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The Pine Chrysomelid, <I>Glyptoscelis Pubescens,</I> In

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The Pine Chrysomelid, <I>Glyptoscelis Pubescens,</I> In Annals of The Entomological Society of America Volume 62 JANUARY 15, 1969 Number 1 The Pine Chrysomelid, Glyptoscelis pubescens,1 in Northwestern Wisconsin2 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/62/1/1/102404 by guest on 02 October 2021 MICHAEL G. KLEIN AND HARRY C. COPPEL3 Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706 ABSTRACT A study was made of Glyptoscelis pubescens (F.) rion similis (Hartig), and then sealed the opening with (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in northwestern Wisconsin a mixture of needle-chips and a fast-drying liquid. Eggs between 1963 and 1966. Although the beetle has been averaged 1.38x0.56 mm. Egg development was com- reported on several coniferous hosts throughout the east- plete in about 2 weeks, but larvae remained in cocoons ern half of the United States, in Wisconsin it could be up to 10 additional days before emerging. Newly emerged found on only eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. Both larvae averaged 1.7x0.51 mm. Mortality of eggs and lst- males and females fed on new and old foliage, removing instar larvae in the cocoons was 27% for both 1963 and needles at their bases, as well as cutting notches in their 1964. First-instar larvae dropped to the ground and dis- entire length. Adults were obtained from May 15 to appeared beneath the soil surface. No late-instar larvae August 29, with females averaging slightly longer (8.66 or pupae were found. Two species of parasites were col- vs. 8.12 mm) and wider (4.48 vs. 4.04 mm) than the lected, with Eupelmus sp. in 25% of field collected co- males. Females deposited an average of 26 eggs in se- coons, and larvae of Microctonus, n. sp. taken from dying lected empty cocoons of the introduced pine sawfly, Dip- G. pubescens adults. The pine chrysomelid, Glyptoscelis pubescens (F.), Eumolpus pini Say, 1826: 295. is a potential pest of pine in eastern North America. Glyptoscelis hirtus, Fitch 1858: 746. Although the 1st published record for the species in Glyptoscelis pubescens, Horn 1886: 143. Wisconsin was in 1960 (Coppel 1960), specimens MATERIALS AND METHODS in the collection of the Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, date back to 1940. During Field work was undertaken in central Polk County, investigations on the biological control of the intro- near Amery, Wis. Adult beetles were collected on a duced pine sawfly, Diprion similis (Hartig), it was cloth mat by beating eastern white pine, Pinus strobus established that the pine chrysomelid utilized empty L., branches. Study areas, consisting of woodlots of sawfly cocoons for oviposition sites. Because of this pine and mixed hardwoods, provided trees of all age bizarre relationship, a study was undertaken to sup- classes and with considerable variation in ground plement the little-known bionomics of G. pubescens, cover. with particular reference to the adults, eggs, and lst- In 1963 specimens were reared in a basement lab- instar larvae. oratory at 20°C and 80% RH. In 1964 rearing was in a 2nd-story room where the temperature fluctuated NOMENCLATURE from 17 to 28°C and about 55% RH. Additional stud- Contrary to the synonomy of Clavareau (1914) and ies were undertaken in the laboratory of the Univer- Krauss (1937), the original description of G. pubes- sity of Wisconsin, Department of Entomology, at cens was in the genus Cryptoccphalus. The following Madison. synonomy is offered to give agreement between refer- Empty cocoons of the introduced pine sawfly were ences and the generic names used. glued to white pine stems and placed in 18x18x13- cm cages for observations of oviposition habits. Daily Cryptoccphalus pubescens Fabricius, 1776: 220. Cryptoccphalus hirsutus Gmelin, 1791: 1703. examinations established the period between oviposi- Eumolpus hirttts Olivier, 1808: 906. tion and the time larvae left the cocoons, and adult longevity. 1 Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae. 3 Approved for publication by the Director of the Wisconsin DISTRIBUTION AND HOSTS Agricultural Experiment Station. Supported in part by the University of Wisconsin Research Committee of the Graduate School with funds supplied by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Glyptoscelis pubescens is distributed primarily east Foundation, and in part by the Conservation Division, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Accepted for publication March of the Mississippi River (Fig. 1), in 20 of the 26 18, 1968. States, and Washington D.C., and from Ontario and s Research Assistant and Professor of Entomology, respec- tively, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Quebec in Canada. It has been reported also from 1 ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA [Vol.62. No. 1 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/62/1/1/102404 by guest on 02 October 2021 FIG. 1.