cardano, G., 129, 130 Burro Flats, 598, 599 Cardinal directions, 327, 331, 332, 552, 562, Byblos, 1809 651, 652, 656, 770, 2218 Index 2273

Cardinality, 772 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), 1728–1731 Cardinally aligned cities, 2200 Central apse, in Dacian sanctuaries, 1366, Cardinal orientation, 955, 1526 1367, 1372–1374 Cardo, 1644 Central pole, of Medicine Wheels, 548 Carina, 148 Centuriations, 1646 Carlson, J.B., 281, 282 Cepheus, 1557, 1559 Carnac, 1288 Ceque(s), 851–861, 925–927 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 785 calendar, 23, 24 Carpathian Basin, 1318, 1322, 1337–1347 system, 825, 923, 924 Carthage, 1591, 1646, 1648 Ceremonial centers, 233, 547, 582, 588, 589 Casa Grande, 559, 561 Cerro Chico´n, 574, 871, 872, 874 Casa Rinconada, 255, 578, 579, 586–588 Cerro El Chapin, 661 Casma Valley, 797–802, 805 Chac, 774–777, 779, 780 Cassiopeia, 1683, 2091 Chaco Canyon, 143, 256, 258, 259, 273, 274, Castillo. See also Kukulcan 594, 596, 597, 603, 785. See also Fajada Castor and Pollux, 1683 Butte Castrum, 1644 Chalcolithic, 1226 Catasterismi, 149, 160 Chamberlain, von Del, 270 Catasterism myths, 1574 Chankillo, 25, 137, 380, 381, 385, 489, Caucasus, 1443–1450 807–820 Caura, 1795, 1796 Channel Islands, 1142 Causse-type dolmens, 501 Characteristic circles, of Andesite Sun, 1370 Cave art, 1206, 1208–1209, 1211 Charalambos Karakalos, 1607 Cave of La Marche, 1198 Chauvet, 246 Cave of Lascaux, 1203, 1206–1208, Chemehuevi, 601 1210, 1211 Chenty-khety, 1492 Cave of La Teˆte du Lion, 1209, 1210 Cheomseongdae, 142 Cave of La Vache, 1198, 1199 Chiaravalle della Colomba, 1746–1752 Cave of Lortet, 1199, 1200 Chiche´n Itza´, 137, 270–273, 277, 295, 296, Cave of Niaux, 1206 508, 513, 721, 722 Cave of Thaı¨/Thaı¨s, 1202 Chief of the Night, 645 Cave of Trois-Fre`res, 1208 Chiliques volcano, 924–926 Cave ruin of Geißenklo¨sterle, 1202 Chiljeongsan, 2157–2162 Caves, 1205, 1206, 1208–1209, 1211, 1212 Chiljeongsan Naepyeon, 2158–2161 Cecco d’Ascoli, 129 Chiljeongsan Oepyeon, 2160 Cedillo, 1152 Chillon Valley, 797 Celestial bears, 151, 158–161, 1682 China, 69–71, 78, 80, 85, 2031–2148, Celestial divination, 2034 2198, 2201 Celestial globe, 2010, 2012–2013, 2015, Chinese and Islamic calendars, 2161 2159, 2160 Chippendale, C., 267 Celestial navigation, 1038 Chiriguano, 967–973 Celestial Patterns tianwen (天文), 2021 Chiron, 1172–1174 Celestial pole(s), 460–462, 464, 474, 2088, Choiak, 1492 2089, 2092, 2115 Chongxiu Daming-li, 2160, 2161 Celestial sphere, 460–463, 465, 467 Chongzheng calendar reform, 2066 Celestial symbols, 1337–1347 Chonsu, 1492 Celtiberians, 1176, 1181–1184 Christian churches, 484, 1094, 1098, 1099 Censorinus, 38 Chronology, 1251, 1254, 1255, 1984 Centaurus, 161, 908, 909, 965, 1172, 1174 Chukchi, 534, 1210, 1683 and the Southern Cross, 1408 Chumash, 74, 76, 77, 598, 599, 601, 602, Center of land, 2103 624, 625 Center of the world, 2115 Churches, 484, 1094, 1098, 1099 Center stone, of saroiak, 1188–1193 Church orientation, 1719–1724, 1727–1731 2274 Index

Circle-cross patterns. See Cross-circle designs Coricancha, 82, 832, 880, 881, 883, 886 Circle-with-dotdesigns, 553–555, 557 Corona Borealis, 2150, 2153, 2154, 2156 “Circular instrument”, yuanyi (圆仪), 2039 Corpse Stars, 2210 Circumpolar regions, 534, 535, 1496, 1498 Corridoi dolmenici, 1144 Circumpolar stars, 464, 1211 Corsica, 1144 sighting on to determine true north, Corvus, 150 1525, 1526 Cosa, 1645 City planning, 770–772, 2201 Cosmical setting, 465, 1576 Civil calendar, 1481, 1506, 1507, 1510, 1535 Cosmic board shi (栻), 2035 Classification, of Medicine Wheels, 543 Cosmic capitals, 2089–2091 Clava cairns, 1278, 1282, 1283 Cosmic directions, 330–333 Clepsydra Hall (浮漏堂), 2142, 2144 Cosmic hunt, 1681–1683 Cliff Palace, 566, 569–573 Cosmogonic notions of Thracians, 1380, 1391 Clockwork, 2180, 2182, 2183, 2188, Cosmogony, Guarani, 977–978 2193, 2194 Cosmograms, 7, 770–772 Cluster analysis, 500, 503–505, 543 Cosmography, 7 Cochimi, 662 Cosmologic, 1341 Coins with zodiac signs, 1598 Cosmological concepts, 327–329, 336, 337 Colanı´ (Zapotec calendar specialists), 765 Cosmology, 4–6, 327, 329–330, 346–347, Collective representation of space and 350, 934, 937, 939, 941, 943, 975–980, time, 927 1987, 1988 Colonial astronomies, 197–210 Cosmos, 1619, 1622 Colonialism, 199–200 structuring of, 1389 Colonization, 998, 1003 Cosmovision, 346–347, 349, 350, 937, 943, Color-direction framework, 232, 654, 656 1209, 1211 Comets, 913–919, 1039, 1040 Costes¸ti, 1366, 1373–1374 Chinese observations of, 2047 Court tomb, 1252, 1253, 1255, 1256, Commagene, 1660–1663, 1667 1258–1260 Commentaries on the Phaenomena of Eudoxus Coutignargues, 1143 and Aratus, 153, 1556–1560 Coyote, 646 Commodification of the past, 290–291 Crab supernova, 578, 594–596, 604, 610, 663 Compass Crantit, 380 magnetic, 46, 51, 53, 54 Creation period (Aboriginal). See Dreaming sidereal, 48 Creole, 988 Compass-clinometer, 414, 415 Crescent(s), 495, 496, 498–500, 502, 504, Complex structures, in southern Egypt, 1060, 1061, 1064–1066, 1071, 1073, 1083–1086, 1088, 1090 1074, 1076, 1662–1666 Conrad, C., 269 Crete, 1432, 1439 Conservation, 303–307, 309 Criollos, 998, 999, 1001–1003 Constellation(s), 327, 329, 335–336, 954–956, Crises, 122, 124, 128 1502, 1508, 1593–1595, 1674–1676, Criteria for expressing heritage value, 304, 1769 306, 308 Chinese, 2051–2058 Critical days, 122–124, 128 48, in ancient Greek tradition, 1556, Cromlech(s), 1153–1161 1557, 1560 Cross-circle designs, 245, 381, 730, Constellation-like cup-marks, 2152–2156 737–742 Control of cultural time, 608 Crossovers, 495, 500, 502 Cook, James., 2232, 2248 Cross staff, 56 Copacabana, 894 Crux. See Southern Cross Copań, 515, 770, 771 Cry Engine, 447 Copper mines, 1378 Cuatro Puertas, 1117, 1118, 1120 Coptic calendar, 1936 Cueva Ahumada, 663, 665 Cordova, 1691–1693 Cuicul, 1646 Index 2275

Culmination, 464 Datong-li Tunggui, 2159, 2160 lower, 464 Dawenkou Culture, 2034 upper, 464 Day, 7, 8, 11, 12 Culpeper, N., 121, 130 4-day cycle, 762, 765 Cultural adaptation, 2201 7-day cycle, 762 Cultural consumption, 291 52-day subcycle, 762 Cultural development, 617 65-day subcycle (cociyo), 761 Cultural heritage, 289, 295, 301–311 260-day divinatory cycle, 730 Cultural identity, 2228, 2229 260 days intervals, 732 Cultural interaction, 1003 364-day calendar, 1884, 1885 Cultural landscape(s), 771, 1720 Dayan calendar, 2065 Cultural property, 292 123D Catch (software), 451, 453 Cultural space, 1727, 1728, 1730 Dea Syria, 1663 Culture history approach, 252–253 Decans, 1496–1499, 1597 Cupmarks, 1282, 2149–2156 Decebalus, 1366 Curfew alert injeong (人定, “people at rest”), December 21 2012, 89 2167 December solstice, 813, 816, 833, 901, 902, Cursus monument(s), 1239, 1242, 1243, 1246 904, 905, 910 Curvigram, 418, 419 Declination, 391–393, 395, 402, 407, 460–468, Cusilluchayoc-Amarumarcahuasi, 903–910 471, 1498, 1720–1724 Cushing, Frank, 77, 78 change with time, 474 Cuzco, 82, 83, 832–834, 836 contour maps, 1295 Cycles, lunar and planetary, 1855, 1858–1860 distributions, analysis of, 420, 423 Cyclical calendars, 19 indicated, 413, 414, 418, 419, 422, 423 Cylindrical sundial, 2014–2015 of the sun, 420, 421 Cynosura, 1557, 1558 Decolonization, 208–210 Cyprus, 1564 Decumanus, 1644, 1646–1649 Decumbiture charts, 121–122 Deferent, 1912 D Deir el Bahari, 1535, 1536 d’Abano, P., 128 Delhi, 2018–2020, 2026, 2027 d’Abbeville, 947–949 Delos, 1590, 1599 Dacian compasses, 1369 Delphi, 523, 1565, 1566, 1568 Dacian kingdom, 1366 Delphinus, 1683 Dacians, 1365–1375 DEM. See Digital elevation model (DEM) Dacian sacred geography, 1366 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Dacian sanctuaries, 1365–1375 1037–1040 Dacians instruments, 1368 De-naturalization, 342, 347 Dacian standard measuring unit, 1368 Dendrogram, 503, 504 Dafangdeng-dajijing, 1957 Dengfeng large gnomon, 309, 2111–2116 Daily life, Guarani, 979, 980 Dexiosis, 1660, 1662, 1663, 1667 Daily prayers in Islam, 1930 Dhruva, 1996–2000 Dakshina`gni, 1964, 1965 Dhruvabhrama-yantra, 2013–2015 Damiya, 1802, 1803 Dhu¯ l-Hijja, 1931 Da¯modara, 2003 Diagonal star clocks, 1483–1485, 1496–1499 Daphni, 1739 Differential, 1608–1610 Dark cloud constellations, 908, 949 Digital elevation model (DEM), 448–450, Dars´hapournama`siki ve`di, 1964 452, 454 Dark lane, 834, 835 Dine´, 629–638 Dark moon, 505, 1291 Dine´tah, 633, 635, 636 Data-driven approaches, 361 Dinsmoor, W.B., 1566, 1567 Data selection, 374, 376–383 Dionysus, 1386 Datong-li, 2158–2161 Dioptra, 1596 2276 Index

