The decline of empire pdf

Continue Not to be confused with the Mongolian Empire or the Mogul. Mughal redirects here. For ethnic groups, see the . The dynastic empire extending over much of the Indian subcontinent of the 1526-1540 1555-1857 Empire the most, in 1700StatusEmpireCapital (1526- 1540; 1555-1571; 1598-1648) (1571-1585) Lahore (May 1586 - 1598) Shahjahanabad, (1648-1857) Common Persian (official and court language) later, given official status) Hindawi (Lingua franca) Arabic (for religious ceremonies) Chagatai Turkic (only originally) Other South Asian languages Religion Sunni Islam (Hanafi) (1526-1857) Din-e-Ilahi (1582-1605) GovernmentAbsolute Monarchy , a unitary state with a federal structure, the centralized autocracyIsyIsy Sharia (1526-1719) Oligarchy with a limited figure of the monarch (1719-1857)Emperor (first) 1837-1857 Bahadur Shah II (last) Historical era Of the modern First Battle of Panapia April 21, 1526. The Empire Interrupted by the Empire of Sur 1540-1555 Great Mughal-Maratha Wars 1680-1707 Death of March 3, 1707 Battle of Karnal 24 February 1739 Kar 1746-1763 Battle of Plassi 1757 Bengal War 1759-1765 21 September 1857 Area1690'5'6'4 Population 1,700 x 7,158,400,000 CurrencyRupee, Taka, Taka Dam:73-74 Preceded by the Success of Of Bengal Sultanate State Dynasty Dean of the Sultanate of Bengal Durrani Empire Marat Empire Company Rule in British Raj Today Part IndiaPakistanAfghanistanBangladeshNepal Description of South Asian Paleolithic History (2,500,000-250,000 BC) Madrasian culture Soanian culture does not (10800-3300 BC) Bhir Culture of Mergarra (7570-6200 BC) Mergarha Culture (7000-33 Edakkala Culture (5000-3000 BC) Halcolytic (3500-1500 BC) Anarta Tradition (c. 3950-1900 BC) Culture of Ahar Banas (3000-1500 BC) Culture Panda (1600-1500 BC) Culture of Malva (1600-1300 BC) Culture Jorwe (1400-700 BC) BC) Bronze Age (3300-1300 BC) Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BC) - Early Harappan Culture (3300-1300 BC) 3300-2600 BC) - Mature Harappa Culture (2600-1900 BC) - Late Harappa Culture (1900-1300 BC) Vedic civilization (2000-2000-2000 500 AD BC) - Ohra Colored Pottery Culture (2000-1600 BC) - Swat Culture (1600-500 BC) Iron Age (1 500-200 BC) Vedic Civilization (1500-500 BC) - Janapadas (1500-600 BC) - Black-red utensils of culture (1300-1000 BC) - Painted grey utensils culture (1200-600 BC) - Northern Black Polish Pottery (7 Pradjoth Dynasty (799-684 BC) Haryanka Dynasty (684-424 BC) Crown kingdom (c. 600 BC - AD 1600) Maha Janapadas (c. 600-300 BC) Ahemenid Ahemenid (550-330 BC) Sor Dynasty (450 BC - 489 BC) Shaishunag Dynasty (424-345 BC) Nanda Empire (380-321 BC) BC) Macedonian Empire (330-323 BC) Empire of Moreya (321-184 BC) Selavid India (312-303 BC) Empire Pandya (c. 300 BC - BC 1345 BC B.C.) The Kingdom of Cher (c. 300 BC - circa 300 BC) the Pallave Empire (c. 250 BC - 800 AD) Empire of Maha-Mega-Vahan (c. 250 BC) AD - about 500 AD) The Parthian Empire (247 BC - 224 BC AD) Celestial (230 BC - AD 1206) Satawahana Empire (230 BC - 220 AD) Kuninda (200 BC - 300 AD) of the Mitra dynasty (c. 150 BC - CE) 50 BC) Schung Empire (185-73 BC) Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC - 10 AD) Empire of Kanva (75-20 BC) 26 BC) indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC - 400 AD) of the Indo-Parthian kingdom (21 AD - p. 130) Western Empire Satrap (35-405 AD) Kushan Empire (60-240 AD AD) Bhargiva Dynasty (170-350) Nagas Padmavati (2 10-340) Sasan Empire (224-651) Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230-360) Waquita Empire (c. 250 - c. 500) Empire Kalakhras (230-360). 250 - c. 600) Gupta Empire (280-550) Kadamba Empire (345-525) Western Kingdom of the Ganges (350-1000) Camarupa Kingdom (350- 1100) Cherry Empire Mukundins (420-624) Maitrak Empire (475-1100) 767) Kingdom of Huna (475-576) Kingdom of Paradise (489-632) Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500 - 1026) Chalukya Empire (543-753) Mauhari Empire (c. 550 - c. 700) Harsha Empire (606-647) Tibetan Empire (618-84)1) Eastern Kingdom of Chalukya (624-1075) Caliphate Rashidun (632-661) Empire Gurjara-Pratihara (650-1036) Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) Empire Pala (750-1174) Empire (7533 982) Paramar kingdom (800-1327) Yadav Empire (850-1334) Chaulukya Kingdom (850-1334) Kingdom of Chauluka (850-1334)942- 1244) Western Chalukya Empire (973-1189) Lochara Kingdom (100000 Hoisala Empire (1040-1347) The Empire of the Seine (1040-1347) The Empire of the Seine (1040-1347) The Empire of the Seine (1040-1347) Eastern Gang Empire (1078-1434) Kingdom of Kakatia (1083-1323) zamorin Kingdom (1102-1766) Kalachuri Tripuri (675-1210) Kalachuri Kalachuri (1156-1184) Chutia (1187-1673) Kingdom (about 1200 - c. 1300) Late Medieval Period (1206-1526) Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) - Mamluk Sultanat (1206-1290) - Khalji Sultanat (1290-1320) - Tuhlak Sultanat (1320-1414) - Sayyid Sultanate (1414-1451) - Lodi Sultanate (1451-1526) AhomIan Kingdom (1228-1826) Kingdom of Chitradurg (1300-100-126) 1779) Reddy Kingdom (1325-1448) Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1646) Bengal Sultanate (1352-1576) Garhwal Kingdom (1336-1646) 1358 -1803) Kingdom of Meser (1399-1947) Gajapati (1434-1541) Dean sultanates (1490-1596) - Ahmadnagar Sultanat (1490-1636) - Beraar Sultanate - Berar Sultanate (1490-1636) - Bear Sultanate (1490-1636) 1490-1574) - Bidar Sultanate (1492-1619) - Bijapur Sultanate (1492-1686) - Golconda Sultanate (1518-1687 Kingdom) (1499-1763) Kingdom of the Koch (1499-1763) Koch Kingdom (1515-1947) Early Modern Period (1526-1858) Kingdom of the Mughal (1526-1858) (1540-1556) (1540-1556) Королевство (1559-1736) Королевство Тханьявур (1532-1673) Бенгальское Суба (1576-1757) Королевство Марава (1600-1750) Тондайманское королевство (165)0-1948) Империя Марата (1674-1818) Конфедерация сикхов (1707-1799) Траганкорское королевство (1729-1947) Империя сикхов (1799-1849) ) Колониальные государства (1510-1961) Португальская Индия (1510-1961) Голландская Индия (1605-1825) Датская Индия (1620-1869) Французская Индия (1759-19)54) Компания Raj (1757-1858) Британский Радж (1858-1947) Периоды предыстории Шри-Ланки (до 543 г. до н.э.) Ранний период царств (543 г. до н.э. - 377 г. до н.э.) период Анурадхапура ( 377 г. до н.э. - 1017 г. н.э.) Период Полоннарувы (1056-1232) Transitional Period (1232-1505) Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (1505-1594) The Kandian Period (159 4-1815) British Ceylon (1815-1948) Modern Sri Lanka (1 National HistoryAfganistanBangangangerbhutanIndiaMaldesunsUnpaxistanSmistanSmistismia Lanka Regional HistoryAssamBalujustanBengalBharGujaratHimal PlypakhbulKashmirHiber PunkakhthwaRajastHanMaharashtraUttar PradeshPunjabOdryIndhouth IndiaSylhetTamil NaduTibet Specialized StoriesAgricultureArchitecturaConjajDemographic Omasticy OmiaIndologyIndologyIndologyInfluence in Southeast romanticized: mug͟ hliyah saltanat) or the Mogul Empire, self-styled , ﻣﻐﻠﯿ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ :novelisted: Mughliyah Saltanat) , (Persian ,ﻣﻐﻠﯿ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ :AsiaLanguageLiteratureMaritimeMetallurgyMilitaryPartition of IndiaPakistan studiesPhilosophyReligionScience - TechnologyTimeline vte The Mughal Empire (Urdu Gurkanion, which means son-in-law), was an early-modern empire that controlled much of south Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. For about two centuries, the empire stretched from the outer edges of the Indus Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the ,ﮔﻮرﮐﺎﻧﯿﺎن :as Gurkani (Persian northwest and Kashmir in the north to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, as well as the uplands of the Dean Plateau in southern India. The Mughal Empire, as is usually said, was founded in 1526 by , a warrior chief from present-day Uzbekistan who used help from neighboring Safavid and Ottoman Empires to defeat Delhi Sultan in the and sweep away the plains of Upper India. The imperial structure of the , however, sometimes dates back to 1600, when the rule of Babur's grandson . This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also reached its maximum geographical scale. Subsequently, especially during the reign of the East India Company in India, in and around the region, the empire was officially dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian uprising of 1857. Although the Mughal Empire was created and supported by the military it does not vigorously suppress the culture and peoples to which it has come; rather, it equalized and reassured them through new administrative practices and various ruling elites, which led to more effective, centralized and standardized rule. The basis of the collective wealth of the empire were agricultural taxes imposed by the third Mughal emperor Akbar. These taxes, which amounted well over half of the yield of the peasant cultivator,25 were paid in a well-regulated silver currency,22 and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. Relative peace, supported by the empire for most of the 17th century, was a factor in India's economic expansion. The growing European presence in the Indian Ocean and the growing demand for Indian crude and finished products have created even greater wealth in the Mughal courts. Among the Mughal elite there was a more visible consumption, which led to greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles and architecture, especially during the reign of . World Heritage Sites of the Mughal in South