—The reported distribution of G. pubesccns in the United States and Canada. Iowa (Wickham 1911) and Oregon (Crotch and trees before new foliage was fully formed. In feeding Cantab 1873) west of the Mississippi. Both Horn tests beetles cut notches in needles in about equal (1892) and Krauss (1937) expressed doubt of the proportion to removing needles at their bases on validity of the Oregon record. Distribution records spruce, larch, and Austrian pine. Beetles cut a greater indicated that G. pubescens was found throughout proportion of notches in new and old foliage rather May, June, and early July in New York, April to than removing needles at their bases in red, jack, and June in North Carolina, and as early as mid-March in Scots pine. Severe infestation on Virginia and white Alabama. Adults were collected from white pine in pine in a North Carolina seed orchard caused loss of northwestern Wisconsin from May 15 to Aug. 29. growth (USDA 1965). As many as 100 beetles/ 18-in. However, Arery few beetles were collected after the branch were recorded. These beetles caused damage 1st week of July. Adults were found generally by feeding on the edges of needles which later turned throughout the study areas. Although most individual brown. white pine trees had only 1 or 2 beetles if any, a maximum of 32 adults was taken from a single tree. DESCRIPTIONS OF STAGES AND LIFE HISTORY The pine hosts of G. pubescens include eastern Viable eggs were found in the field from early June white pine; pitch pine, Pinus rigida Mill.; jack pine, to Aug. 29. Adults in the laboratory did not deposit P. banksiana Lamb.; and Virginia pine, P. virginiana viable eggs after the 1st week in September. Eggs Mill. Additional records were found for spruce, hem- were almost 3 times as long as wide, cylindrical, with lock, and southern pines as hosts. Although G. pubes- rounded ends, and were yellow (Fig. 5). Measure- ccns was observed only on eastern white pine under ments of 130 eggs removed from D. similis cocoons natural conditions in Wisconsin, it could be force fed showed an average length of 1.38 mm (range 1.0- on a wide range of coniferous plants without any ap- 1.65). Average width at the widest point was 0.56 parent ill effects. We found no evidence that G. mm (range 0.5-0.6). The eggs had a sticky surface pubescens could feed on wild grape or hickory as re- which caused them to adhere to one another as well ported by Wilcox (1954). as to the walls of the cocoons. There were no hairs or other projections on the surface of the egg;. A FEEDING DAMAGE group of up to 30 pores at the anterior end made up Damage to pine trees was caused by adult feeding. what appeared as a micropylar area. The cells in this Major damage resulted when new foliage was cut off area protruded slightly. just below the point where the needle left the sheath. Larvae of G. pubescens were present in /). similis All 5 needles in a cluster were removed, leaving only cocoons in the field from late June until late Sep- a small cup formed by the needle sheath (Fig. 2). A tember. First-instar larvae were subcylindrical, pair of beetles normally removed 4-8 needle clusters slightly curved and had 3 pairs of well-developed over a 2-day period. Adults of G. pubescens also cut legs (Fig. 4). Measurements of 40 lst-instar larvae notches in the entire length of either new or old from D. similis cocoons gave the following dimen- foliage (Fig. 3). Needles eaten in this manner some- sions: average length 1.7 mm (range 1.5-2.0) ; aver- times remained in place, but often broke off where a age depth 0.51 mm (range 0.50-0.54). General body deep notch occurred. Additional damage resulted in color of larvae was yellow with a large brown the spring when adults removed male flowers from sclerotized shield on the dorsum of prothorax and January 1969] KLEIN AND COPPEL : G. pubcsccns IN WISCONSIN small sclerotized areas on the pleura of thoracic and 90% of beetles collected after the first of July were abdominal segments. The head capsule was nearly females. Laboratory experiments confirmed the circular in outline when viewed frontally (Fig. 6). longevity of females. One $ was kept alive until Average length from the top of vertex to the tip Oct. 7, more than a month later than any male. of labrum was 0.39 mm (range 0.38-0.41). Average Adults of G. pubescens were robust, oblong-oval, width at the widest point was 0.38 mm (range brown with a brassy sheen, and covered with short 0.34-0.45). The capsule was light brown except pubescence. Measurements from 52 $ and 40 $ for the mandibles, which were dark brown at the (Table 1) were within the range of 7.5-9.5 mm tips.
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