Dipper, 2075 Easter Island, 141, 2232, 2234, 2235, 2237, Disc with twenty-eight lunar lodges, 2239–2241, 2261–2268 2039, 2040 Eastern and western Christianity, 1774 Disk-stone ray, 1369, 1371 Eastern goulets, 1061, 1064, 1065, 1070, 1074 Divider stars, 1944, 1945 Eastern horizon, 1714–1717 Divination, 2070–2073, 2075, 2076, 2201 Eastern Wall, 2087 Divination of the Five Planets,orWuxing zhan East, symbolism of, 1707 五星占, 2034, 2035 Ebers, P., 1491, 1492 Divinatory calendar Ebla/Tell Mardikh, 1804 day names, 760, 761 Eclipse(s), 32–34, 71, 696, 700, 701, 751, 757, eclipse recurrence in, 765 913–919, 1415, 1419, 1763, 1838, Divine instrument for pacifying luminaries, 1856–1860, 2072–2076, 2216–2218 2147 Eclipse cycles, 2062 Divinization, 1655 Eclipse records Diya¯’ al-Dı¯n Muhammad, 2011 Chinese, 2044 Djebel Barkal, 1542, 1545–1547 Zapotec, 765 Dolinean, 1366 Eclipses of the Moon, 898 Dolmens, 1448, 1449, 1802, 1803 Ecliptic, 167, 460, 463, 465, 467, 470, 471, with cup-marks, 2150, 2151 494, 784, 1655, 1937, 2128, 2129, 2131 Dome of Pantheon, 1652–1654, 1656 armillary sphere, 2147 Domus Aurea, 1655 co-ordinate system, 463 Domus de Janas, 1406, 1407 Ecotime, 242, 243 Dorotheus, 121, 122 Eddy, J.C., 270, 542 Dossier, World Heritage nomination, 303–305, Edmunds, M., 1604, 1613, 1619, 1620, 1623 307, 308 Effigies, Medicine Wheels as, 547, 548 Double axe constellation, 1438, 1439 E´ gersis, 1798 Double-jamb doorway, 880–885, 888, 889 E-groups, 362, 385, 783–790 Dou Mu, 85, 87 Egypt, 270, 274, 281, 1471–1539, 1569, 1629, Dowth, 1265, 1267, 1268, 1270, 1271 1631, 1878–1880 Draconitic cycle. See Lunar node cycle Egyptian Dragon Greek constellation of, 1557–1559 calendar, 1903 Dragon Star, 2074 civil calendar, 488 Dreaming, 2216, 2223–2226, 2229 civil year, 1496 Dresden Codex, 71, 73, 695–707, 712, 714, 775 star clocks, 1478 Drombeg, 378 temples, orientation of, 520, 521, Druids, 264, 266, 267, 1227 1501–1518 Dry-stone monuments, 1059–1076 Eichu´, 971–973 Duality in puebloan conception of time, 654 Eight-year cycle, 1565 Duat, 1473, 1474 Elam, 1902 Dunhuang manuscript, 2083 El Co´poro, 665 Durrington Walls, 1225, 1227, 1229, 1230, Elements, in Greek thought, 1550–1553 1232, 1233, 1235, 1236 Elephantine, 39, 40 Dushara, 1814, 1817, 1818 Elevation, 460 Dust pollution, 1942, 1947 model, 549 Dynamic approach in ethnoastronomy, 988, profile, 1157 991, 993 Elite, observations by, 233, 235, 333 Dzibilchaltuń, 788 El nãndu´, 1000–1001 El Tajıń, 296 El Zape, 664 E Emperor Shun Di, 2175 Ea, 1826, 1827 Emperor Wu, 2061 Early Bronze Age, 1802 Emu constellation, 949 Easter computus, 172–173 Encyclopedia of oral knowledge, 1052–1056 Index 2277

England, parish church orientations in, Etruscan 1712–1715, 1717 civilization, 1637, 1638, 1642 Engonasin, 161 sacred books, 1638 Enki, 1825, 1826 temples orientations, 1164, 1640–1641 Enlil, 1824, 1825 Euctemon, 1626, 1627 Ennead, 1473, 1474 Eudoxus (Eudoxos), 151–158, 1556–1560, Enoch, 1884, 1885, 1890–1892, 1896 1590, 1599 Enu¯ma Anu Enlil, 1836–1838, 1848, 1850, 1890 Eurasian belief system, 1333 Enuma Elish, 1823, 1825, 1826 European colonists in Santurce, 1001, 1003 Environment phenomena, Ticuna perceptions Eusebius, 1734 of, 954–957 Evening star, use for weather prediction, Epagomenal days, 1490 1117, 1119 Epa`tta, 1757 Evening star, Venus and Mercury as, 469 Epicycles, 1606–1614, 1616, 1618, 1620–1622 Evenk, 1681–1683 Epiphi, 1492 E´ vora, 1154, 1648 Epochal Excellence calendar, 2063, 2065 Example supplements to the Chiljeongsan, 2160 Equator, 1655, 1656 Exquisite Instrument, or linglong yi 玲珑仪, Equatorial armillary sphere, 2146 2143 Equatorial co-ordinate system, 460 Externsteine, 1361 Equatorial ring, 1596 Extinction, atmospheric, 519, 520 Equatorial sundials, 2120–2123 Extremes Equinoctial markers/alignments, 25, 374, 377, lunar, (see Major lunar standstill limits) 611, 615, 616, 1164–1167, 1424, 1426, planetary, 508–515 1708–1709, 1788–1789 solar, (see Solstices, Solstitial sunrise and Equinoctial sundial, 2019 sunset directions) Equinox(es), 59, 466, 471, 484–486, 488, 491, solar meridian culminations, 1378 552–557, 562, 732, 735, 902, 905, 910, of Venus, 719, 725 1096, 1097, 1164–1167, 1433–1435, Ey-as,53 1437, 1439, 1567, 1591, 1596, 1653–1656, 1671, 1676. See also Temporal equinox F ambiguity of concept of, 466, 1708–1709 Facts, 316–318, 323 Era Epoch calendar, 2065 Fa’ida, 62 Era Nabonassar, 35 Fajada Butte, 245, 273, 274, 295, 297, 381, Eresˇkigal, 1827 438, 447, 596, 598 Erlitou, 2085, 2087, 2089 Fajada Butte type site, 439, 440 Esarhaddon, 97, 1848, 1850–1852 Fakhrı¯ Sextant, 1922 Escapement mechanism, 2134, 2136–2138 Falaj stars, 1941–1943, 1945–1947 Eshtan, 1784 False cupola, 1136, 1146 Esna, 1491, 1492 Fasti, 149 Etak,61 Fawa’id, 49, 53, 56, 62 Ethiopia, 1041–1046, 1049 Feast days of saints, 765 Ethnicities, 953, 954 Fet¸ele Albe, 1366, 1374 Ethnoastronomical analogy, 1685 Fenestration, 1734, 1735, 1739 Ethnocosmology, 1450 Fern Cave, 594 Ethnographic Ferrara, 1745, 1747, 1748 analogy, 244, 245, 247, 608, 614, 660 Festivals, 2199, 2201 context, 2200, 2201 Fewkes, J.W., 566, 568, 569 ﬁeldwork, 999–1000, 1938 Ficino, M., 129 Ethnography, 617 Field-allocation astrology, 98 Ethnohistory, 233–235 Fire star, 2072, 2073, 2075 Ethnosciences, 240, 649–657 First Emperor of Qin, 2089, 2091, 2092 Etiological stellar myths, 149 First sighting of the lunar crescent, 1929–1931 2278 Index

First visibility, 1857 Global navigation satellite system (GNSS), of Venus, 969, 970 397, 399, 402–404, 406 Five-dot sign, 1329 Globe, celestial, 1590, 1595 Folk calendars, 1722, 1767–1771 Gnomon(s), 245, 548, 1103, 1209, 1210, 1590, Folklore, as source of astronomical concepts, 328 1591, 1595, 1596, 1599, 1600, Fontvielle, 1143, 1144 2008–2010, 2014 Forbidden City, 2092 calendar, 2109 Foresight, 137, 143, 484, 487, 489 shadow length, 2095–2097, 2102, 2103 Formal reasoning, 1055, 1056 shadow measurement, 2095, 2096, Forman, S., 130 2102, 2103 Freemasonry, 1130 use of, 2118 Frontinus, 1646 Gnomonics, 1590, 1592, 1601 Full moon. See Moon Gnomon with template guibiao (圭表), 2037 Funnel-necked Beaker Culture (FBC)/(TRB), GNSS. See Global navigation satellite system 1299–1304 (GNSS) Go¨bekli Tepe, 140, 1080 Gobustan, 1444–1446 G God-Sun, 1379, 1384 Gabin-ja, 2161 Goguryeo tombs, 2152–2156 Gai tian, 2102, 2103 Going train, 2183–2185, 2187, 2193 Galen, C., 123–126, 128–130 Gokhnari, 1447 Galicia, 1214–1220 Golden numbers, 1775–1777, 1779 Gamona, 1117, 1121, 1123 Golyama arsenalka, 1390–1392, 1394 Gan De (甘德), 2037 Google maps, 1712, 1717 Ganga, 1970, 1972, 1975 Goseck, 137, 139, 276 Gan.ita-Yuktibha¯.sa¯, 2002 Goths, 1358, 1359, 1361 Gan zi (sexagesimal number system), 2060 Governor’s Palace at Uxmal, 362 Ga¯tha¯ days, 1903 GPS, 538 Gavi Ganga´dhre`s´wara, 1960, 1961 Gradualist model, 149, 152 Gemini, 536, 537 Gran Canaria, 1116–1118, 1120–1123 Gender-based orientation, 1071 Gran Chaco, 998, 999 General Tera´n, 664 Grand (village in Lorraine), 1593, 1597 Gengwu Yuan-li, 2160, 2161 Grand Commencement System of Calendrical Geoglyphs, 240, 246, 821–829 Astronomy, or Taichu li (太初历), 2041 Geographical information systems (GIS), 549 Grand Menhir Brise´, 379 Georgia, 1446–1448, 1450, 1461–1467 Grand Monad and Nine Lodges Divination, Germany, 275 2035, 2036 G˙ gantija temples, 1422 Grand Scribe’s Records, 2089, 2091 Ghatı¯, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014 Great Bear constellation, 151, 158, Ghatı¯-yantra, 2008, 2009 1557–1559 Ga¯ha¯nba¯rs, 1903 Great Comet of 1882, 1040 Giants’ tombs, 1404–1407 Great Goddess-mother, 1379, 1384 Gila Butte, 560 Great Houses, 577–589 Gilbert, A., 274 Great Inception calendar, 2061–2062, 2064 Gilbert Islands, 2239 Great Mother-Goddess (Cybele), 1387, 1388 Gilpin, L., 271 Great Plains, 541–550 GIS reconstructions, 496 Great Pyramid [of Giza], 1520 Giza, 274, 275, 487, 489, 519, 526, 1506, Great Round Sanctuary, 1367, 1372–1374 1510, 1512 Greek(s), 1163, 1164, 1549–1598, 1644, diagonal, 1527, 1528 1878–1880 plateau, 1519–1528 inﬂuences, 1396 Glengorm, 1292–1294 mythology, 1401 Globalization, 200, 208–210 Green archaeoastronomy, 355 Index 2279