Asia include Fort Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, , Tomb, Fort Lahore, Shalamar Gardens and , which is described as the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the world's most revered world heritage masterpieces. Contemporaries of the name called the empire founded by Babur, the empire of Gurkanion, which means sons in law). The use of the Mughal comes from the Arab and Persian corruption of ,ﮔﻮرﮐﺎﻧﯿﺎن :Timurid, which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this term preferred the Great Mughals themselves. The designation of the Mughals for their own dynasty was Gurkani (Persian the Mongol, and it emphasized the Mongolian origin of the Timurid dynasty. The term acquired the currency in the 19th century, but remains controversial by indologists. Similar terms were used to refer to empire, including Mogul and Mogul. However, Babur's ancestors were in stark contrast to the classical Mongols because they were oriented towards Persian rather than Turko-Mongolian culture. Another name of the empire was the Hindustan, which was documented in Ain-e-Akbari, and which was described as the closest to the official name of the empire. In the west, the term Great Mughal was used for the emperor and therefore for the empire as a whole. Main story article: Babur and Humayun (1526-1556) Main articles: Babur and Humayun Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire, and his warriors visiting a Hindu temple on the Indian subcontinent. The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned in 1526-1530), a Central Asian ruler who came from the Turko-Mongolian conqueror Timur (founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and Genghis Khan on the mother's side. Banished from his ancestral areas in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. It established itself in Kabul and then steadily advanced south to India from Afghanistan via the Khyber Pass. However, concern for wars and military campaigns did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the achievements he had made in India. The instability of the empire became apparent under his son Humayun (ruled 1530-1556), who was forced to leave Persia by the rebels. The Sur Empire (1540-1555), founded by (reigned in 1540-1545), briefly interrupted the rule of the Mughals. Humayun's exile to Persia established diplomatic relations between the Safavid and Mughal ships and led to increased Persian cultural influence in the Mughal Empire. Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored mughal rule, but the following year he died in an accident. Akbar Aurangzebu (1556-1707) Main articles: Akbar, , Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb Akbar (reigned in 1556-1605) were born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad in Fort Rajput Umarkot, in 46 in Humayun and his wife , Persian. Akbar succeeded in taking the throne under Regent Bayram Khan, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India. Through war and diplomacy, Akbar was able to expand the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari River. He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, introduced a modern administration and promoted the development of culture. It increased trade with European trading companies. India has developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. (quote necessary) Akbar allowed freedom of religion at court and tried to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by creating a new religion, Ding-e-Ilahi, with strong characteristics of the cult ruler. Jahangir (born 1605-1627) was born to Akbar and his wife Mariam-uz-zamani, Indian princess Rajput. He was addicted to opium, neglected state affairs, and came under the influence of rival judicial cliques. Shah Jahan (ruled 1628-1658) was born in Jahangir and his wife Jagat Gosaini, Princess Rajput. During Shah Jahan's reign, the magnificence of the Mughal court reached its peak, as evidenced by the Taj Mahal. The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the income coming in. The eldest son, liberal Dara Shiko, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. Dara advocated for syncretic Hindu-Muslim culture. However, with the support of Islamic orthodoxy, the younger son of Shah Jahan Aurangzeb (ruled in 1658-1707) took over the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and executed him. Although Shah Jahan had fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent and kept Shah Jahan in prison until his death in 1666. During the reign of Aurangzeb, the empire regained political power and became the most powerful economy in the world. Aurangzeb fully established sharia, compiling Fatwa Alamgiri. He expanded the empire to include almost all of South Asia, but after his death in 1707, many parts of the empire were in open rebellion. Aurangzeb is considered the most controversial king of India, some historians argue that his religious conservatism and intolerance have undermined the stability of the Mughal society, while other historians doubt this, it is noteworthy that he built Hindu temples, in his imperial bureaucracy worked far more Hindus than his predecessors, opposed fanaticism against Hindus and Shia Muslims, and married Tories. Decline (1707-1857) Additional information: Emperor Shah Jahan and Prince Aurangzeb in the Mughal court, 1650 son of Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah I, abolished his father's religious policy and tried to reform the administration. However, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty descended into chaos and violent enmity. It was not until 1719 that four emperors ascended the throne. During the reign of (reigned in 1719-1748), the empire began to disintegrate, and vast swathes of central India passed from the Mughals into the hands of Maratha. The far-left Indian campaign of Nadir Shah, who had previously restored Iranian suzerenti across much of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia, ended with a bag of Delhi and destroyed the remnants of the power and prestige of the Mughals. Many elites of the empire now sought to control their own affairs and broke away to form independent kingdoms. But according to Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Mughal emperor was still the supreme manifestation of sovereignty. Not only the Muslim nobility, but also Maratha, Hindu and Sikh leaders took part in the solemn recognition of the emperor as the sovereign of India. Meanwhile, some regional politicians within the increasingly fragmented Mughal empire have also been involved in global conflicts, leading only to the defeat and loss of territory during the Carnath Wars and the Bengal War. Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II (1759-1806) made futile attempts to reverse the decline of the Mughals, but in I ended up looking for Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the third Battle of Panipata between the Marat Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761. In 1771, the Maratki recaptured Delhi from Afghan control, and in 1784 they officially became the emperor's protectors in Delhi, and this position continued until the end of the Third Anglo-Maratha War. After that, the British East India Company became patrons of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. The British East India Company took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal- in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat), which lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of the British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. By 1857, much of the former Mughal India was under the control of the East India Company. After a crushing defeat in the war of 1857-1858, which he nominally led, , Bahadur Shah Safar, was overthrown by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. Under the Indian Government Act 1858, the British Crown took direct control of the territories controlled by the East India Company in India in the form of a new British Raj. In 1876, the queen of Great Britain Victoria took over the title of Empress of India. The reasons for the decline Historians offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. Financially, the throne lost the income needed to pay its chief officers, emirs (nobles) and their entourage. The Emperor lost power as widely dispersed imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities and made their own deals with local influence men. The Imperial army got bogged down in long, fruitless wars against the more aggressive Marats, lost morale. Finally, a series of brutal political receipts for control of the throne began. After the execution of Emperor in 1719, local successor states of the Mughals took power in the region beyond the region. Modern chroniclers bemoaned the disintegration they witnessed, a theme picked up by the first British historians who wanted to emphasize the need for rejuvenation under british leadership. Modern views on the recession since the 1970s have been taken by historians to take several approaches to decline, with little consensus on which factor was dominant. Psychological interpretations emphasize debauchery in high places, excessive luxury and increasingly narrow views that have left rulers unprepared for the external challenge. The Marxist school (led by Irfan Habib and based at the Muslim University of Aligarh) emphasizes the excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which deprived them of