The Impact of Community Notification Policies on the Management of Sex Offenders by Laura Whitting, Bpsysc
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The Impact of Community Notification Policies on the Management of Sex Offenders by Laura Whitting, BPsySc (Hons) Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Psychology (Forensic) Deakin University October, 2016 Data format Storage Location Date lodged Name of custodian if other than the executive author N/A This Form must be retained by the executive author, within the school or institute in which they are Based. If the puBlication is to be included as part oF an HDR thesis, a copy oF this form must be included in the thesis with the puBlication. Data format Storage Location Date lodged Name of custodian if other than the executive author Audio recordings of Encrypted/ April – interviews password August 2013 protected electronic files Participant Consent Forms Locked filing April – and surveys cabinet August 2013 This Form must be retained by the executive author, within the school or institute in which they are Based. If the puBlication is to be included as part oF an HDR thesis, a copy oF this form must be included in the thesis with the puBlication. Data format Storage Location Date lodged Name of custodian if other than the executive author Data provided by agency Password August 2015 protected – June 2016 Excel and SPSS files Audio recordings of Encrypted/ April – interviews password August 2013 protected electronic files Participant Consent Forms Locked filing April – and surveys cabinet August 2013 This Form must be retained by the executive author, within the school or institute in which they are Based. If the puBlication is to Be included as part oF an HDR thesis, a copy oF this Form must Be included in the thesis with the puBlication. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisors, Professor Andrew Day and Professor Martine Powell. I feel privileged to have had the opportunity to study under such highly esteemed and accomplished researchers, and I have benefited enormously from their expertise. Both Andrew and Martine were very responsive and always made themselves available to me despite their busy schedules. I deeply appreciate their guidance, constructive feedback, support and encouragement throughout the duration of my candidature. I would especially like to acknowledge Andrew, who continued to provide advice and guidance after he left Deakin University. My research project would not have been possible without the support of Western Australia Police. I would particularly like to thank Martyn Clancy-Lowe, State Coordinator of the Sex Offender Management Squad (SOMS), for his support and assistance in recruiting participants. I am sincerely grateful to the 21 members of SOMS who generously volunteered their time to be interviewed, as well as the team of intelligence analysts who spent countless hours cleaning, linking, and interrogating the data. Ross Clements deserves special mention for coordinating the data request and for his patience in responding to my many telephone calls and emails. I would also like to thank the members of the Academic Research Administration Unit and Corporate Research Unit, and in particular Jenny Kingsley, Mitch Gilbert, Dr Paul Pulé, Michaela Miller, Marie Chetty, and Maggie Plumb, for their support and assistance in securing approval. I wish to thank my family for their confidence in me and their unwavering love and support, without which I honestly do not think I could have got this far. To my parents, Bill and Julie: thank you for all your advice and guidance and for your financial, practical, and emotional support. I am forever indebted to you (both literally and metaphorically!). I would particularly like to thank and acknowledge my mother for generously giving up her time to proofread my thesis. To my sister, Katie: thank you for your unfailing enthusiasm and interest in my studies, for the motivational mixtapes, for providing many hours of comic relief, and for not indulging me whenever I took pity on myself. I also wish to thank the wonderful friends I have made through the DPsych program. I feel so fortunate to have met and shared this experience with you. You supported me through some very challenging times, believed in me, inspired me, and showed me that there is light at the end of the (very long) tunnel! I know we will remain good friends and I look forward to hopefully working with some of you in the future. To all my friends, new and old, near and far: thank you for your support and understanding, for the care packages, and offers of assistance. I am almost certain that I would have lost my sanity without you! List of Publications Published: Whitting, L., Day, A., & Powell, M. (2014). The impact of community notification on the management of sex offenders in the community: An Australian perspective. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 47, 240- 258. doi: 10.1177/0004865813503349 Whitting, L., Day, A., & Powell, M. (2016). Police officer perspectives on the implementation of a sex offender community notification scheme. International Journal of Police Science and Management. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/1461355716668539 Day, A., Boni, N., Hobbs, G., Carson, E., Whitting, L., & Powell, M. (2014). Professional attitudes to sex offenders: Implications for multiagency and collaborative working. Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand, 6(1), 12- 19. Retrieved from http://www.anzatsa.org/saanz-journal/ In press: Whitting, L., Day, A., & Powell, M. (in press). An evaluation of the impact of Australia’s first community notification scheme. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. Conference presentation: Whitting, L. (2015, November). Police officers’ perceptions of the first community notification scheme introduced in Australia. Presented at the joint meeting of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, Faculty of Forensic Psychiatry, Canberra. Forthcoming conference presentation: Whitting, L. (2016, November). An evaluation of Australia’s first community notification scheme. To be presented at the 35th annual meeting of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Orlando i Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 Description of the Western Australian Scheme ....................................................... 8 Rationale and Aims of the Thesis .......................................................................... 12 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .................................................... 17 What is Community Notification? ......................................................................... 18 What is the Rationale for Community Notification? ............................................. 20 The Impact of Community Notification on Reintegration ..................................... 24 The Impact of Community Notification on Offending .......................................... 28 Sexual and general recidivism. ........................................................................... 28 Non-recidivistic sexual offending. ..................................................................... 35 The Impact of Community Notification on Risk Management .............................. 37 The Impact of Community Notification on Criminal Justice Agencies ................. 39 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 44 CHAPTER 3: STUDY 1 ............................................................................................ 47 Method ................................................................................................................... 55 Participants ......................................................................................................... 55 Design ................................................................................................................. 56 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 56 Analysis .................................................................................................................. 58 Limited Confidence in the Policy of Community Notification .......................... 58 Impact on Offenders ........................................................................................... 60 Impact on Victims and the Broader Community ................................................ 63 Impact on the Agency ......................................................................................... 64 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 4: STUDY 2 ............................................................................................ 71 Method ................................................................................................................... 74 Design and Procedure ......................................................................................... 74 Participants ........................................................................................................