Greenwich, 302 Hay-making stars, 1762–1764 Gregorian, 1108–1112, 1664 Heart Star, 2074 reform, 1779 Heavenly Elk, 1682 Grey Mare, 161 Heavenly mandate, 98 Griffith observatory, 267–270, 275, 278, Hebrew, 1884–1885 280, 282 Hecate, 496 Grifoni, 1390, 1392, 1394 Heel Stone, 1227, 1229, 1231, 1234, 1236 Großgartach, 1318, 1319 Hegemony, 235 Group E, at Uaxactuń, 783–790 Heiau, 2234, 2235, 2238, 2242, 2250, 2251, Guanches, 1127, 1129 2253–2255, 2257 Guarani, 975–980 Heliacal culture, 977 rise/rising, 464, 970, 972, 973, 1082, 1428, history and archaeology, 975–980 1433, 1434, 1498, 1576, 1578, 1579 Guatemala, 769 set/setting, 465, 470, 631, 637, 1434 Guaycuru groups, 998–1000 Helice, 1558 Guest stars, Chinese records of, 2046 Heliopolis, 1528, 1600 Guianas the, 932–936, 938–943 Heliopolitan cosmogony, 1474 Guiding stars, 538 Helios, 1597 Guillaume Brouscon, 58 Hellenistic astronomy, 1982, 1984, 1985 Guı€´mar, 1125–1130 Helvetia, 1390, 1392, 1394 Guinea pigs sacrifice of on day of anti-zenith Hemerologia, 1570 sun, 888 Hemerologies, 119, 2083 Guo Shoujing, 2113–2116, 2176 Henges, 1241–1246 Guo Shoujing’s armillary sphere, 2130, 2131 Hera, 1663, 1667 Gyosik Chubobeob, 2161 Heraclides Criticus, 1173 Gyujanggak library, 2161 Herero, 1035 Hermopolis, 496 Hermopolitan cosmogony, 1474 H Herodot, 1366 Ha‘amonga-a-Maui, 2236, 2237 Hesiod, 18, 20, 22, 151–152, 1564, 1565, Hadıˆth, 195 1567, 1625 Hadramawt, 1938 Hesˇta-house, 1787 Hadrian, 1652, 1654, 1655, 1657 Heyerdahl, thor 1127 Hadrian’s Mausoleum, 1657 Hierophanies, 270, 271, 788, 789, Hadrian’s Villa, 454 1654, 1656 Ħagar Qim, 1423, 1425 Hierothesion, 1660, 1662, 1664–1667 Hagia Sophia, 1735 High Room of the Sun, 81 Hain, 1006, 1007, 1009 Himyarite calendar, 1936 Ha¯kimıˆZı¯j, 1922 Hipparchus (Hipparchos), 153, 154, 158, 1367, Hall of Supreme Harmony, 82, 85 1368, 1370, 1372, 1556, 1560, 1594 Hancock, G., 274 Hipparchus, planispheric astrolabe, 1372 Han Dynasty, 2092 Hipparchus’ stereographic projection, 1367, Harmonic Convergence, 276 1368, 1370 Hathor, 1080, 1491, 1492 Hippocrates, 118, 122–126, 128, 129 Hatshepsut, 1503, 1507, 1534–1536 Hippocratic corpus, 122–123 Hattusa, 1837 Historical evidence relating to astronomy, Hausa, 1110 325–337 Hausterretza, 1188, 1191–1194 Historical heritage, 289, 290, 295 Hawaiian calendar, 2252 History, perceptions of archaeoastronomy Hawaiian Islands, 2248, 2251, 2253, 2257 within, 229, 230, 233–235 Hawaiian temples, 524 History of science, 229, 326–328, 336 Hawass, Z., 274 Hittites, 484, 1783–1791, 1814 Hawkins, G.S., 214–218, 221, 222, 224, 266–270 Hogan, 632, 636, 638 2280 Index

Hohokam Culture, 552 I Hole-in-the-Rock, 556, 557 Iatromathematics, 119 Holly House rock shelter, 598 Iberia. See Iberian Peninsula Holocene, 1060 Iberian culture, 1097, 1163, 1164 Holy People, 631–633, 635, 636 Iberian peninsula, 515, 1163 Homer, 52, 53, 151–152, 1564 Iberian sanctuaries, 1163–1168 Honduras, 769 Ibn al Haytham, 1104 Hopi, 642–644, 646, 649–657, 1210 Ibn al-Zarqa¯llu, 1922 calendar, 20 Ibn Majid, 49, 53, 56, 62 Horizon (software), 446, 447, 449–451, IbnYu¯nus, 1921, 1922 454, 455 ICOMOS. See International Council on Horizon astronomy, 936 Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Horizon calendars, 653, 2100, 2109 Identities, 288–291, 295, 296 Horizon distance, 1157 Identity, 342–344, 348–350, Horizon features, 1156, 1157 1002–1003 Horizon markers, 334, 653, 1158 Ideology, justifying cosmic order, 235 Horizon pillars, 833, 836, 873 Igloolik, 533–535, 537, 538 Horizons (NASA), 454 Ilkha¯nıˆZı¯j, 1923 Horizontal co-ordinate system, 460 Illahun, 39, 40 Horoscope(s), 98, 99, 105, 106, 111, 114, Illapa, 914 1598, 1630–1634, 1660, 1662, Imago mundi, 7, 9 1663, 1872 Imhotep, 1172 Horoscopic point, 1597 Imperial Palace, Beijing, 82, 84, 85 Horse race, 1757 Imperishable stars, 1508 Horseshoe, 1154, 1155 Imported cosmological principles, 2201 Hosios Loukas, 1739 Inanna, 1785 Hoskin, M., 218, 220, 223 Inca(s), 72, 74, 82, 831–836, Houghton St Giles, 1716 852–861 Hour, seasonal and equinoctial, 1592 calendar, 19, 23 Hour stars, 1496–1499 empires, 484, 488, 893 House (astrological), 1598 Inclination of the sky, 1367 Houses Bronze Age, 1307–1315 India, 1880, 1949–2028 Hovenweep, 259, 598 Indian lunar zodiac, 1938 Hovenweep-type site, 438 Indicated declinations, 413, 414, 418, 419, Huame´n Poma, 72, 74 422, 423, Huayna Capac, 867, 873–875 Indicated horizon, 416 Hucha, 917 Indication, 413, 414, 416, 419, 420 Huelva, 1150 Indicator stars, 1945 Huexotla, 513, 514 Indigenous astronomies, 197–210 Huihui-li, 2159, 2161 Indigenous knowledge, 946, 949 Huihui-li Jing, 2160 Indigenous peoples, 1679–1685. See also Huitzilopochtli, 744 Aboriginal peoples Humanities perceptions of archaeoastronomy Indo-Europeans, 1214, 1220 within, 228–230 Indo-Persian astrolabes, 2010–2011 Humanized landscape, 927 Inferior conjunction, 470 Humors, 118, 122–127, 130 Inferior planets, synodic phenomena Hunter (Southern African constellation), 1034 of, 469 Hun tian, 2103 Inﬁnite series, 2002, 2006 Hyades, 149, 151, 932, 933, 940, 1208–1210 Information science, 548, 549 Hydra, 150 Instrument making, 2159, 2161, 2162 Hyginus, 149, 1646 (COMP: Wrongly spelt as Instruments, 356, 357, 1587–1588 Hyginius in page 1646) Integrity, 304, 306, 310 Hyginus Gromaticus, 1753 Intentionality, 254, 255 Index 2281

Intercalary, 1565–1567, 1842, 1844 J cycles,1565–1567 Jagyeongnu (自擊漏, ‘automatic-striking day, 1437 water-clock’), 2164 month, 1788, 1842, 1951 Jaipur, 2018, 2021–2023, 2025–2027. See also Intercalations, 1043, 1046, 1770, 1842–1844, Jantar Mantar 1903, 1904 Jang Yeong-sil (蔣英實), 2164 Intercultural interaction, 1730, 1731 Jantar Mantar, 134, 296, 302 Interdisciplinary approach(es), 2199–2201 Japan, 2197–2201 Interdisciplinary perspectives, 2201 Javanese, skylore, 2208–2213 Interethnic contact, 197 Jebel al-Mutawwaq, 1802, 1803 Interethnic systems, 988, 992–994 Jenkins, J., 277, 278 International Council on Monuments and Sites Jesuits, 2025, 2027 (ICOMOS), 302–303, 307, 309 Jewish agricultural colony, 998 International Society for Archaeoastronomy Jewish Colonization Association, 998 and Astronomy in Culture (ISAAC), Jibhyeon-jeon, 2159 228, 229 Jones, A., 1614, 1619 Inti, 913 Joseon dynasty, 2164, 2174 Intimachay, 886–889, 900–905, 910 Joshua Tree National Park site, 437, 438 Intip Raymin, 842, 843, Jubilees, Book of, 1896–1898 845–847 Julian calendar, 17, 22, 1108, 1109, 1111, Inti Raymi, 894 1768, 1774, 1775, 1778, 1779, 1903, Inuit, 533–538 1936 Inundation, season of the1507 Julian dates, 1720, 1721 Iordanes, 1366 Julius Caesar, 69 Iosephus Flavius, 1366 June solstice, 813, 815, 817, 818, 833, Ipet Sut, 1531, 1532, 1534, 834, 894, 895, 903, 905, 967–970, 1536–1538 972, 1229 Irish high crosses, 1739 Jupiter, 1662–1664, 2071, 2075 Iron Age, 1154, 1801–1811 synodic phenomena of, 470 ISAAC. See International Society for Jyesthadeva, 2002, 2005 ˙˙ Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Jyotisa, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988 Culture (ISAAC) Jyotisa-veda¯nga, 1953–1956 Isba, 53, 54, 56 Ishtanu, 1785 Ishtar, 1785 K Isidor de Sevilla(Isidore of Seville), Ka’aba, 183, 189–191, 194, 195, 484, 1688, 1366, 1696 1690, 1692, 1696, 1700–1702, Isis-Djamet, 1478–1480 1930–1933, 2210 Islam, Astronomy in the service of, 181–194, Kachinas, 656 1697, Ka-her-ka, 1491 Islamic Kahikinui, 2238, 2239, 2242, 2253–2258 astronomy, 1103, 1105, 1982, Kakunupmawa,76 1984, 1987 Kalakol, 1042, 1047 calendar, 1104, 1105 Kalasasaya, 803, 804 lunar calendar, 484, 1108–1113, 1936, Kali-yuga, 1995 2212–2213 Kallippic Dial, 1614, 1617 sacred law, 182–184, 190, Kama, 917 193–195 Kamal, 53, 56 Island of the Sun, 893–895 Kanaloa, 2248–2251 Is Paras, 365, 366 Ka¯ne, 2248–2251, 2254, 2256 Italian medieval churches, 382 Karanapaddhati, 1992, 1999–2000 Iwaniszewski, S., 219 Karanas, 1985–1987 Izapa, 278 Karanovo, 1378–1380 2282 Index