the will and means to support the regime. Karen Leonard focused on the regime's inability to work with bankers whose financial support was increasingly needed; bankers then helped Marat and and In a religious interpretation, some scholars claim that Hindu forces rebelled against the rule of the Muslim dynasty. Finally, other scholars argue that the empire's prosperity inspired the province to achieve a high degree of independence, thereby weakening the imperial court. Jeffrey G. Williamson argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the second half of the 18th century as an indirect result of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, and British rule later caused further deindustrialization. Williamson said the fall of the Mughal empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, leading to higher food prices, then nominal wages and then textile prices, leading To India to lose part of the global textile market in the UK even before it was a term for a province in the Mughal Empire. The word comes from the Arabic language. Governor (ﺻﻮﺑ :had superior factory technology. Indian textiles, however, maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles until the 19th century. Administrative Division Main article: Subah Subah (Urdu Subah was known as subahdar (sometimes also referred to as Subah), which later became a subeddar for the designation of an Indian army officer. Subahi were created by The Padshah (Emperor) Akbar during his administrative reforms of 1572-1580; Initially there were 12, but by the end of his reign the number of subs to 15 of his conquests expanded to 15. Subahi were divided into sarcasms, or districts. The sarcass were further divided into Pargans or Mahali. His successors, primarily Aurangzeb, expanded the number of further through their conquests. When the empire began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many subs became virtually independent, or were conquered by the Marats or the British. The original twelve subs, created as a result of administrative reform Akbar: Agra Subah Ajmer subah Subah Subah Suba Suba Suba Suba Subah Kabul Subahba Subahabad Subahabad Subah Lahore Suba Suba Suba Tata (Sindh) Suba Economics See also: Economic and Timeline of the Economy In the Age of The Mughal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) , the second largest in the world, after only China Ming, but more than Europe. By 1700, India's GDP of the Mughals had grown to 24% of the world's largest economy, larger than China and Western Europe. Up until the 18th century, India was a world leader in manufacturing, producing about 25% of the world's industrial production. India's GDP growth increased under mughal empire, with India's GDP era than 1,500 years before the Mughal era. India's economy was described as a form of proto-industrialization, as in 18th century Western Europe before the Industrial Revolution. The Great Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creating a single currency and unifying the country. In 185-204, the empire had an extensive road network, which was vital to the economic infrastructure built by the Department of Public Works, built by the Great Mughals, which designed, built and maintained roads connecting cities and towns throughout the empire, which facilitated trade. The main basis of the collective wealth of the empire were agricultural taxes instilled by the third mughal emperor Akbar. These taxes, which amounted well over half of the yield of the peasant cultivator,25 were paid in a well-regulated silver currency,22 and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The Mughal coin accepted and standardized the rupee (rupee, or silver) and the lady (copper) introduced by Sur Emperor Sher Shah Suri during his brief reign. The currency was originally 48 dams to one rupee at the beginning of Akbar's reign before it later became 38 dams to the rupee in the 1580s, with dam value rising further into the 17th century as a result of new industrial uses of copper such as bronze cannons and brass utensils. Originally, the dam was the most common coin in Akbar's time before it was replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in successful reigns. The cost of the dam by the end of Jahangir's reign cost from 30 to rupees, and then from 16 to rupee by the 1660s. but mostly minted coins from imported bullion, the result of a strong export-oriented economy empire, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady flow of precious metals into India. About 80% of Mughal India's imports were ingots, mostly silver, with major sources of imported bullion, including the New World and Japan, which in turn imported large amounts of textiles and silk from the province of Bengal Suba. Labour's Mughal Empire workforce at the beginning of the 17th century consisted of approximately 64% in the primary sector (including agriculture), more than 11% in the secondary sector (production) and about 25% in the tertiary sector (service). The labour force in India was higher than at the time; agriculture accounted for 65-90% of the workforce in Europe in 1700 and 65-75% in 1750, including 65% of England's workforce in 1750. Historian Shirin estimates that in terms of contribution to the Mughal economy, at the end of the 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; The secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than at the beginning of the 20th century British India, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy. In terms of the gap between cities and rural areas, 18% of India's Mughal workforce were urban and 82% were rural, contributing to 52% and 48% of the economy, respectively. Real wages and living standards in the 18th century in the Mughals of Bengal and southern India were higher than in the UK, which in turn had the highest standard of living in Europe. According to economic historian Paul Bairoch, India as well as China had higher GNP per capita than Europe until the end of the 18th century, before Western European per capita income came out after 1800. According to Musvi, per capita income in India was also 1.24% higher at the end of the 16th century than in British India at the beginning of the 20th century. However, in a system where wealth was cashed by elites, wages were suppressed for manual labor, though no less than wages in Europe at the time. In Mughal India, there was generally a tolerant attitude towards manual work, with some religious cults in northern India proudly thrusting the high status of manual labor. Although slavery also existed, it was limited mainly to domestic workers. India's agriculture increased under the Mughal Empire. Various crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice and barley, as well as non-food cash crops such as cotton, indigo and opium. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators began to actively grow two new crops from America, maize and tobacco. The Mughal administration emphasized the agrarian reform that began under Emperor Sher Shah Suri, who is not the Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, whose work Akbar accepted and existed with great reforms. The Civil Administration was organized on a hierarchical basis on the basis of merit, with promotion based on the results of the work. The Mughal government financed the construction of irrigation systems throughout the empire, which produced much higher yields and increased net income, leading to increased agricultural production. Akbar's major Mughal reform was a new land revenue system called zabt. It replaced the tribute system previously used in India and used by Tokugavoy in Japan at the time with a single currency-based monetary tax system. The income system was biased in favor of higher cash crops such as cotton, indigo, sugar cane, crops and opium, providing government incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to increasing demand in the market. As part of the zabt system, the Great Mughals also conducted extensive cadastral surveys to assess the area of land under the cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater cultivation of land, offering tax-free periods for those who have brought new land for cultivation. The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under the later , including Aurangzeb, whose firm decree of 1665 stated, All the increased attention and desires of the emperor are devoted to increasing the population and cultivating the Empire and the well-being of the entire peasantry and the entire people. Mughal agriculture in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at that time, as evidenced by the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe. While the average farmer around the world was only experienced in growing very few crops, the average Indian farmer was skilled in growing a wide range of food and non-food crops, increasing their productivity. Indian farmers also quickly adapted to lucrative new crops, such as maize and New World tobacco, quickly adopted and widely cultivated throughout India between 1600 and 1650. Bengal farmers quickly mastered the methods of growing mulberries and sericulture, creating the Bengal Subah as a large region of the world producing silk. Sugar mills appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era. Evidence of the use of a draw bar for sugar milling appears in Delhi in 1540, but can also date earlier, and is mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent. Geared sugar rolling