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Hinterland Gothic: Reading and Writing Australia’s East Coast Hinterlands as Gothic Spaces Emma Doolan Bachelor of Fine Arts: Creative and Professional Writing (Hons First Class) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Creative Writing and Literary Studies Creative Industries Faculty Queensland University of Technology 2017 Principal Supervisor: Dr Lesley Hawkes Associate Supervisor: Dr Glen Thomas Keywords Hinterland, Gothic literature, Australian Gothic, ecofeminism, spatial theory, heterotopia Hinterland Gothic: Reading and Writing Australia’s East Coast Hinterlands as Gothic Spaces i Abstract This practice-led thesis comprises an exegesis, titled Hinterland Gothic: Reading and Writing Australia’s East Coast Hinterlands as Gothic Spaces, and a novel, At Devil’s Elbow, a Gothic family drama set on the Blackall Range in Queensland’s Sunshine Coast hinterland. When Debbie James—artist, mother, wife—vanishes after leaving a party, her family, friends, and the police are willing to believe she has left town of her own accord. But Callie, her sixteen-year-old daughter, is not convinced. She sets out on an investigation of her own, one which takes her along the winding roads of the hinterland mountain range and into the entanglements of adult lives. When, months later, Debbie’s badly decomposed remains are discovered tangled in lantana on a hillside not far from the family home, the police turn their attention to Callie’s father, and Callie no longer knows who she can trust. The hinterland, literally the “land behind” or the region “lying beyond what is visible or known” (Oxford English Dictionary 2008) is a central feature in At Devil’s Elbow and an important, if critically neglected, space of Australian cultural life. Identifying an emerging tradition of Hinterland Gothic literature, to which At Devil’s Elbow belongs, this thesis brings together spatial, postcolonial, feminist, and ecocritical theories under the umbrella of Gothic studies to investigate representations of Australia’s east coast hinterlands as heterotopias, liminal counter-sites in which cultural norms can be tested, inverted, or reaffirmed (Foucault 1986). In Hinterland Gothic texts, the natural environment is a key focus and marginalised—especially female, but also Indigenous and ecological—voices are privileged. Through a regionally specific web of Gothic metaphor (Sedgwick 1980, 7) drawn from the hinterland landscape, these texts articulate, or gesture towards, the silenced stories of place. The thesis argues that Australia’s lush, fertile, and green east coast hinterlands disrupt essentialist depictions of uniformly dry, barren, and brown Australian landscapes with which the development of an Australian literary tradition and national identity have been bound up. On the alternative ground of the hinterland, dominant cultural narratives can be unsettled and rescripted. ii Hinterland Gothic: Reading and Writing Australia’s East Coast Hinterlands as Gothic Spaces Table of Contents Keywords .................................................................................................................................. i Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................v Statement of Original Authorship ........................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Background ...............................................................................................................................3 Hinterland .................................................................................................................................8 Scope ......................................................................................................................................15 Context ....................................................................................................................................20 Research Questions .................................................................................................................26 Significance.............................................................................................................................27 Thesis Outline .........................................................................................................................28 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................. 33 An Australian Gothic Literary Heritage ..................................................................................33 Australian Gothic Scholarship ................................................................................................35 The Australian Landscape Myth .............................................................................................41 Regional Australian Gothic .....................................................................................................45 Towards a Hinterland Gothic ..................................................................................................61 A Hinterland Gothic Literary Tradition ..................................................................................68 Conclusion to the Literature Review ......................................................................................75 Chapter 3: Research Design .................................................................................... 77 Introduction to Research Design .............................................................................................77 Practice-Led Research ............................................................................................................77 Gothic Heterotopia ..................................................................................................................80 Postcolonial Gothic .................................................................................................................84 EcoGothic ...............................................................................................................................85 Female/Postfeminist Gothic ....................................................................................................87 Spatial History ........................................................................................................................89 Ground Truthing .....................................................................................................................92 Reflective Practice ..................................................................................................................94 Conclusion to Research Design ..............................................................................................96 Chapter 4: A Spatial History of the Blackall Range, QLD .................................. 97 Hinterland Gothic: Reading and Writing Australia’s East Coast Hinterlands as Gothic Spaces iii Glasshouse Mountains ............................................................................................................ 97 The Blackall Range .............................................................................................................. 104 Indigenous Population .......................................................................................................... 113 Bunya ................................................................................................................................... 115 Maleny .................................................................................................................................. 123 Witta .................................................................................................................................... 125 Conondale ............................................................................................................................. 126 Return ................................................................................................................................... 129 Montville .............................................................................................................................. 131 Chapter 5: A Hinterland Gothic Web of Metaphor............................................ 141 Introduction to A Hinterland Gothic Web of Metaphor ....................................................... 141 Water .................................................................................................................................... 148 Weeds ................................................................................................................................... 153 Trees .................................................................................................................................... 161 Animals 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