Karantika, 2209 L Karnak, 81, 142, 1503, 1505, 1507, 1510, Labrador, 534 1531–1539 Labyrinths, 827, 828 Kartika, 2209 Lagadha, 1953–1954 Kashmir, 1962, 1963 Lake Tanganyika, 1037–1039 Katcina cycle, 611 Lake Titicaca, 894 Kenya, 1042, 1047 La Mesa de Miranda, 1177–1179 Kepler, Johannes, 2003, 2004 Landscape, Arawak, 932, 934, 936, 937, 939, Kerala school, 2001–2006 941–943 Ker 17 pictograph site, 598 Landscape archaeology, 549 Ket, 1681 Landscape-based orientation, 1076 Keyhole monuments, 1061, 1064–1066, 1069, Landscape, Irish, 1249–1261 1070, 1074, 1076 Langeneichst€adt, 275 Khafre’s pyramid, 1520–1525, 1527, 1528 Languedoc-type dolmens, 499 Khakas, 1681 Lapita peoples, 2232 Khanda-dhruva, 1996 La Rumorosa, 437, 595, 597, 599, 663 Khanda-dina, 1995–1997, 1999, Lascaux, 246, 247, 322, 1203, 1206–1211 Khanty, 1681, 1682 Las Haldas, 798–801 Khariparia, 1463 Las Labradas, 661, 662 Khevsureti, 1463–1465 Las Lajitas, 137, 138 Khipu, 27, 382, 841, 849 Last visibility, 1857 Khoisan, 1032–1034 Late Archaic Period, 796–797 Khomli, 1462, 1463 Late Neolithic, 1226 Khufu, Great Pyramid of, 519, 1510, 1520, Later Vedic period, 1950–1953 1521, 1523–1528 La Teˆte du Lion, 1203, 1209, 1210 Killa, 913 La Tierra Caı´da, 1152 King Sejong, 2159, 2162, 2164 Latitude, determination by gnomon, 2095 King Sejong’s Striking Palace Clepsydra, Latitudinal motion, 2003, 2004 2171, 2173, 2176 Layered cosmos, 327, 329–330 Kiva, 567, 569 Leeway, 45–46 Klo´keten, 1007 Le Gentil, 1966 Knocknarea, 1137 Legitimization, political, 235 Knossos, 1432–1436, 1439 Length of the sun’s shadow, 2115 Knowth, 1265–1273 Lengyel, 1318, 1319, 1321, 1322, calendar stone, 382 1324, 1325 Ko¨gler Ignaz, 2147 Leo, 1663, 1664, 1666, 1667 Kokino, 140, 141, 377 Levant, 1783, 1801–1811 Komi, 1207 Libya, 1094, 1095, 1097 Kompassgr€aber, 1061, 1064, 1066, 1074 Lifeworld, 4–6, 8 Korea, 2149–2195, 2198, 2201 Light-and-shadow, 358, 365–366, 368, 375, Korean dolmens, 2149–2156 380–383, 427–443, 552, 553, 556, 557, Koryak, 1683 561, 663, 664 Kosthaka, 1987 intentionality of, 429, 433, 434 Kreisgrabenanlagen, 448 observations, 833 Ku¯, 2248–2250, 2252, 2254, 2256, 2257 Light as a symbol of Christ, 1734, Kukulca´n (Chichen Itza), 270, 271 1735, 1739 Kumeyaay, 595 Lighting effects in Christian churches, Kumukahi, Cape, 2239 1734–1735, 1740, 1746, 1748 Kumulipo, 2251 Light pollution, 1943, 1947 Kurdu, 1102–1105 Linde-li, 2158 Kush, 1541–1547 Linealism, 2198 Kush, Kingdom of, 1506 Linear A, 1432 Kushuh, 496 Linear calendars, 19 Index 2283

Linear Pottery culture, 1318 Luni-stellar calendar, 1047 Line of nodes, 494 Lunistice(s), 467–468, 750, 751, 753, 756, 757, Lion horoscope, 1660 1455. See also Major northern lunistice; Lisbon, 1150 Major southern lunistice Little Bear, 1558 Lupus, 161 Lived cosmovision, 1680 Lyra, 835 Lixus, 1794 Llanos de Moxos, 960, 961, 964 Lo‘alo‘a heiau, 2242, 2253 M Lockyer, J.N., 269 MAA. See Monument with small auxiliary Lofty bronze gnomon, 2159 towers (MAA) Lokono, Wapisiana, 933 Macedonian lunar months, 1569–1570 Long barrows, 1224, 1234 Machine language, 1055 Long Count, 19, 89, 696, 697, 710–712 Machu Picchu, 143, 144, 258, 833 Longitude, determination of, 57, 94, 96 MacKie, E., 216, 218, 221, 224 Longshan culture, 2106 Ma¯dhava, 2002 Longue dure´e, 150, 1685 Madhyama-graha, 2003 Lono, 2248–2250, 2252–2254, 2256, 2257 Madrasa, 187, 192, 195 Los Angeles Times, 269, 272 Magellanic Clouds, 1034 Los Millares, 1136, 1140 Maghrib, 186, 190, 195 Luba people (DRC), 1037–1040 Magura cave, 1381–1383 Lucan, 53 Mahendra Su¯ri, 2012 Lugnasad, 487 M€ahrisch-Osto¨sterreichische Gruppe, 1318 Luisen˜o, 601 Maipurean language family, 932 Lukasa(Luba mnemonic device), 1040 Majanos, 1125–1130 Lunar Major lunar standstill limits, 468, 469, 481, 515 alignments, 493–505, 1302 Major lunar standstills, 467–469, 480, 481, anomaly (see anomaly, lunar) 899, 1094, 1095, 1165, 1168, 1281, calendars, 10–12, 20, 1033, 1046 1433, 1434, 1439 Cult, 832–833 Major lunistices. See Major lunar standstill eclipses, 915, 916, 1785 limits lodges (see Lunar mansions) Major northern lunistice, 903, 905, 1455, 1788. mansions, 1103, 1928–1931, 1951, 1952, See also Major lunar standstill limits 1954, 2052, 2053 Major southern lunistice, 1399, 1408, 1409. months, 7, 653, 1665, 1786 See also Major lunar standstill limits node cycle, 25, 26, 467, 468, 751, 1280, Makahiki season, 2252 1283, 1284, 1291 Makara Sankranti, 1970 nodes, 467, 468, 898 Mali, 1109, 1112 orientations, 900, 1374 Mallorca, 1169, 1172 parallax, 463, 494 Malville, J.M., 566, 568–570 phase cycle, 20, 22, 23, 1002 Mamluˆks, 195 Series, 710–712, 714 Management of World Heritage Sites, 303, standstill limits, 383, 421, 422, 467–468, 304, 306, 307 1235, 1723, 2108 Manco Inca, 898 standstills, 59, 334, 467–468, 494–496, Manda-correction, 2003, 2004 498, 500, 719, 725 Mandakendra, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000 stations, 1938, 1939 Mandala, 7 synodic counts, 241 Mandaladhruva, 1997 year, 1433 Manda-samska¯ra, 2003 Lunation, 466 Manda-sphutagraha, 2003 Luni, 1646 Mandate of Heaven, 2060, 2061, 2065 Lunisolar, calendars, 11, 21, 24, 25, 1569, Mandocca, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999 1841–1845, 1867, 1954, 2071 Maneaba, 61 2284 Index

Mangareva, 2239 Meleia, 1366, 1374 Mangi, 1682 Melothesia, 118, 120–121, 128 Mangsa, 2211, 2212 Memoir of Respectful Veneration Pavilion Man˜ic, 1000, 1001 Heumgyeonggakgi (欽敬閣記), 2169, Manilius, M., 60, 72 2173 Marae, 2234, 2235 Memorials Medicine Wheels as, 544, 547 Mara¯gha observatory, 142, 1918, 1922, 1923 Memphis, 35, 39, 40 Marcus Cetio Faventinus, 1753 Memphite cosmogony, 1474 Marquesas, 2232, 2236 Menchet, 1492 Mars, 33, 696, 697, 702–704, 706, 1662–1664, Menga, 1136–1138 1666 Menhir(s), 1154–1157, 1161, 1464, 1465 synodic phenomena of, 470 engraved menhir, 1154, 1155, 1161 Marshack, A., 247 Menkaure’s pyramid, 1520, 1521, 1524, 1527 Marzabotto, 1645 Menorca, 1144, 1146, 1169–1174 Matarrubilla, 1136, 1138 Mentuhotep II, 1535, 1536 Material culture, 289, 290, 316, 317 Meratus Dayak, 2208 Mathematical astronomy, 1880 Merazig, 1108–1109, 1111 Mathematics, 1583–1588, 1982, 1986 Mercury, 33, 1662–1664, 1666, 1667, 1817 Mathura, 2018, 2023–2025 synodic phenomena of, 469, 470 Mattang, 62 Me´rida, 1648 Maui, 2238 Meridian, 464, 466, 1496, 1498 Maure, 1108 convergence, 451, 454 Mausoleum of Augustus, 1657 lines, 296, 432–434 Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, 1735–1737 Meroe, 1542, 1545, 1546 Maya, 71, 73, 89, 257–259, 270, 272, 273, Mesa Grande, 559, 561 276–281, 730, 732, 735, 769–775, 777 Mesa San Carlos, 599, 601 Long Count, 276, 732 Mesa Verde National Park, 566–574 McCluskey, S., 217, 221 Meskhetyu, 1478, 1480–1483, 1506, 1508, Mean conjunction, 1886, 1887 1510, 1512, 1538 Mean planet, 2003 Mesoamerica, 488, 491, 683–791 Mean sun, 2003–2005 Mesoamerican 365-day year, 740 Mecca, 2210, 2213 Mesoamerican frontier, 660 Mechir, 1492 Mesolithic, 1154 Medellı´n, 1648 Mesopotamia, 70, 71, 150, 151 Medical astrology, 119, 124, 129 Mesopotamian inﬂuences in India, proposed, Medical education, 127–128 1984 Medicine, astral, 1873–1874 Mesopotamian calendar, 1664 Medicine Men, 638 Mesore, 1491 Medicine Wheels, 270, 522, 523, 527, 541–550 Metamorphoses, 160 Medieval, Islam, 182–184, 186, 188, 190, Meteorites, 1766 192–195 Meteors, 835 Medieval parish churches, 1711–1717 Methodology in ethnoastronomy, 342, 343, Medina Azahara, 1691–1693 350, 548–549 Megalithic Meton, 1567, 1626, 1627 astronomy, 1289 Metonic cycle, 1606–1608, 1617, 2061 calendar, 25 Metrology, 1052 complex, 1446 Mexicas, 743, 744 cromlechs, 1153–1161 Mexico, 270, 272, 277, 278, 749, 769, 2089 enclosures, 503 Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 747 lunar observatories, 380 Microfocus X-ray Computed Tomography, sites associated with saroiak, 1192–1194 1610 tombs, 1135–1147 Middle Bronze Age, 1807–1810 Melancholy, treatment of, 129, 130 Middle Paleolithic, 1198 Index 2285