mills first appeared in India's Mughal, using the principle of rollers as well as worm gear, by the 17th century. According to economic historian Immanuel Wallerstein, citing the testimonies of Irfan Habib, Percival Spear and Ashoka Desai, per capita agricultural production and consumption standards in 17th-century India were probably higher than in 17th-century Europe, and certainly higher than in early 20th century British India. Increased agricultural productivity has led to lower food prices. In turn, it is profitable Indian textile industry. Compared to the UK, the price of grain was about half in southern India and one third in Bengal, in terms of silver coins. This has led to lower prices for silver coins for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in world markets. Industrial production up until the 18th century, the Great Mughal India was the most important center of production in international trade. Until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial production. Industrial goods and commodity crops of the Mughal Empire were sold all over the world. The key industries were textiles, shipbuilding and Processed products included cotton textiles, yarn, thread, silk, jute, metal products and products such as sugar, oil and butter. Manufacturing growth in the Indian subcontinent during the the era in the 17th and 18th centuries was called a form of proto-industrial, similar to Western Europe of the 18th century before the Industrial Revolution. In early modern Europe there was a significant demand for products from the Mughals of India, in particular cotton textiles, as well as for such goods as spices, peppers, indigo, silk and salt marshes (for use in ammunition). European fashion, for example, has become increasingly dependent on Indian textiles and Mughal silk. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, while the province of Bengal Suba alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. In contrast, in India, which was largely self-sufficient, demand for European goods was very small, so Europeans had very little supply, except for some woollen, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. The trade imbalance forced Europeans to export large amounts of gold and silver to India to pay for imports from south Asia. Indian goods, especially from Bengal, were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets such as Indonesia and Japan. Textile industry See also: Muslin trade in Bengal and Mughal robes mughal princes wear muslin clothing in 1665 AD The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal empire was textile production, in particular the production of cotton, which included the production of stlubercular products, calico and muslin, available without bleeding and in various colors. The cotton textile industry was responsible for much of the empire's international trade. At the beginning of the 18th century, India's share of the world textile trade was 25%. Indian cotton textiles were the most important produced product in world trade in the 18th century, consumed worldwide from America to Japan. By the early 18th century, Indian Mughal textiles were garments in the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia, Europe, America, Africa and the Middle East. The most important center of cotton production was the Bengali province, especially around the capital Dhaka. Bengal accounts for more than 50% of textiles and about 80% of the silk imported by the Dutch from Asia, Bengal silk and cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe, Indonesia and Japan, and Bengali muslin textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia, where they were known as dac textiles. Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries, sold in the Atlantic ocean trade and had 38% of West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total British trade with Europe in the early 18th century. The worm gears a roller of cotton gin which invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th-14th centuries, entered into operation in the Mughal Empire sometime around the 16th century, and is still used in India to this day. Another innovation, the inclusion of the handle handle in cotton gin, first appeared in India sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. The production of cotton, which may have largely rotated in villages and then was delivered to the cities in the form of yarn to be woven into textiles, was put forward by the spread of the rotating wheel throughout India shortly before the Mughal era, reducing the cost of yarn and helping to increase the demand for cotton. The diffusion of the rotating wheel, as well as the inclusion of worm gear and the crank handle of the cotton gin, led to a significant expansion of Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. India's Mughal shipbuilding industry had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely concentrated in the Bengali province. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates the volume of shipbuilding in Bengal in the 16th and 17th centuries at 223,250 tons per year, compared with 23,061 tons produced in the nineteen colonies of North America from 1769 to 1771. He also rates ship repairs as very advanced in Bengal. Indian shipbuilding, especially in Bengal, was developed compared to European shipbuilding at a time when Indians were selling ships to European firms. An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a washed deck on Bengali rice vessels, making the hulls stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with overstepped deck design. The British East India Company later duplicated the washed decks and hull structures of Bengali rice vessels in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European vessels during the Industrial Revolution. Bengal Suba Home article: Bengal Suba See also: Muslin trade in the Bengali ruins of the Great Caravanserai in Dhaka. The province of Bengal Suba was particularly prosperous from its capture by the Great Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757. It was the richest province of the Mughal empire, and the economic power of the Mughal Empire, which is estimated to have brought up to 50% of the Empire's GDP. Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silk and cotton textiles. Abroad, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silk and opium; For example, Bengal accounts for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, including more than 50% of textiles and about 80% of silk. From Bengal, the salt was also carried out in opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan. Akbar played a key role in the creation of Bengal as a leading economic center, as he began to turn many jungles into farms. Once he conquered the region, he brought tools and people to clear the jungle to expand cultivation and brought Sufis to open the jungle to agriculture. Later, the Bengali language was described by the Mughal emperors as the Paradise of Nations. The great Mughals introduced agricultural reforms, including the modern Bengali calendar. The calendar has played an important role in the development and organization of the harvest, tax collection and Bengali culture in general, including New Year and autumn festivals. The province was a leading producer of grain, salt, fruit, liqueurs and wines, precious metals and jewelry. His hand-held industry flourished under royal orders, making the region the center of world muslin trade, which peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries. The capital of Dhaka became the commercial capital of the empire. The Great Mughals expanded the cultivated land in the Bengal Delta under the leadership of the Sufis, which strengthened the foundation of Bengali Muslim society. After 150 years of mughal rule, Bengal gained semi-independence as a domination under the Navab of Bengal in 1717. Nawabs has allowed European companies to set up trading posts throughout the region, including firms from the UK, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Portugal and Austria. The Armenian community dominated banking and shipping in large cities and towns. Europeans considered Bengal the richest place to trade. By the end of the 18th century, the British had supplanted the ruling Mughal class in Bengal. Demography See also: India's Demography: India's population growth story has accelerated under the Mughal empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic surge that increased the Indian population by 60% to 253% in 200 years during the 1500-1700. The Indian population had faster growth in the Mughal era than at any time in The History of India before the Mughal era. Population growth was stimulated by the Mughal agricultural reforms, which intensified agricultural production. By 8:190 a.m., there were a total of 455,698 villages to Aurangeb's rule in the Mughal Empire. The following table provides demographic estimates of the Mughal Empire compared to India's total population, including regions of present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh, and compared to the world population: Year of the Mughal Empire population total Indian population % of the Indian population World % world population 1,500 - 100,000,000 x 103 euros - 425,000,000 x 106 x 1600 115 0 103,000,000 103 x 130,000,000 89 579,000,000 x 10 1700 400,000 x 160,000,000,000 x 99 679,000,000 x 106 106 Urbanization of Cities and Towns flourished within the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of the population living in urban centers. This was higher than the percentage of urban population in modern Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century; The level of urbanization in Europe did not reach 15% until the 19th century. During Akbar's rule in 1600, the city population of the Mughal Empire was up to 17 million, representing 15% of the empire's total population. This was more than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13% of the total population, while British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era. By 1700, the Mughal population in India was 23 million, more than the urban population of British India of 22.3 million in 1871. Historian Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551-1621) reported that during Akbar's reign there were 120 major cities and 3,200 towns. A number of Indian cities are home to between a quarter of a million and a half million people, with up to 800,000 people living in major cities including Agra Subah, Lahore (in Lahore Suba) with up to 700,000, Dhaka (Bengali Suba) with more than 1 million people, and Delhi (In Delhi Suba) with more than 600,000. Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for various traders, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, artisans, officials and religious figures. However, a number of cities were military and political centres, not production or shopping centres. Culture See also: The Indo-Persian culture of the Mughal Empire was finally in the early modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its heritage in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan, seen in cultural contributions such as: the Taj Mahal in Agra, the Central Imperial Rule of India, which consolidated the smaller states of South Asia. Combining Persian art and literature with Indian art. The development of Mughlai cuisine, a combination of South Asian, Iranian and Central Asian culinary styles. Develop clothing, jewelry and fashion Ofgos using ornate fabrics such as muslin, silk, brocade and velvet. Standardization of Hindu language (Bollywood spoken language), and thus the development of Hindi and Urdu. The introduction of complex water plants and Gardening in the Iranian style through the gardening of the Mughals. Introduction of Turkish baths on the Indian subcontinent. Evolution and moguls and Indian architecture and, in turn, the development of later Rajput and Sikh palace architecture. The famous Mughal attraction is the Taj Mahal. The development of the style of pelwani Indian wrestling, a combination of Indian malla-yuddhi and Persian varzesh e bastani. The construction of Maktab schools, where young people were taught the Koran and Islamic law, such as Fatawa-e-Alamgiri in their indigenous languages. The development of Hindu classical music, and instruments such as sitar. Bouland Darvaza's Fatehpur Sikiri, Agra, India Architecture Main Articles: Indo-Islamic Architecture, , and See also: Pakistani Mughal architecture has made a major contribution to the Indian subcontinent with the development of their unique Indo-Persian architecture. Many of the monuments were built during the Mughal era by Muslim emperors, especially Shah Jahan, including the Taj Mahal, a UN World Heritage site considered the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the world's most revered world heritage masterpieces, attracting 7-8 million unique visitors a year. Palaces, tombs, gardens and forts built by the dynasty stand today in Agra, , Delhi, Dhaka, Fatehpur Sikri, Jaipur, Lahore, Kabul, Sheikhupura and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh, such as: Verinaga Gardens in Srinagar, Kashmir Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, Kashmir, India India Bangladesh Bangladesh Taj Mahal in Agra, India in Agra, India, , India Humayun tomb in Delhi, India Jama Masjid in Delhi, India Red Fort in Delhi, India Sunder Kindergarten in Delhi, India Purana zil in Delhi, India Sher Mandal in Delhi, India Pinjore Gardens in Pinjore, India Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, India Nishat, India Paris Mahal in Srinagar, India Verinag Gardens in Srinagar, India , India Bibi Ka Makbara in Aurangabad, India Kos Minar in Haryana, India Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, Pakistan in Lahore, Pakistan Shahi Hammam, Pakistan in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of Anarkali in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of in Lahore, Pakistan Tomb of Nur Jahan in Lahore , Pakistan Akbari Sarai in Lahore, Pakistan Hiran Minar in Sheikhpur, Pakistan Mahabat Khan Mosque in Peshawar, Pakistan Shahi Eid Gah , Pakistan Losar Baoli in Thaksol, Pakistan Makli Necropolis in Totta, Pakistan Shah Jahan Mosque in Totta, Pakistan Mughal Eidga in Bangladesh Lalbach Fort in Dhaka, Bangladesh Shahi Eidga in Sylkhet, Bangladesh Mughal Tahahan in Chapai Navabganj, Bangladesh Mosque Sat Gambuj in Dhaka, Bangladesh Masjid y Siraj ud-Dawla in Chittagong, Bangladesh Alakuuri Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Chokbazar Shahi Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh LyaldiGi Masjid in Rangpur, Bangladesh's Mohammad Mridha Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh's Wali Khan Masjid, Musa Khanjid, Musa Khanjid, Musa Khanjid, Bangladesh , in Dhaka, Bangladesh Kartalab Khan Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Azimpur Masjid in Dhaka, Bangladesh Goldi Masjid in Sonargaon, Bangladesh Atiya Masjid in Tangail, Bangladesh Arifail Masjid in Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh's Bazra Shahi Masjid in Noahali, Bangladesh's Masjid Kur in Khunna, Bangladesh's Nyabad Masjid in Dinajpur, Bangladesh's Gayebi Diji, Bangladesh's Bara Katra in Dhaka, Bangladesh's Hadiganj Fort in Narayangang, Bangladesh , Bangladesh Choto Katra in Dhaka, Bangladesh Sonakanda Fort in Narayangangj, Bangladesh Bag-e-Babur in Kabul, Afghanistan Shahjahani Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan Art and Literature Illustration 17th Century Great Artist Ustad MansourMain Article: , as well as Small Luxury Items, Was Eclectic, Borrowing from Iranian, Indian, Chinese The Mughal emperors often received Iranian booksellers, illustrators, artists and calligraphers from the Safavid court because of the common features of their timurid styles, as well as because of the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy. Miniatures commissioned by mughal emperors were initially focused on major projects illustrating books with historical scenes and court life, but later included more solitary images for albums, with portraits and animal paintings that demonstrate a deep appreciation for the tranquility and beauty of the natural world. For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned such brilliant artists as Ustad Mansour to realistically depict the unusual flora and fauna of the entire empire. Alexander visits the sage Plato in his mountain cave; Illustration by 16th-century Indian artist Basawan, in a sheet from the quintet of 13th-century Indian poet Amir Husrau Dihlawi, the literary works of Akbar and Jahangir ordered to illustrate ranged from epics such as Razmnam (Persian translation of the Hindu epic, Mahabharata) to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty, such as Baburnam and Akbar. Richly finished albums (muraqqa), decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes, were installed on pages with decorative borders, and then linked by covers stamped gilded or dyed and lacquered skin. Aurangzeb (1658-1707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, mainly for religious reasons, and turned away from the pomp and ceremonial ceremony of the court around 1668, after which he probably ordered no more paintings. It was during this period that the poet Mashafi came up with the name Urdu, derived from zaban-e-Ordu, for the language spoken along the Indus and had previously gone for several names. The main articles in the language are Persian in the Indian subcontinent, Persian and Urdu, and the Hindu language The Phrase of the Tooth and Urde and Muʿallá (The Language of the Sublime Horde), written in Nastaʿlīq script. Lashkari zabon (Batalion language) name in Nastaʿlīq, although Persian was the dominant and official language of the empire, the language of the elite was a Persian form of Hindus called Urdu. The language was written in the persian-Arabic script known as Nacalik, and with literary conventions and specialized vocabulary, borrowed from Persian, Arabic and Turkic languages; the dialect was eventually given its own name Urdu. The Great Mughals spoke what later became known as Urdu, and by 1700 the Great Mughals had formalized the language. Military additional information: Mughal Empire Army, Mughal weapons and Mughal Artillery Gunpowder War See also: Gunpowder Empire and Gunpowder History: India and the mughal Rifle Empire Mughal, 16th century. Mugal Musketeer, 16th century. India of the Mughals was one of three Islamic gunpowder empires, along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. By the time the Governor of Lahore, Daudi Daulit Khan, invited him to support the uprising against Lodi Sultan Ibrahim Khan, Babur was familiar with gunpowder and field artillery, as well as the method of deploying them. Babur hired the Ottoman expert Ustad Ali suli, who showed Babur a standard Ottoman entity - artillery and infantry equipped with firearms, protected by wagons in the center, and