Midnight Sun, 534 “Moon-months”, Inuit, 537 Midsummer full moon, 1291 Moray, 867, 869–873 Migration symbols, 611, 612 Morning star, Venus and Mercury as, 469 Mihraˆb, 195, 1696, 1700 Morocco, 1094, 1097, 1108 Miletus, 1594, 1595 Mortuary monuments, medicine wheels as, 547 Milky Way, 908, 909, 983, 984, 1000, 1001, Mosaic inscriptions, 1735 1039, 1209, 1211, 1595, 1682, 1683, Mosques, 183, 187–190, 192–195, 2091, 2092 1688–1693 Miller, W., 594–596 Mountain worship, 921–928 Ming Dynasty, 82, 2092 Mount Pelion, 1173 Minhaj,56 Mount Picchu, 899–900 Minoan astronomy, 1431–1440 Moving stars, Ticuna, 954 Minor lunar standstill limits, 467, 481 Moxos’ lagoons, 959–965 Minor lunar standstills, 467, 480, 481, 1279, Mravalai, 1463 1280, 1284 Mu’ayyad al-Dı¯n al-‘Urdı¯, 1923 Minor lunistice. See Minor lunar standstill Muezzin, 187, 189, 195 limits Muhammad Muqı¯m, 2011 Mishmarot, 1897 MuhTrta, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956 Mithra, 1905 Mul-Apin, 1830–1832, 1890 Mittelsberg Hill, 275 Multi-disciplinary assessment in World Mizar, 1681 Heritage context, 305, 310 Mnajdra, 367 Mundo Perdido, 788 South Temple, 1424, 1426–1429 Mural quadrant, 1918, 1921 Model of solar system, 1104–1105, 1670–1674 Mursi calendar, 16, 18, 21, 23, 1041–1049 Monastery of Corvey, 1737 Mursili II, 1784, 1785 Monastery of Saint John in Mustair,€ 1739 Mutau Flat, 437, 599 Monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno, 1737– Muwaqqit, 187, 188, 192, 195 1739 Mycenaeans, 1137, 1432, 1437, 1440, 1564 Monks Mound, 798 Mystery of Stonehenge, 267, 270 Monochrome paintings, 1378, 1381–1383 Mythological astronomy, 953–957 Monsoon, 47, 59, 60, 1951 Mythology, Inuit, 536–537 Montan˜a Santidad, 1120, 1122 Mont Bego, 1214 Month, 7, 11, 12, 20–22, 467, 760, 763, 764, N 1564–1570 Nabataeans, 1813–1820 Monument with small auxiliary towers (MAA), Nabta Playa, 297, 527, 1079–1090 1061, 1065, 1071, 1076 Nadir, 460, 464 Moon, 17, 18, 21–23, 25, 26, 28, 466–469, Naegele’s Rule, 1203 494–505, 512, 515, 709–714, 725, Nairuz,59 750–755, 757, 784, 789, 832, 834–836, Naked eye observation, 242 982, 983, 1002–1003, 1350–1354, Naksatras, 1951, 1952, 1954 1415–1417, 1419, 1444, 1445, 1447, Namoratung’a II, 377, 527 1449, 1630–1632, 1662–1664, 1666, Nanna, 496, 498 1667, 1674, 1675, 1785, 1788, Napata, 1542, 1543, 1545–1547 2216–2218 No¯Ru¯z, 1903 Autumn Full Moon, 1160 NASA -carriage apparatus, 2182, 2184, 2186, Horizons service, 454 2187, 2192, 2193 SRTM, 450 Full moon, 495, 499–505, 1785 Nasca culture, 822, 825 Full moon crossover, 1157, 1160 Nası¯r al-Dı¯nTu¯sı¯ parallactic ruler, 1923 phases of, 1002, 1627 National Archaeological Museum in Athens, Spring Full Moon, 1156, 1160 1604, 1605, 1610, 1618, 1623 tilt of the crescent Moon, 59 Nationalism, 1361–1362 2286 Index

National movements, 207–208 Norba, 1647 National Palace Museum of Korea, “Normal science”, 336 2169, 2173 Normal stars, 1833 Nautical astrolabe, 55, 56 Norte Chico, 796–797, 805 Nautical guide, 62 North Africa, 1093–1099, 1101–1105, Nautical quadrant, 54 1107–1113, 1164, 1166 Navajo, 602, 603, 1210 Northern Eurasia, 1679–1685 Navetas, 1144, 1146, 1147 Northern lights, 1756 Navigation, 43–63, 537, 538, 1439, 1440 Numi-Torum, 1682 Navigational nayrTz calendar, 1936 Nunavut, 534, 536 Nazca, 246, 520, 822, 825 Nuntarriyashas, 1787, 1788 Nazca lines, 822, 825–828 Nuraghes (Nuraghi), 1144, 1403–1411 Nazi, 1361–1362 Nuraghic culture, 1414 Nea Moni, 1739 Nuri, 1545–1547 Nebra Disk, 275, 1343, 1344, 1349–1355 Necker Island, 2238, 2241 Needham, J., 2006, 2164, 2169, 2175 O Nefertum, 1473 Oberlauterbach, 1318, 1319 Nekhet, 1479, 1480, 1485 Obliquity of the ecliptic, 465, 474, 479–481, Nemrud Dag, 1659–1667 1965 Neolithic, 1154, 1156, 1307–1315, 1317–1325, Observations 1378–1379, 2085 anticipatory, 653 Nergal, 1827 conﬁrmatory, 653 New Age, 272, 274, 277 to determine Christian feast dates, 171, 173 Newgrange, 142, 295, 296, 434, 435, to determine Christian prayer times, 166 1265–1268, 1270, 1271, 1273–1275 precise, 231 Newham, C.A., 270 role of, in Islamic world, 1914 New Mexico, 273 Observatories New moon, 495 Carahunge interpreted as, 1453, 1456 sighting, 1884–1886 E-groups conceived as, 784–785, 787–790 New Zealand, 2232, 2233 as heritage category, 356 Nganasan, 1683 Medicine Wheels conceived as, 548 Niger, 1109, 1110 Roque Bentaiga interpreted as, 1120 Nigeria, 1110 as a term, 134–144, 357 Nihonjinron, 2199 October ceremony, 924–925 Ni‘ihau, 2251 Odry, 377, 1357–1362 Nı¯lakan¸t¸ha, 2003–2005 Odrysian kingdom, 1386 Nile, 1535, 1538, 1539, 1542, 1543, 1546, Ogboni cult, 1053 1547 Ogdoad, 1474 Nile Valley, 1080 Old St. Peter’s, 1734 Nine-compartment ball-timing compartment- Ollantaytambo, 866–869 drum wheel, 2187–2190, 2194 Olympia, 1565 Nineteen-year lunar cycle, 1439, 1567, 1884, Olympiad dial, 1614, 1617 1886, 1887. See also Lunar node cycle Oman, 1941–1947 Nineveh, 1848 Omens, 70–72, 96–99, 1835, 1837, 1838, Ningal, 496 1877–1879, 2228 Ninmah, 1826 O’odham, 552, 556, 558, 559, 561 Nocturnal clock, 1762 Operational Guidelines UNESCO, 303, 304 Nola, 1646 Opposition, planetary, 470 Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, 1771 Oracle bone inscriptions, 2044, 2045, 2052, Nomos, 1660, 1663, 1665, 1667 2069–2076, 2118 Noon, 760 Oral history, 2250, 2257 local, 466 Oral tradition, 1946 Index 2287

Orbits, planetary, 1104, 1105 Parames´vara, 2002, 2003 Orientation, 166, 167, 172, 176, 177, 183, Parapegmata, 20, 26, 1569, 1574, 1579, 1590, 190, 192, 195, 548, 1060, 1064–1076, 1594, 1595, 1618, 1619, 1626–1628 1250, 1255, 1257–1260, 1308–1314, Parker, R.A., 34, 35, 39 1320–1325, 1673, 1711–1717 Parthians, 1902 of churches, 1696, 1703–1709 Paschal moon, 499, 504 of the dead, 1301 Passage tombs, 1251–1261, 1263–1271, equinoctial, 1706–1708 1273, 1275 upon feast day, 1708 Passover, 1884–1886 upon foundation date, 1708 Patron saint’s feast day, 1712, 1715–1717 of Giza pyramids, 1523–1526 Patterns of light interaction, 611 of megalithic monuments, 494, 495 Paul the Silentiary, 1735 structural, 375–380, 383, 413–417, 423 Payni, 1492 towards mountain peaks, 1401 PCA. See Principal component analysis (PCA) true east, 1704 Peak sanctuaries, 1432–1434 of visibility, 1295 “Pecked basin”, 569, 570, 572 Orion, 274, 275, 1034, 1329–1331, 1439, 1682, Pegasus, 1937, 1938, 2087, 2088, 2092 1683, 2075, 2208–2211, 2213 Pella/Tabaqat al-Faql, 1808 Orion mystery, 1522–1523 Pen˜a de Los Enamorados, 1137 Orion’s Belt, 934, 936, 937, 939, 940, 942, Penasco Blanco, 255, 594, 595 1242–1246 Pendulum, 2184, 2185, 2191, 2193, 2194 Orisha/Vodun, 1051–1058 Peret, 1507, 1510 Orita, 1056 Peri-ecliptic band (zodiacal band), 784 Orongo, 384, 2237, 2240 Persian empire, 1569 Oropos, 1590, 1592 Persian Yazdagird calendar, 1936 Orpheus, 1386 Petra, 496, 497, 1813–1820 Orunmila/Ifa, 1052–1054 Petriﬁed Forest National Park, 598, 600 Osiris, 1473, 1474 Petroglyphs, 240, 246, 1444, 1445, 2263, 2266 Ostrusha, 1390, 1392, 1394 Petroglyph (supposed), 578, 610. See also Crab Otomı´, 744, 746 supernova Ottomans, 195 Petsophas, 1432–1435, 1439 Outliers (statistical), 423 Phaenomena, 1556–1560 Outlined cross, 558, 559 Phalaka-yantra, 2010 Outstanding universal value (OUV), Phamenoth, 1492 302–310 Pharmuthi, 1491, 1492 Oxford conferences, 219, 221 Phenological almanacs, 1206–1207 Oxford I conference, 221 Phenological depictions, 1198 Philoponus, 1594 Philosophy, 1549, 1550, 1553 P Phlegm, 120, 123, 124, 127 Pachons, 1492 Phoenicians, 1163, 1168, 1793–1798 Padmana¯bha, 2013, 2014 Phoenix Mountains, 553, 555, 556 PAH-triad, 923, 927 PhotoFly, 451 Painted stick IIM22:43, 2097–2102 Physical sciences, perceptions of Paleo-almanacs, 1198, 1201 archaeoastronomy within, 228, Pallka, 799 230–232 Palma Sola, 661 Piacenza liver, 1639, 1640 Pa¯na¯na¯ sighting wall, 526, 2256, 2258 Piatra Craivii, 1366 Pan˜ca-siddha¯ntika¯, 1956, 1957 Pictograms. See Pictographs Pantheon, 142, 359, 365, 434, 436, 1651–1658 Pictographs, 240, 570–573, 1464, 1465 Paophi, 1492 Pilaga´, 982 Papago, 552, 557, 560 Pilgrimage, 894 Parallax, lunar, 463, 494 Pilgrimage festivals, 588, 589 2288 Index