mounted archers on both wings. Babur used this formation in the first Battle of Panipat in 1526, where Afghan and Rajput forces loyal to the Delhi Sultanate, albeit outnumbered but without gunpowder, were defeated. The decisive victory of Timurid's forces is one of the reasons why opponents rarely met the mughal princes in battle throughout the history of the Empire. In India, bronze cannons were found in Kalikute (1504) and Diu (1533). Fatullah Shirazi (about 1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early shot of several pistols. Unlike the polybolo and repetitive crossbows used previously in ancient Greece and China, respectively, Shirazi's fast-shooting pistol had several cannon barrels that fired hand-held guns loaded This can be considered a version of a volley gun. By the 17th century, Indians were making a variety of firearms; large cannons, in particular, have become visible in Tanjor, Dhaka, Bijapur and Murshidabad. Gujarat supplied a European salt plant for use in the powder war in the 17th century, and the Great Mughals of Bengal and Mulva were also involved in the production of salt watches. Dutch, French, Portuguese and English used Chepra as an refining center. Rocket science and explosives See also: Mysorean missiles and Missiles Congreve In the sixteenth century, Akbar was the first to launch and use a metal cylinder missile known as bans, especially against military elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal. In 1657, the Mughal army used missiles during the siege of Bidar. Prince Aurangzeb's forces unloaded rockets and grenades, scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when the missile hit his large powder warehouse, and after twenty-seven days of fierce fighting, Bidar was captured by the Great Mughals. In the history of Greek fire and gunpowder, James Riddick Partington described Indian missiles and explosive mines: Indian military missiles were a formidable weapon before such missiles were used in Europe. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket hull pounced on a rod, and iron dots. They were aimed at the target and fired, igniting the fuse, but the trajectory was quite unstable. The use of mines and mine mines with gunpowder explosives was mentioned during the days of Akbar and Jahangir. Later, Mysorean missiles were upgraded versions of mug missiles used during the siege of The Jinji by the Nawab Arkot. Haider's father, Ali Fatah Muhammad, a constable in Budikot, commanded a corps of 50 rocket launchers (Kushun) for Nawab Arkot. Haider Ali realized the importance of missiles and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder missiles. These missiles turned fates in favor of the Sultanate of Misur during the Second Anglo-Misur War, especially during the Battle of Polliur. In turn, the Mysorean missiles were the basis for the Congreve missiles that Britain deployed in the Napoleonic wars against France and the war of 1812 against the United States. Scientific Astronomy See also: Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world and Indian astronomy Although there seems little concern for theoretical astronomy, the mughal astronomers have made strides in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred treatises of zidge. Humayun built a private observatory near Delhi; Jahangir and Shah Jahan also intended to build observatories, but were unable to do so. The astronomical instruments and observational techniques used in the Mughal Observatories were mainly derived from Islamic astronomy. In the 17th century, the Mughal Empire saw a synthesis between Islamic Hindu astronomy, where Islamic observational instruments were combined with Hindu computational methods. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu King Jai Singh II continued to work on mughal astronomy. In the early 18th century, he built several large observatories called Yantra Mandirs to rival the Samarkand Observatory Ulug Bega, and to improve earlier Hindu calculations in Siddhants and Islamic observations in Jiy- e-Sultani. The tools he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy, while computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy. Chemistry See also: Alchemy and Chemistry in medieval Islam Sake Ding Magomed learned a lot from the chemistry of the Mughals and understood the techniques used to produce various lye and soap to produce shampoo. He was also a well-known writer who described in detail mughal emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhi, and also celebrated the glory of the Mughal Empire. In the UK Sake Ding Magomed was appointed shampoo surgeon for Kings George IV and William IV. Metallurgy See also: The History of Metallurgy on the Indian subcontinent One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in India is the seamless celestial globe. It was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Lukman in 998 AD (1589-1590 AD), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. Before they were reopened in the 1980s, modern metallurgists believed that it was technically impossible to produce metal globes without seams. List of Mughal Emperors Main article: Great Mughal ﻧﺼﯿﺮ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻤﺎﯾﻮںNasir-ud-Din Muhammad Humayun ﻤﺎﯾﻮںFebruary 14, 1483, April 20, 1526 - December 26, 1530 December 26, 1530 (age 47) Founded Empire Humayun ﻇﯿﺮ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪEmperors Portrait Of title of Birth of the Birth of the Reign of Death Notes babur zahir-ud-din Muhammad March 6, 1508 December 26 December 26 15 30 - 17 May 1540 9 years 9 months 21 days February 22 1555 - 27 January 1556 27 January 1556 (age 47) Humayun was overthrown in 1540 Sher Shah Suri of the Suri dynasty, but returned to the throne in 1555 after the death of Islam Shah Suri (son and ﻧﻮر Noor-ud-Din Muhammad Salim ﺟﺎﻧﮕﯿﺮOctober 14, 1542 January 27, 1556 - October 27, 1605 49 years 9 months 0 days October 27, 1605 (age 63) His mother was Persian Hamid Banum. Jahangir ﺟﻼل اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﮐﺒﺮJalal-ud-din Muhammad اﮐﺒﺮ اﻋﻈﻢ successor to Sher Shah Suri). Akbar-e-Azam January 5, 1592, November 8, 1627 - August 2, 1658, 30 ﺷﺎب ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺮمMuhammad Khurram ﺷﺎ ﺟﺎنSeptember 1569 15 October 1605 - 8 October 1627 1627 21 years 11 months 23 days October 28, 1627 (age 60) His mother was rajput princess Mariam-uz-zamani. Shah Jahan اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﯿﻢ 20 (November 4 1618 July 31, 1658 - March 3, 1707 48 years 7 months 0 days March 3, 1707 (age 88 ﻣﺤﯽ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪاورﻧﮕﺰﯾﺐ Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb ﻋﺎﻟﻤﮕﯿﺮyears 8 months 25 days january 22, 1666 (age 74) His mother was rajutian Princess Jagat Gosaini. The Taj Mahal was built. Alamgir I ﻗﻄﺐ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ Kutb-ud-Din Muhammad Muazam Shah Alam ﺑﺎدر ﺷﺎ His mother was persian Mumtaz Mahal. He was married to Safavid Princess Dirras Bana Begum. It established Islamic law across India. After his death, his youngest son Azam Shah became king (within 1 year). Bahadur Shah ﻣﻌﺰ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺪار ﺷﺎ ﺑﺎدر Muiz-ud-Din Jahandar Shah Bahadur ﺟﺎﻧﺪار ﺷﺎOctober 14, 1643 19 June 1707 - 27 February 1712 (3 years, 253 days) On February 27, 1712 (age 68 years) He made settlements with Marathi, calmed Rajov and made his friends with the Sikh in Punjab. Jahandar Shah ﻣﻌﺰام (August 20, 1685 January 11, 1713 - February 28, 1719 (6 years, 48 days) on April 29, 1719 (age 33 ﻓﺮخ ﺳﯿﺮ Farrukhsiyar ﻓﺮخ ﺳﯿﺮMay 1661 February 27, 1712 - February 11, 1713 (0 years, 350 days) February 12, 1713 (age 51) under the strong influence of his great vizier Viri Viller. Farrukhsiyar 9 November 30, 1699 رﻓﯿﻊ اﻟﺪرﺟﺎت Rafi ud-Darajat رﻓﯿﻊ اﻟﺪرﺟﺎتgranted them duty-free trade rights for Bengal, strengthening their posts on the east coast. The firm or decree helped the British East India Company to import goods to Bengal without paying customs duties to the government. Rafi ud-Darajat ﻣﺤﻤﺪJune 6, 1719 - September 19, 1719 (0 years, 105 Days) September 19, 1719 (age 23) ---- Muhammad Shah ﺷﺎ ﺟﺎں دوم Rafi ud-Dawla 1696 ﺷﺎ ﺟﺎن دومFebruary 28 - June 6, 1719 (0 years, 98 days) June 9, 1719 (age 19) The uprising of the Sid brothers as mediators of power. Shah Jahan II August 17, 1702 27 September 1719 - April 26, 1748 (28 years, 212 days) April 26, 1748 (age 45) Get rid of the Cie brothers. Fought a long war with marathas, losing Dean and Malva in the process. He was harmed by the invasion of of Persia in روﺷﻦ اﺧﺘﺮ ﺑﺎدر Roshan Akhtar Bahadur ﺷﺎ on December 23, 1725, on April 26, 1748 - June 2, 1754 (37 days) on January 1, 1775 (age 49), the Mughal forces were defeated by the Magols at the اﺣﻤﺪ ﺷﺎ ﺑﺎدر Ahmad Shah Bahadur اﺣﻤﺪ ﺷﺎ ﺑﺎدرHe was the last emperor to have effective control over the empire. Ahmad Shah Bahadur .1739 (December 10, 1759 - October 10, 1760 (282 days ,اُﻟﻤﻠﺖ Muhi-ul-Millat 1711 ﺷﺎ ﺟﺎن ﺳﻮمJune 6, 1699 June 2, 1754 - November 29, 1759 (5 years 180 days) November 29, 1759 (age 60) Of the Imad-ul-Mulka Vizier. Shah Jahan III ﻋﺰﯾﺰ اُﻟﺪﯾﻦ Aziz-ud-din ﻋﺎﻟﻤﮕﯿﺮ دومBattle of Sikandardabad. Alamgir II ﺷﺎJune 25, 1728 October 10, 1760 - November 19, 1806 (46 years, 330 days) November 19, 1806 (age 78) Defeat at the Battle of . Muhammad Shah Bahadur Jahan IV ﻋﻠﯽ ﮔﻮﺮ Ali Gauhar ﺷﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ دومaged 60-61) Consolidation of power by the