Pima, 552 Prayer(s), 1103, 1105, 1930–1933 Pin-and-slot mechanism, 1610–1612, 1618, direction of, 1705 1620 to the Gods of Night, 1831 Piscis Austrinus, 150 time of, 436, 1929–1931 Pithouses, 567 towards the rising sun, 1734 Piye´ (term), 760, 764 Precession, 247, 473–479, 481, 1911, 1913, Planetarium analogy for E-groups, 788–790 2062, 2065 Planetary Precession of the lunar nodes, 2129 conjunctions, 1663 Precision (of the equinoxes), 231, 375–376, model, 2003–2005 385, 2129 periods, 1858, 1859 Prediction, 231, 232, 234 Planets, 834–836, 1104, 1606, 1618–1623, of eclipses, 232, 898 1630–1634, 1670, 1671, 1673, 1674 Pre-Greek astral traditions, 154 Chinese observations of, 2047 Prehistoric markers, church alignments upon, Planetta, 1757 1739 Platform for Heaven Communication, or Pre-Islamic religious monuments, 1093–1099 lingtai 灵台, 2143, 2144 Presa de La Mula, 663, 664 Platform for Heaven Inquiry, or houtaiy 候台, Price, Derek de Solla, 1607 2142 Principal component analysis (PCA), 503–504 Platform for Heavenly Communication, or Procedure texts, 1864, 1867–1869 lingtai (灵台), 2034 Processual archaeology, 253–255 Platform mounds, 552, 557, 559–561, 796, 805 Procopius, 1735 Plato, 1595 Property, cultural, 292, 294, 303, 304, 306, Pleiades, 149, 151, 536, 537, 734, 834, 835, 307, 309, 310 918, 932, 933, 936, 938–941, 948, 949, Proscenia, 784, 787, 789 971–973, 982, 1033, 1034, 1117, 1203, Protection of heritage, 303, 304, 307 1208–1210, 1214, 1350, 1352, 1353, Proverbs, Yemeni, 1939 1355, 1426–1429, 1462, 1683, 1785, Prudden unit-type structures, 579 1790, 1791, 2153–2156, 2208, 2209, Ptah, 1474 2211, 2213, 2236, 2238, 2240–2242, Ptolemy, C., 118, 119, 123–126, 128, 129, 148, 2252, 2254, 2256 154, 1590, 1594, 1596, 1597, 1599, Pleiades conjunction calendar, 1938 1627, 1628, 1910–1914 Pliny, 1595, 1600, 1796 Ptolemy’s Canon, 32, 35 Podomorphs, 1116, 1118, 1119, 1217 Pueblo Bonito, 578–581, 588 Polaris, 474, 478, 536, 538, 1211, 1683 Pueblo Grande, 559, 560 Pole star. See Polaris Puebloan peoples, 72, 231–233, 622, 624, Polynesia, 2231–2242, 2247–2258, 2261–2267 627, 630, 631, 637, 638, 641–647, Polynomial texture mapping, 1610, 1613, 649–657 1617, 1618 Pumasillo, 881 Polysemic nature of rock art, 243 Punic temples and sanctuaries, 1094, Pompeii, 1590, 1593, 1595 1096–1098, 1163, 1164, 1166 Popular astronomies, 202, 205 Puppis, 148 Popular calendars, 1111 Purple Subtlety Court (紫微殿), 2142, 2144 Porphyrios, 1366 Purulli festival, 1786, 1790 Portal tombs, 1252, 1253, 1255, 1256, 1259 Pustiosu, 1366, 1374 Portela de Mogos, 1154–1156, 1161 Pyramids Portulano, 54, 56 of the Feathered Serpent, 730, 732, 733 Posidonios, 1618 of Giza, 1519–1529. See also Khufu, Great Positional astronomy, 459–471 Pyramid of; Khafre’s pyramid; Positivism, 360 Menkaure’s pyramid Postprocessual archaeology, 253–255 of Guı€´mar, 1125–1130 Power to stimulate an emotional response, 1734 of the Moon, 730, 731 Pranatamangsa, 2211, 2212 of the Sun, 730–733, 738, 740, 741, 798 Index 2289

Q Rehm, A., 1606–1608 Qhapaq Raymi, 842, 845 Reiche, M., 825, 826 Qibla, 189–195, 1687–1693, 1696, 1697, Rekeh-wer, 1491, 1492 1700–1702, 1929–1933 Removal of curfew paru (罷漏, quit the in the Mediterranean, 1697 clepsydra), 2167 Qin Dynasty, 2089–2092 Renenutet, 1491, 1492 Qing, 82 Repatination, 240 Qiyas,53 Retrograde motion, 470 Qom, 982 Reyman, J.E., 566, 568, 569 Quadrant, 2147 Rg-vedic period, 1950, 1951 Quadrant, meridian, 1596, 1601 Ribstones,˙ 547 Quarter Remainder system, 2061 Ricci, Matteo, 2144 Quartz, 1282 Right ascension (RA), 460, 461, 1498 Quetzalco´atl/Kukulca´n, 513 Ring Hill, 1082–1084, 1087, 1089 Quipu-calendar, 845–847 Risco Caı´do, 1117, 1122, 1123 Quipus (Khipu), 27, 382, 841, 849, 853, 854 Ritual calendar (tzolk’in) of 260 days, 696 Quiver star, 1463 Rituals of Kingship, 1804, 1805 Qumran, 1884, 1885, 1895–1899 Ritual organization of Socaire, 924 Qur’aˆn, 182–184, 186, 189, 195 Ritual uniformity, 172 Qutb al-Dı¯n Shı¯razı¯, 1923 Rivard, J., 271 Quya Raymi, 845, 848 River Boyne, 1264–1266 Quyllur, wara-wara, 914 Rock art, 542, 545, 607–617, 1032, 1035, 1205–1212 Rock-cut sanctuaries, 1382, 1387–1389 R Rock shelters, 554, 556 RA. See Right ascension (RA) Rock shelter of Laussel, 1207, 1208 Ra’ang Bayi, 2210, 2211 Roman empire, 1629, 1634, 1669 Racos¸, 1366, 1374 Roman period in Iberian peninsula, 1163, Radial line centers, 823, 827 1164, 1166 Radial pyramid, 789 Roman temple orientations, 1094–1099 Rafal Rubı´, 1144 Rome, 69, 70, 99, 1366, 1367, 1644, 1645, Raiders of the Lost Ark, 281, 283 1653, 1654, 1656 Rainbow, 1353–1354 Rondels, 139, 1317–1325 Rainmaking ritual, 1082 Roque Nublo, 1120, 1122 Ramada¯n, 1930, 1931 Rosa Camuna, 1215, 1216 Ramesses II, 81 Rose of the winds, 51 Ramesside star-charts, 1478, 1483–1485 Ro¨ssen, I., 1318, 1319 Ramesside star clock, 1496–1498 Roundhouses, Iron-Age, 412 Random distribution, 1074 Round Mound, 78–81 Rapa Nui (Easter Island), 141, 2232, 2234, Route of the 36 parallel, 156, 157 2235, 2237, 2239–2241, 2261–2267 Royal Observatory Ganuidae, 2160, 2164 Raymi, 842, 844–848 Rudele, 1366 Records of the Annunciating Clepsydra Ruggles, C., 214, 219, 221 Pavilion Borugakgi (報漏閣記), 2169 Rujm el-Hiri, 520, 524, 525, 1803, 1804 Rectangular tumuli, 1060, 1061, 1064, 1066, Run, 1775 1074–1076 Ru¯znuma¯, 2014 Recumbent stone circles, 1277–1284 Refraction, atmospheric, 463, 534, 537 Regimento das Le´guas, 56 S Regimento do Cruzeiro do Sul, 55 Sabbath, 1896–1899 Regimento do Norte, 54, 56 Sacred Regimento do Sol, 55 bundles, 547 Regulus, 1663–1667 geography, 1527–1528, 1690 2290 Index

Sacred (cont.) Segeda, 1182–1184 geometry, 1712 *seh2wo¯l, 1214 mountains, 652, 656 Seibal, 770 space, 1388 Seikh Abada, 496 Terrace, 1366, 1367 Selection of data, 376, 380, 381 well, 1414 Selene, 496, 1597 Sagan, C., 273 Selk’nam, 1005–1009 Sagittarius, 2150, 2153–2156 Selkup, 1681 Sah, 1483, 1484 Semasiographic system, rock art as, 247 Sahara, 1059–1076 Semi-subterranean Temple at Tiwanaku, 803 Salzburg, 1593, 1594 Senenmut, 1478, 1481, 1484 Samarkand (Samarqand), 308 Senuseret I, 1536, 1539 observatory, 1918, 1922–1924 Septimius Severus, 99 Samhain, 487 Series global (heritage entity), 310 Samshvilde varskvlavi, 1463 Serra da Estrela, 1154, 1156 San Carlos Mesa, 437 Seshat, 1053, 1512, 1517 Sanctuaries, 1163–1168, 1365–1375, 1385– Seven cycles star, 1463 1394, 1793 Seven liberal arts, 166 Sand paintings, 631, 633–635, 637 Severus Sebokht, 1594 SANGA-priest, 1786 Sextant, 2018, 2019, 2147 Sanskrit astrolabes, 2012, 2013 S´¯ghra-samskaı ¯ra, 2003 Santa Cristina’s well, 138, 1413–1420 Shabikeshchee, 603 San Zeno, Chapel of (817-824) in Church of Shabnuma¯, 2014 Santa Prassede in Rome, 1737, 1738 Shadow-casting phenomena, 428 Sapaksi, 598 Shadow lengths, 1928, 1930, 1931 Saqqara, 1528 Shadow schemes, 1931, 1938 Sarapis, 1600 Shahjahanabad, 2019–2021, 2023, 2025, 2026 Sardinia, 1144, 1146, 1404, 1406–1408, 1410, Shamanistic belief, 534 1411, 1413–1419 Shamans, 535, 542, 1209–1211 Sá¯rdu¯lakarna-avada¯na, 1956 Shang di, 69, 78–80, 2072 Sarmizegetusa Regia, 1366–1374 Shang dynasty, 71, 2069, 2075 Saroiak, 1187–1195 Shaori, 1465–1467 Saros cycle, 1606, 1611–1613, 1617, 1859, Shausga, 1785 1860, 2062 Shaw Butte, 553, 555, 556, 600 Sassanian calendar reform, 1904–1905 Shef-bedet, 1492 Sassanian dynasty, 1902 Shemu, 1507, 1510 Saturn, synodic phenomena of, 470 Shi Shen (石申), 2037 Sawai Jai Singh, 2017–2027 Short stone rows, 414, 1287–1295 Sayil, 770 Shoushi Calendar, 2114 Scandinavia, 1214, 1215, 1217 Shoushi-li, 2158–2161 Scaphe, or yangyi 仰仪, 2143 Shrines, Mithraic, 1669, 1670 Schematic calendars, 22 Shushmanets and Golyama Kosmatka tumulus, Schifanoia, 1745, 1748 1390, 1392, 1394 Schild, R., 1080, 1081, 1085, 1087, 1089 Shvidmoqcevis varskvlavi, 1463 Science heritage, 302, 307–308 Si Ayuh, 2210, 2213, 2214 Scientific practice, Yoruba, 1052, 1053 Siberia, 1680–1685 Sears Point petroglyphs, 382, 601 Sicily, 1144 Seasonal hours, 1498 Siddha¯nta, 1985–1988 Season Granting calendar, 2066 Sidereal day, 11 Seasons, 1197–1200, 1951–1954, 1956, Sidereal month, 467 2226–2228 Sidi Ali Celebi, 53 Sechin Bajo, 797, 799 Sidonius Apollinaris, 1734 Sedentism, 1080 Síghra cycle, 1996, 1999 Index 2291