Nawab Bengali-Bihar Odishi. Shah Alam II) 1772 on 22 April 1760, 19 November ﻣﯿﺮزا اﮐﺒﺮ Mirza Akbar اﮐﺒﺮ ﺷﺎ دومJuly 31, 1788 - by October 2, 1788 (63 days) 1790 (aged 40-41) was overthrown as puppet emperor of Rohill Gulam Kadir, after the temporary overthrow of Shah Alam II. Akbar Shah II ﺑﯿﺪار ﺑﺨﺖ Bidar Bakht 1749 ﺟﺎن ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺷﺎه ﺑﻬﺎدر ,October 24, 1775 September 28, 1837 - September 23 اﺑﻮ ﻇﻔﺮ ﺳﺮاج اُﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺎدر ﺷﺎ ﻇﻔﺮ Abu zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah zafar ﺑﺎدر ﺷﺎ دومSeptember 28, 1837 (30 years, 321 days) on September 28, 1837 (age 77), the titular figure under British protection. Bahadur Shah II - 1806 1857 (19 years, 360 days) November 7, 1862 (age 87) The last Emperor of the Great Mughal. Toppled by the British and exiled to Burma after the Indian uprising of 1857. See also Flags of the Mughal Mughal Empire Mughal Emprors List of Mongolian States Mansabdar Of the Mughals (tribe) Mughal Garem Mughal weapons of mughal weapons of the Mughal architecture of the Mughal-Mongolian genealogy Islam In South Asia Notes - Title (Mirza) descends to all sons of the family, without exception. In the royal family it is placed after the name instead before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. Mirza is a civilian rank, and Khan is a military rank. The title of Khan is creative, but not hereditary. Inquiries : Conan 2007, page 235. Islam: The Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s). Bbc. 7 September 2009. Received on June 13, 2019. a b Pagaza and Argiriades 2009, page 129. Maurier 1812, page 601. Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Thomas D. Hall (2006). East-West orientation of historical empires and modern states. Research journal of world systems. 12 (2): 219–229. doi:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369. ISSN 1076-156X. Rhine Taagepera (September 1997). Expanding and squeezing models of large nationalities: a context for Russia. International research is quarterly. 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. a b Yazsef Berech (September 10, 2009). The European Union and global social change. Routledge. page 21. ISBN 9781135255800. Received on June 26, 2017. a b c d e f g h i j k Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2. b Balfour, E.G. (1976). Asiatica Encyclopedia: Comprised of the Indian Subcontinent, East and South Asia. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. S. 460, S. 488, S. 897. ISBN 978- 81-7020-325-4. Error quotes: The name Balfour link has been identified several times with different content (see reference Sahir ud-Din Mohammad (September 10, 2002). Tacton, Wheeler M. : Memories of Babur, Prince and Emperor. New York: Modern Library. p. xlvi. ISBN 978-0-375- 76137-9. In India, the dynasty always referred to itself as Gurkani, after the title of Temer Gurkan, a Persian form of Mongolian churchgoer, a son in law, a title he took over after his marriage to Princess Genghisid. Richards, John F. (1995), Mughal Empire, Cambridge University Press, page 2, ISBN 978- 0-521-56603-2 Quote: Although the first two emperors of Timurid and many of their nobles were recent migrants on the subcontin, the dynasty and the empire itself became undeniably Indian. The interests and future of all stakeholders were in India, not in the ancestral homeland of the Middle East or Central Asia. In addition, the Mughal Empire originated from Indian historical experience. It was the final product of the millennium of Muslim conquests, colonization and nation-building in the Indian subcontinent. John Wylie and Sons, p. 159-, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1 Citation: The area so identified and regulated was an extensive area of about 750,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2), ranging from the border with Central Asia to northern Afghanistan in the northern highlands of the plateau plateau, Dean, and from the Indus Basin in the west to the Assamian Mountains in the east. Mark Jason (2017), South Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, p. 75-, ISBN 978-0-19-066137-3 Citation: Babur then deftly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in exchange for their military assistance, which he received in the form of the latest combat inventions, match-gun and cast guns, as well as instructors to train their men to use their men. Burton (2010), History of India, John Wylie and Sons, page 159-, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1 Citation: Another possible date for the beginning of the Mughal regime of 1600, when the institutions that defined the regime were firmly established in place, and when the heart of the empire was determined; they were both the achievement of Babur Akbar's grandson. Burton (2010), History of India, John Wylie and Sons, page 159-, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1 Citation: The Imperial career of the Mughal house is generally considered to have ended in 1707 when Emperor Aurangzeb, the fifth generation descendant of Babur, died. His fifty-year reign began in 1658, when the mughal state seemed as strong as ever or even stronger. But in the later years of Aurangzeb, the state was on the verge of destruction, over which it was overthrown within a decade and a half after his death; by 1720, the imperial rule of the Mughals was largely over, and the era of the two imperial centuries was closed. Richards, John F. (1995), Mughal Empire, Cambridge University Press, page xv, ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2 Citation: the last date (1720) the basic structure of the centralized state was disintegrated beyond repair. Burton (2010), History of India, John Wylie and Sons, page 159-, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1 Quote: The praise of such progenitors pointed to the central character of the Mughal regime as a warrior state: he was born in war, and he was supported by war until the eighteenth century, when the war destroyed it. - Robb, Peter (2011), History of India, Macmillan, page 108-, ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2 Quote: Mughal State was sent to war and succeeded while it won its battles. He controlled the territory partly through his network of fortresses, from the fortified capitals in Agra, Delhi or Lahore that defined its cores, to the converted and expanded forts of Rajasthan and Dean. The wills of emperors were often used in battle. Hundreds of army scouts were an important source of information. But the administrative structure of the empire was also defined and sent to war. Local military checkpoints or thanas maintained order. Directly appointed Imperial military and civilian commanders (faudzders) controlled the cavalry and infantry, or administration, in each region. The peasants, in turn, were often armed, able to provide supporters of regional authorities, and there may be an uprising at their own expense: constant appeasement was required of the rulers. - Gilbert, Mark Jason (2017), South Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, page 75-, ISBN 978-0-19-066137-3 Citation: From Safavid and Ottoman Aid, the Great Mughal will soon join these two powers in the triumvirate of warrior-driven, and both militarily and bureaucratically early modern states, now often referred to as gunpowder empires because of their common skill uses such weapons to conquer the lands they sought to control. - Usher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India before Europe, Cambridge University Press, page 115-, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7 Robb, Peter (2011), History of India, Macmillan, p. 99-100, ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2 - b with Usher, B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India before Europe, Cambridge University Press, p. 152-, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7 - a b Stein, Burton (2010), History of India, John Wylie and Sons, page 164-, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1 Citation: The resource base of the new order Of Akbar was the income from the land - bher Asher, B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India before Europe, Cambridge University Press, page 158-, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: The Mughal Empire was founded in the interior of a large mass of land and derived the vast majority of its agricultural income. Burton (2010), History of India, John Wylie and Sons, page 164-, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1 Quote: ... more than half of the production from the deposits in its area, after how production costs have been met, it is estimated were taken from peasant producers in the form of official taxes and unofficial fees. In addition, payments were collected in money, and this required a well-regulated silver currency. - b Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, page 152-, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: His provision that land taxes should be paid in cash forced peasants into market networks where they could get the necessary money, while standardizing imperial currency made the exchange of goods easier for money. Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India before Europe, Cambridge University Press, page 152-, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: First of all, a long period of relative peace has opened up Akbar's power, and is supported by his successors, contributed to India's economic development. - Usher, Katherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India before Europe, Cambridge University Press, page 186-, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: As the European presence in India grows, their demands on Indian goods and trade rights have increased, thereby bringing even more wealth to the already flush Indian ships. - Usher, Katherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, page 186-, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: The Elite has spent more and more money on luxury goods, and luxury lifestyles, and the rulers have built entire new capitals at times. - Usher, Katherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India before Europe, Cambridge University Press, page 186-, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: All these factors have led to greater patronage of art, including textiles, paintings, architecture, jewelry and weapons to meet the ceremonial demands of kings and princes. 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Emperor Jahangir of Hindustan (2010). Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri; Or, Memoirs by Jahangir Translated by Alexander Rogers edited by Henry Beveridge. General Books Ltd. page 18. ISBN 978-1-152-49040-6. Mohammad, Malika (January 1, 2007). The basics of composite culture in India. Aakar Books. page 300. ISBN 978-8-189-83318-3. Honorary Secretaries, Proceedings of the Asian Society of Bengal: 1871, (1871) p.97 Further reading by Alam, Muzaffar. Crisis of the Empire in the Mughals of Northern India: Awadh and Punjab, 1707-48 (1988) Ali, M. Athar (1975), Empire Passage: The Mughal Case, Modern Asian Studies, 9 (3): 385-396, doi:10.1017/s00266749x0005825, JSTOR 311728, on the causes of its collapse Asher, C.B.; Talbot, C (2008), India before Europe (1st), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-51750-8 Black, Jeremy. Great Mughal Strike Twice, History Today (April 2012) 62'4 p. 22-26. full text online Blake, Stephen. (November 1979), Patrimonial-bureaucratic Mughal Empire, Journal of Asian Studies, 39 (1): 77-94, doi:10.2307/2053505, JSTOR 2053505 Conan, Michel (2007). Middle Eastern Garden Tradition: Unity and Diversity : Issues, Methods and Resources in a Multicultural Perspective. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-329-6.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Dale, Stephen F. Muslim Empire of the Ottoman Empire, Safavid and Mughals (Cambridge U.P. 2009) Dalrymple, William (2007). The Last Mughal: The Fall of the Dynasty : Delhi, 1857. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 9780307267399. Munis Munis (2005), The Forgotten Prince: Mirza Hakim and the formation of the Mughal Empire in India, journal of economic and social history of the East, 48 (4): 487-523, doi:10.1163/1568520057774918813, JSTOR 25165118, on Akbar and his brother Gmman; Joe War. Mughal: Indian Borders and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 (Routledge, 2002) online version of Gordon, S. New Cambridge History of India, II, 4: Marat 1600-1818 (Cambridge, 1993). Habib, Irfan. Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps (1982). Markowitz, Claude, ed. (2004) First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne. History of modern India, 1480-1950 (2nd place). London: Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4. Metcalfe, B.; Metcalfe, T.R. (2006), A Brief History of Modern India (2nd place), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1 Moosvi, Shirin (2015) First published 1987. The Economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595: Statistical Study (2nd place). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-908549-1.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Maurier, James (1812). A Journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor. Monthly magazine. 34. R. Phillips. CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Pagaza, Ignacio Pichardo; Argyiades, Demetrius (2009). Winning the necessary change: Saving our planet Earth : Global Public Service. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1- 58603-958-5.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521566032. Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1974). Empire Mugul. B.W. Bhavan. Richards, J.F. (April 1981), Mughal Public Finance and Premodern World Economics, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 23 (2): 285-308, doi:10.1017/s001041750001331, JSTOR 178737 Robb, P. (2001), History of India, London: Palgrave, ISBN 978-0-333-69129-8 Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lale. Empire Mughul, 1526-1803 (1952) online. Rutherford, Alex (2010). Mogul's Empire: Brothers in War: Brothers in War. ISBN 978-0-7553-8326-9.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Stein, B. (1998), History of India (1st ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-20546-3 Stein, B. (2010), Arnold, D. (2nd), History of India (2nd), Oxford: Wylie Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6 Berinstein, W. Mughal India: The Splendour of the Peacock Throne (London, 1998). Bush, Alison. Poetry of Kings: Classical Hindi Literature of the Mughals of India (2011) excerpt and text search of Diana Preston; Michael Preston (2007). Taj Mahal: Passion and genius in the heart of the Mogul Empire. Walker and company. ISBN 978-0-8027-1673-6. Schimmel, Annemarie. The Mughal Empire: History, Art and Culture (Reaktion 2006) Welch, S.C.; et al. (1987). Album of Emperors: Images of the Mughals of India. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-499-9. Chowdhury, K.N. (1978), Some reflections on the city and country in the Mughals of India, Asian Studies, 12 (1): 77-96, doi:10.1017/s00266749x00008155, JSTOR 311823 Habib, Irfan. Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps (1982). Habib, Irfan. The Agora System of the Mughals of India (1963, revised edition 1999). Heesterman, JC (2004), Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction, Journal of Economic and Social History of the East, 47 (3): 292-297, doi:10.1163/1568520041974729, JSTOR 25165051 Khan, Iktidar Alam (1976), Middle Classes in the Mughal Empire, Sociologist, 5 (1): 28-49, doi:10.2307/3516601, JSTOR 3516601 Rothermund, Dietmar. Economic history of India: from pre-colonial times to 1991 (1993) Bernier, Francois (1891). Travel on the Mogul Empire, 1656-1668. Archibald Constable, London. Hiro, Dilip, Ed, the magazine of Emperor Babur (Penguin Classics 2007) Baburnama: Memories of Babur, Prince and Emperor under the subject of W. M. Tixton Jr. (2002); it was the first autobiography in Jackson's Islamic literature, A.V. et al., eds. History of India (1907) vs. 9. Historical accounts of India by foreign travelers, classic, eastern and western, according to the A.V.W. Jackson online edition of Jouher (1832). Tezkereh al-Waqiat or private memoirs of the Mighty Emperor Humayun, written in Persian by Juher Confidential House of His Majesty. Translation by Major Charles Stuart. John Murray, London. Elliot, Sir H.M., edited by Dawson, John. The history of India, as told by its own historians. Muhammadan period; published by the London Trubner Company 1867-1877. (Online copy at the Packard Institute of Humanities - Other Persian texts in translation; historical books: List of authors and a list of headlines) Adams, W.H. Davenport (1893). Warriors crescent. London: Hutchinson. Holden, Edward Singleton (1895). Mogul of the Emperors of the Indian subcontinent, 1398 AD, 1707 NEW York : Sons of C. Scribner. Malleson, G.B. (1896). Akbar and the rise of the Mughal Empire. Oxford : Clarendon Press. Manucci, Niccolao; Tr. with French Francois Catrou (1826). History of the Mogul Dynasty in India, 1399-1657. London : J.M. Richardson. Lane Poole, Stanley (1906). History of India: from the reign of Akbar the Great to the fall of the Mogul Empire (Vol. 4). London, the Grolier Society. Manucci, Niccolao; Tr. William Irwin (1907). Storia-do-Moggaard; Or, Mogul India 1653-1708, Volume 1. London, J. Manucci, Niccolao; Tr. William Irwin (1907). Storia-do-Moggaard; Or, Mogul India 1653-1708, Volume 2. London, J. Manucci, Niccolao; Tr. William Irwin (1907). Storia-do-Moggaard; or, Mogul India 1653-1708, Volume 3. London, J. Owen, Sidney J (1912). The fall of the Mogul Empire. London, J. External links to the mughal Empireat sisterhood Of Wikipedia ProjectsDefinitions from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews quote from Wikiquotes from Wikileaks from Wikileaks A guide from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity of the Mughals and Swat Mughals of India is an interactive experience from the British Museum of the Mughal Empire of the Mughal Empire Empire A. Taghvaee, in the Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony (Fabio Maniscalco ed.), vol. 1, January-June 2006 Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace - Pictures - Great Mughal Emperors of India Mughal Diamond on BBC Mughal Empire, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Susan Strong and Chandrick Kaul (today, February 26, 2004) are extracted from the decline of mughal empire in hindi. the decline of mughal empire notes. the decline of mughal empire pdf. the decline of mughal empire bipin chandra. the reasons for the decline of mughal empire. the decline of mughal empire mcq. the decline of mughal empire upsc. the decline of mughal empire in which century

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