Síghrakendra, 1996, 1997, 2000 calendar, Tupinamba´, 947 Sıˆghrocca, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2004 eclipses, 915–917, 1785 Sighting wall, 2255–2256, 2258 god, 1396 Signs of the zodiac, 1670, 1671, 1673 hierophany, 430. (see also Light-and- Silk book, 2080 shadow interactions) Simplified armillary, 2159, 2160 horizon calendars, 20, 24, 28 Simplified Instrument, or jianyi简仪, 2143 and lunar eclipses, 494, 835, 2159, 2162 Sin, 496 observation devices, 653, 812–814, 819 Sinagua, 600 orientations, 1400, 1696, 1701 Sinaguan, 611 solstice orientations, 1373–1374 Sine quadrant, 2010, 2013, 2014 stations, 1447, 1448, 1466 Sinking-bowl type of water clock, system, 1104–1105 2008, 2009 terms, 2062, 2067 Sipapu, 579 wheel, 1216 Sirius, 32, 38, 39, 151, 1082, 1086, 1094, year, 1433, 1439, 1498 1117, 1173, 1490, 1497, 1506, zenith passage, 10, 788 1507, 1538, 1543, 1545, 1546, 1789 Solstice markers, 1426 Six-directional framework, 650, 654 Solstices, 59, 272, 273, 276–282, 465–469, Six Ren Divination, 2035, 2036 484–486, 489, 491, 542, 548, 549, SketchUp, 452, 455 622–625, 716, 732, 735, 1406–1410, Skidi Pawnee, 1353, 1355 1433–1435, 1455, 1566–1568, 1596, Sky 1653, 1654, 1657, 1671, 1673, 2012, dial, 1449, 1450 2097, 2113–2115 knowledge, 240, 242, 243, 245 Solstitial River, 2088, 2091 alignments, 485 visualization software, 422 orientation, 1224, 1229–1234, 1723 Sky-earth social relations, 955 sunrise and sunset directions, 24, 330, 638, Skylore of northern Eurasia, 1679–1685 650–652 Skyscapes, 1684, 1685 Solunto, 1595 Skywatchers on Rapa Nui, 2262, 2263, 2267 Song, 77, 85 Skyworld, 2224–2229 Song I-Yeong (宋以穎), 2165, 2179–2194 Slope, direction of, 1154, 1157, 1158, 1160 Son Mas, 521 SLS. See Structured light scanner (SLS) Son of Heaven tianzi (天子), 2034 Smallpox inoculation, 1053 Sonoran Desert, 552, 562 Smithsonian Institution, National Sopdet, 1479, 1484, 1507, 1511, 1542, 1543, 1545 Anthropological Archives (SI/NAA), Sorghum, 1938 650, 653, 654 Sothis, 38–40, 1490, 1542, 1545 Snaketown, 559, 560 Sotho-Tswana, 1033, 1034 Snefru, 1523, 1524 South Arabian kingdoms, 1938, 1939 Social field, 10, 233 South Caucasus, 1444 Social organization, 233 Southern Cross, 965, 1172, 1174, 1424, 1428, Social sciences, perceptions of 2213, 2256, 2257 archaeoastronomy within, 228–230, Southern Cross and Pointers, 1046, 1401 232, 350 Southern lunar maximum, 566, 569, 570, 572. Social theory, 360–362 See also Southern major lunistice, Socio-political processes, 2201 Major lunar standstill limits Socotra, 1938 Southern non-zodiacal constellations, 155 Sódhyadina, 1996–2000 Southern Tewa, 603 Sofaer, A., 273 South Kalimantan, 2208, 2210, 2213 Solar South Mountains, 552–554, 559 alignments, 1734, 1789, 2034 Sovereign Pole calendar, 2064, 2065 anomaly, 1996, 2000 Space, concept of, 3–13 calendars, 7–8, 11, 1382, 1383 Spal, 1795 2292 Index

Spatial order, 770, 771 Riverside Project, 1224, 1233 Spatial patterning, 358, 359 sarsen circle, 381 Sphairopoiı¨a (sphere-making), 1596 Stone inscriptions in Indian temples, 1961 The Sphere of Eudoxus, 153 Strabo(Strabon), 1161, 1366, 1595, 1796, 1814 Sphinx, 487, 489, 1521, 1522, 1527, 1528 Strabo, Walahfrid, 1734 Sphutacandra¯pti, 1992, 1998–1999 Street of the Dead, 730–734, 738 Sphujidhvaja, 1957 Stretching of the cord, 1502, 1503, 1512, 1517, Sphuta-graha, 2003 1524 Spiral, petroglyphs, 552–554, 557–559 Strike-release ball-system, 2183, 2184, 2188– Spirit-helper, 1210 2192, 2194 Spondylus, 1379 Striking Heavenly Clepsydra Spots of light in medieval churches, 1746, Heumgyeonggaknu, 2163, 2169–2175 1748, 1750 Striking Palace Clepsydra Jagyeokgungnu Spring and Autumn Annals, 2044 (自擊宮漏), 2164 Spring equinox, 495, 499, 504, 1805, 1886 Striking train, 2183, 2184, 2189–2191, 2194 Spring full moon, 499–500, 503, 504 Stroked Pottery culture, 1318 S´ravana BeLagoLa, 1961, 1963 Structured light scanner (SLS), 451 S´ringeri, 1960, 1962 Stukeley, W., 266, 267 Staffordshire clogs, 1776 Suhayl, 1688 Standstill. See Lunar standstills Sulba Su´tras, 1963, 1964 Star(s), 834–836, 1031, 1033–1035, Sumerian, 1824–1826, 1830, 1831, 1836–1837 1455–1457, 1459, 1555–1560, Summer solstice, 484, 485, 552, 553, 556–559, 1564, 1565 561, 562, 1094, 1095, 1127–1129, 1165, calendar, 244, 1440 1168, 1398, 1400, 1455, 1663, 1665, ceilings, 636, 638 1804, 1808, 1809 charts, 357, 358 Sun, 483–488, 490, 491, 784, 788, 789, 1104, charts, Chinese, 2055, 2056 1105, 1339, 1341, 1342, 1344, 1346– clocks, 1941–1947 1347, 1350–1355, 1396, 1444–1450, compass, Micronesian, 2234 1630–1632, 1652–1654, 1656–1658, globe, 2144, 2147 1663, 1666, 1667, 1670, 1671, 1674– maps, 357, 2150 1676, 2216–2219 paintings, 2152–2156 Chief, 74, 75, 77 Starlight, 291, 292, 294, 295 crosses, 1341 Starlight reserves, 292, 294 cult, 833–834 Star-lore, 548, 933, 934, 938–941, 943 dagger (Fajada Butte), 273, 274, 447 Star names, Chinese, 2052 dagger sites, 365, 437, 621–627 Starry sky, 288, 291, 292 dance, 547 Stars of the year, 932, 933, 936, 939, 940 markers, 433 State calendars, 1110, 1111 movement apparatus, 2182, 2184–2186, Stationary point, 1857, 1859 2192, 2193 Station Stones, 1226, 1227, 1229, 1235 nests, 1463 Steele, J., 1614 Priest, 643 Steering by the stars, 46–48 symbol, Pueblo, 643, 647 Stellar alignments, 517–528 temples, 566, 568–570, 572, 573, 882, Stellarium, 448, 453–455 1960, 1961, 1963–1965 Stellar phases, 1626, 1627 watching, 332–334, 631, 637, 642–644, 646 Stereographic projection, 1367, 1368, 1370, Sundials, 69, 70, 167, 170, 174–177, 429, 430, 1593, 1594 432, 433, 1367, 1373, 1588, 1593, 1652, Sterngarten, 455 1654, 1739, 1942, 1943, 1945–1947, Stone circles, 2200, 2201 2117–2125 Stonehenge, 136–140, 214–217, 221, 222, 224, Sun goddess Amaterasu, 2199, 2200 255–259, 264–284, 295, 362, 366, 488, Sun-goddess of Arinna, 1784, 1786–1789 542, 1223–1236, 1456 Sun God of Heaven, 1785 Index 2293

Sunming-li, 2158, 2159 Taosi, 25, 2060, 2085, 2086, 2105–2110 Sunrise Taqı¯al-Dı¯n, 1924, 1925 arc, 465, 813, 818 Tarapaca´, 915, 916 azimuth of, 1712, 1714, 1715 Tarazed, 1683 Sun’s daily arcs, 167, 168, 174, 428 Tarquinia, 1645 Sunset arc, 465 Tarraco, 1645 Sun’s house, 653 Taulas, 520–521, 1169–1174 Sunspot observations, Chinese, 2045 Tauroctony, Mithraic, 1674–1676 Sunstick, 76 Taurus, 2208, 2210, 2211, 2213 Superior conjunction, 469 Tawantinsuyu, 839–841 Superior planets, synodic phenomena of, 470 Techy, 1492 Supernal Emblem calendar, 2062, 2065 Ted Pedas, 272 Su¯riya-pannatti, 1956 Teide, 1121, 1123 Survey instruments, 414 Tekna, 1108, 1111 Survey techniques, 428, 433, 441 Tell-type settlements, 1378 Surya Puja, 488, 490 Tempe Butte, 557–559 Sushiryeok Cheobeob Yibseong, 2158 Temperament theory, 118, 122–126, 128–130 Su Song, 2134–2138, 2176 Tempietto di Cividale, 1736, 1737 Suzhou, 85, 86 Temple(s), 769, 770, 1094–1099, 1386, Sweat bath (temascal), 665 1388–1394, 1652, 1655, 1734, 1735, Swedish rock art, 357 1793–1798 Symbol counts, 375, 381–383 of Ain Dara, 1810, 1811 Symbol of Christ, 1734, 1735, 1737, 1739 of the Amphitheater, 796–798 Symbo-logic systems, 5, 10 architecture, 1959–1967 Symbols, Mithraic, 1670–1674 of the Condor, 888, 889 Symmetry axis analysis, 1156, 1157, of Heaven, 78, 79 1159, 1160 of the Mortars, 888–889 Synodic arc, 1867, 1868 of the Pillars [Chankillo], 815, 817, 818 Synodic month, 20, 21, 23, 466 Polynesian, 2235, 2237–2238 Synodic period, of planets, 470 of Re-Horakhty, 81 Synodic period of Venus, 970 of the Rock, 1804–1807 Synodic phenomena, 1864, 1865, 1867 of Solomon in Jerusalem, 1734 Syzygy, 2063, 2064 of the Sun, 832 of Three Windows, 884 Templo de la Luna, 907 T Templo Mayor, 716, 726, 743–747 Tables, astronomical, 1597, 1987, 1988. Temporality, 17, 19, 24 See also Zı¯j Temporal equinox, 466, 1097, 1165–1167 Tabwa people (DRC), 1037 Tenerife, 1125, 1127, 1129 Tacit/implicit knowledge, 1057 Tenos, 1592 Taharqa, 1545–1547 Teotihuaca´n, 296, 722–724, 726, 729–735, Taiyang Tongjing, 2160 738, 740, 741 Takamatsu and Kitora Kofuns, 2200 Termes, 1645 Talayotic culture, 1144, 1146, 1169, 1170, Terms, 1591, 1597 1172, 1173 Terrestrial globe, 2180, 2183, 2185–2187 Talayots, 1146, 1170, 1171 Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), 451 Tally of days, 1427 Territorial markers, Medicine Wheels as, 548 Tal-Qadi stone slab, 1423 Textiles, 851 Thales, 1595 Tangarduk Kaya cave sanctuary, 1383, 1384 Theatres, E-groups as, 789 Tanis, 1591 Thebes, 35, 39 Tannur, 496, 1814–1816 Thematic Study on astronomical heritage, 302, Tantrasangraha, 2004 303, 306, 308 Taoist Temple of Mystery, 85–88 Theodolite surveys, 414, 415 2294 Index

Theon of Alexandria, 1594 Toleta de Marteloio, 54 Thirst Dance, 547 Tomb(s), 1154, 1386, 1388–1394, 2201 Thirteen towers [of Chankillo], 808–814, 819 seven-stone, 1154 Tholos, 1136–1138, 1140, 1143 Tombe dei Giganti, 1144, 1404, 1406, 1407 Thom, A., 214–218, 221, 222, 231, 232, 270, Tomnaverie, 1282, 1283 494, 518, 520, 548, 1279, 1283, 1284, Tonalpohualli, 732, 746 1288 Tonga, 2232, 2236, 2237 Thom paradigm, 518 Topchika Cave, 1380–1381 Thornborough, 525, 1239–1247 Topography, 496, 2151 Thoth, 496–498, 1491, 1492 Torralba d’en Salort, 521, 1171, 1173, 1174 Thrace, 1386, 1387, 1389 Torre d’en Gaumes, 1172 Thracian astronomy, 1387 Total station surveys, 814 Thracians, 1385–1401 Tower of the Winds, 1592–1594, 1599 Thrasyllus, 99 Trajan’s Emperor Column, 1366 Three Kings, 1760 Transhumance, 1156 Three paired stars, 1760 Transit star clock, 1496–1498 Thutmosis III, 1533, 1536 Translation movement, 1910 Tian wen, 2044 Treasury, 496 Tides, 948, 2216, 2218 Trecena neap tide, 57 augments, 762 spring tide, 57, 59 houses, 761, 762 tidal chart, 58 Trepidation, theory of, 1911 Tierra del Fuego, 1006 Triangulated irregular network (TIN), 449 Tiger Star, 2074 Triangulum, 1047, 1048 Tikal, 770, 771, 785–788 Triaster, 2075 Timbuktu, 1101–1105 Trier, 1598 Time, 3–13, 16–20, 23–26, 166–168, 171–175, Trigonometry, 1912, 1913, 1982, 1985–1987 177, 1551, 1586–1588 Trilithon, 1226 conception of, 19, 20, 23, 24 Triple Concordance calendar, 2061–2063, 2065 keeping, 2201 Triquetrum, 2018 periods, 1057 Tropical year, 2113–2115 reckoning, 1198, 1199, 1201–1203 Tropic of Cancer, 661, 662 12 Time-announcing medallions, 2184, 2187, Tu¯sı¯ couple, 1912 2188, 2194 Tsiskari (Venus), 1463 Time-annunciator, 2183, 2184, 2187–2190, Tuareg, 1107–1113 2192, 2194 Tubatulabal,€ 598 Timing of irrigation systems, 1941 Tuleilat al-Ghassul, 1802 Timing of water shares, 1943 Tulum, 721 TIN. See Triangulated irregular network (TIN) Tumuli associated with a line of stones, Tindaya, 1116–1119 1064, 1073 Tipi rings, 543, 547 Tumuli with antenna, 1065, 1066 Tirfa,56 Tunisia, 1094, 1097, 1108–1109 Tirthas, 1979 Tupa, 141, 142, 2239, 2262, 2263, 2265–2266 Tisza, 1319 Tupinamba´, 946–948 Tithi, 1954 Turtle watchtowers, 2262 Titicaca,lake, 894 Twenty-eight lunar lodges, 2039, 2040 Tisˇtrya, 1905 Twenty-four solar terms, 2035, 2102, 2103 Tiwanaku, 803–805 Twin pyramid groups, 770 Tlacaxipehualiztli, 745 Twins, 557–560 Tlaloc, 744, 746 Tybi, 1492 TLS. See Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) Tyche, 496, 498, 1663 Toba, 981–984 Tycho Brahe, 2147 Tobias, M., 96 Tyre, 1794, 1798 Index 2295

U Vega, 536, 538 Udayagiri, 1961, 1963 Veintena, 760–762 Udeghe, 1200 Vela, 148 Ujjain, 2018, 2023–2025, 2027 Venantius Fortunatus, 1735 Ulaca, 1177, 1178, 1180–1182, 1185 Ventilation shafts, in the Great Pyramid of Ulugh Beg, 1922–1924 Giza, 1526–1527 Umar al–Khayya¯m, 1922 Venus, 23, 71, 73, 495, 507–515, 558, 559, Underworld, 2224, 2225, 2229 696–702, 706, 707, 719, 725, 727, UNESCO, 302–305, 308–310, 2026 775–779, 784, 787, 788, 835, 914, Uniformist model, 149, 150, 154, 155 918, 1117, 1119, 1168, 1342, 1345, Unity3D, 447, 452, 454 1346, 1663, 1666, 1667, 1785, 1788, University of Pennsylvania Museum of 1817, 2218 Archaeology and Anthropology, extremes, 788 278, 281 omens, 34 Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 549 synodic cycle of, 22 Unreal Engine, 447 synodic phenomena of, 470 Upper Paleolithic, 1198, 1200, 1201, Verbiest, Ferdinand (1623-1688), 2146 1203, 1211 Vernacular astronomy, 2198, 2200, 2201 Upper Paleolithic, Franco-Cantabrian, Vernal equinox, 495, 499, 504, 1805, 1886 1205–1212 Vetton, 1176, 1177, 1180, 1184 Ur, 33, 34, 496, 497 Ve´zelay Abbey, 1754 Uraniborg, 142 Viewscape, 244 Ur-Nammu, 496 Vision Quest, 547 Urn Tomb, 1816–1820 Visual communication, 244, 247 Uroscopy, 126 Vitalism, 2198 Urra = hubullu, 1830 Vitruvius, 1367, 1374, 1590, 1592, 1593, 1646, Ursa Major, 536, 537, 1681, 1734, 1744, 1753 1936–1938 von Hallerstein, Ferdinand Augustin Haller Uttara`yana, 1964 (1703-1774), 2147 Uxmal, 508, 513, 515, 725, 726, 773–780 Voyaging, 2232 V-shaped monuments, 1060, 1061, 1064, 1065, 1070, 1073, 1076 V Vucˇedol Culture, 1327–1334 Va¯kyakaranna, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000 Va¯kya system, 1991–2000 W Valcamonica, 1214–1216, 1218 Wallace’s Line, 44 Vale d’el Rei, 1154, 1155 Warachikuy, 845 Vale Maria do Meio, 1154, 1155, 1161 Warrior elite, 820 Valencia de Alcańtara, 1150 Water clock, 2008–2009 Valencina de la Concepcioń, 1136 Water-hammering type (水激式), 2180, 2182 Valens, V., 120, 121 Water-Powered Astronomical Clock Tower, Valleé des Merveilles, 1214 2129, 2133–2138 Van Stone, Mark, 281 Water Strider, 645 Vara¯hamihira, 1956 Wayekiye, 1542 Varanasi, 2018, 2023–2025, 2027 Wayfinding, 538 Varro, 60 Weather and fertility ritual, 955 V-Bar-V Heritage Site, 600 Wedge tombs, 1251, 1253, 1254, 1256, Veda¯nga, 1950, 1951, 1953–1957 1257, 1259 Vedic Week, 1896–1898 period, 1950–1953 days of, 1627 rituals, 1952 Weight (錘), 2180, 2182 sources, 1982–1984 Weltbild, 7 2296 Index

Weluku, 2209, 2210 Yaqana˛, 918 Wendorf, F., 1080, 1085, 1089, 1090 Yasitata guazu, 969, 971, 973 Wep-renpet, 488, 1490–1492, 1507, 1510, Yavana-ja¯taka, 1957 1536, 1537, 1539 Yazatas, 1903 Western goulet, 1061, 1064–1066, Yazilikaya, 1784, 1785, 1787, 1790 1073, 1074 Year (as calendar cycle), 7, 11, 12, Western medicine, 118, 123 763–764 Western Zhou Dynasty, 2070 names, 764 Whish, C., 2002 13-Year subcycle, 760 Wielbark culture, 1358, 1359 19-year Lunar cycle, 1775–1777 Wijiji, 597, 599, 603 28-year Solar cycle, 1777, 1779 William of England, 126 52-Year cycle, 760 Williamson, R., 270 Yellow bile, 123, 124, 127 Windows whose sills and jambs widen on the Yi Min-cheol (李敏哲), 2175 inside, 1735 Yin,81 Winter solstice, 485, 489, 552, 554–561, 1095, Ying fu, 2114 1096, 1165, 1168, 1366, 1367, 1372, Yin-Shang period, 2071 1532–1539, 1663, 1665, 1810 Yi Xing, 2064, 2065, 2115, Woodhenge, 1225, 1229, 1230, 1232, 2129, 2134 1233, 1235 York, 1646 World-axis, 1210 Yoruba cosmology, 1052, 1058 World, Egyptian view of, 1471, 1472 Yoruba ethnoastronomy, 1051–1058 World Heritage Convention, 301–310 Yuanjia-li, 2158 World Heritage nomination process, 305–307 Yucata´n, 270, 272, 277 Worldview, 4–7 Yuchisi site, 2034 Wright, M., 1609 Yuga, 1951, 1954, 1955 Wuin-li, 2158 Yurok, 1200, 1201 Wupatki, 255 Wurdi Youang, 2219, 2220 Wu Shidao (吴师道, 1283–1344), 2143 Z Zaluar, Augusto Emı´lio, 945, 946 Za¯m, 56 X Zapotec Xia Dynasty, 2085 calendar correlation, 765 Xiahou Zao (夏侯灶), 2035 calendar manuals, 760 Xi (羲) and He (和), 2032 calendar specialist (see Colanı´) Xianyang, 2089–2092 eclipse records, 765 Xiu. See Lunar mansions Zeng Nanzhong’s sundial chart, 2123 Xiuhpohualli, 746 Zenith, 460, 464, 466, 469 Xiyu Lishu, 2160 star, 46, 49, 51 Xochicalco, 137, 719–720, 722, 723, sun, 870, 1082, 1978, 1979 749–757, 910 tube, 137, 491 Xo’on, 1007, 1009 Zenith/Zenithal passage, 235, 485, 488, 491, Xunantunich, 770 735, 750 solar, 466, 469 Zhang Heng’s celestial globe, 2134 Y Zhi,53 Yahad, 1896–1899 Ziggurat, 496, 497 Yakut, 1683 Zı¯j-iKha¯qa¯nı¯, 2018 Yang,81 Zı¯j-i Ulugh Begı¯, 2018 Yangcheng, 2115, 2116 Ziqpu-stars, 1832 Yang Huan (杨桓, 1234–1299), 2143 zı¯j, 1912–1914 Yantra-ra¯ja, 2012 Zı¯j-i Sha¯h, 1905 Index 2297

Zodiac, 1864–1868, 1872–1874 Zodiac dial on Antikythera Mechanism, 1607, Zodiacal anomaly, 1996, 2000 1608, 1613, 1618, 1619, 1621 Zodiacal band, 784, 789 Zodiac man, 120 Zodiacal circles, 1771 Zodiac signs, 1591, 1597, 1598 Zodiacal stellar calendar, 1110, 1111 Zodiac1864–1868, 1872–1874 Zodiac constellations, 148, 150–151, Zone of invisibility, 150, 153–155 1560, 1936 Zuni, 75, 77, 78, 642, 643, 645, 646