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FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PENNSYLVANIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA SYNTHESIS: THE UPPER JUNIATA RIVER SUB-BASIN 11 (WATERSHEDS A-D) WALTER INDUSTRIAL PARK: MITIGATION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP, BLAIR COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA ER 00-2888-013 Prepared for KELLER ENGINEERS, INC. 418-420 ALLEGHENY ST. HOLLIDAYSBURG, PA 16648 Submitted by GAI CONSULTANTS, INC. 570 Beatty Road Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146-1300 GAI PROJECT NO. 2002-236-10 FEBRUARY 10, 2003 Back of Cover FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PENNSYLVANIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA SYNTHESIS: THE UPPER JUNIATA RIVER SUB-BASIN 11 (WATERSHEDS A-D) WALTER INDUSTRIAL PARK: MITIGATION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP, BLAIR COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA ER 00-2888-013 Prepared for KELLER ENGINEERS, INC. 418-420 ALLEGHENY ST. HOLLIDAYSBURG, PA 16648 Written by Douglas H. MacDonald, Ph.D., RPA Lead Archaeologist With contributions by Kenneth W. Mohney, Ph.D., Senior Archaeologist II Lisa Dugas, Archaeologist II GAI CONSULTANTS, INC. 570 Beatty Road Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146-1300 GAI PROJECT NO. 2002-236-10 FEBRUARY 10, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................I LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... II LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... II LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................IV LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS............................................................................................................................VI CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT SUMMARY ........................................................... 1 CHAPTER II. PROJECT LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ..................................... 7 CHAPTER III. BACKGROUND AND KEY PROJECTS ..................................................................... 29 CHAPTER IV. PALEOINDIAN PERIOD.............................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER V. EARLY ARCHAIC PERIOD......................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER VI. MIDDLE ARCHAIC PERIOD ...................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER VII. LATE ARCHAIC PERIOD............................................................................................ 73 CHAPTER VIII. TRANSITIONAL/TERMINAL ARCHAIC PERIOD ................................................... 97 CHAPTER IX. EARLY WOODLAND PERIOD ................................................................................. 115 CHAPTER X. MIDDLE WOODLAND PERIOD............................................................................... 127 CHAPTER XI. LATE WOODLAND PERIOD .................................................................................... 133 CHAPTER XIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 167 REFERENCES............................................................................................................. 177 APPENDIX A: PROJECT PERSONNEL RESUMES APPENDIX B: REFERENCES DATA APPENDIX C: COLLECTIONS ANALYSIS DATA Upper Juniata Data Synthesis i Penns/juniata/juniata_report ii Upper Juniata Data Synthesis Penns/juniata/juniata_report LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of the Upper Juniata Sub-Basin..........................................................................2 Figure 2. Lithic Raw Materials in the Upper Juniata Sub-Basin: Field-Confirmed Locations of Toolstone. ............................................................................................16 Figure 3. Locations of Key Projects and Archaeological Sites in the Upper Juniata Sub- Basin. ........................................................................................................................32 Figure 4. Early Archaic and Middle Archaic Artifacts. ...........................................................54 Figure 5. Late Archaic Diagnostic Projectile Points................................................................74 Figure 6. Burial No. 5, Sheep Rock Shelter, Late Archaic. .....................................................86 Figure 7. Transitional Period Artifacts.....................................................................................98 Figure 8. Early Woodland Artifacts. ......................................................................................118 Figure 9. Middle Woodland Artifacts. ...................................................................................128 Figure 10. Planview of the Gnagey Site. Compare with Figure 12, the Planview of the Bedford Village Site (from George 1983:6). ..........................................................138 Figure 11. Late Woodland Artifacts.........................................................................................142 Figure 12. Circular House Structure adjacent to Trench and Stockade, Bedford Village Site (36Bd90; from Catton 1994). ..........................................................................148 Figure 13. Planview of Structure 1, the Petersburg Bridge Site (36Hu67)..............................150 Figure 14. Planview of Workman Site (36Bd36) Structures (from Michels and Huner 1968:160). ...............................................................................................................152 Figure 15. Late Woodland Artifacts from Sheep Rock Shelter (36Hu1).................................154 Figure 16. Profile of Mykut Rockshelter (36Hu143; from Burns and Raber 1998:8) .............157 Figure 17. Archaeological Site Components by Time Period, as reflected in PASS Files and Research Report Coverage...............................................................................167 Figure 18. Archaeological Components by Period, adjusted by Duration of Period (Sites/Decades per period; cf. Fiedel 2001)............................................................168 Upper Juniata Data Synthesis iii Penns/juniata/juniata_report LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Lithic Raw Materials in the Upper Juniata Sub-Basin......................................................15 Table 2. Comparison of Raw PASS File Data with Checked PASS File Data Utilized in this Study...........................................................................................................................29 Table 3. Paleoindian Sites, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin (PASS Files)...............................................48 Table 4. Paleoindian Site Data, Upper Juniata (PASS files). .........................................................48 Table 5. Paleoindian Site Location Data, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin (PASS files)..........................49 Table 6. Paleoindian Lithic Raw Material Use, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin (PASS Files). ..............50 Table 7. Early Archaic Sites, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin (PASS Files)............................................57 Table 8. Early Archaic Site Location Data, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin (PASS Files). ....................57 Table 9. Early Archaic Site Locations: Cross-Tabulation of Site Type by Setting. .......................58 Table 10. Early Archaic Archaeological Studies, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin. ...................................58 Table 11. Early Archaic Lithic Raw Material Use, Upper Juniata (PASS Files). ............................59 Table 12. Early Archaic Points/Raw Materials: the Workman Site (36Bd36). ................................61 Table 13. Middle Archaic Sites, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin (PASS Files).........................................65 Table 14. Middle Archaic: Site Type by Setting, Upper Juniata. .....................................................66 Table 15. Middle Archaic Site Location Data, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin (PASS Files). .................67 Table 16. Middle Archaic Lithic Raw Material Use: Cross-Tabulation of Material by Watershed for Middle Archaic Sites in the Upper Juniata Sub-Basin..............................68 Table 17. Middle Archaic Archaeological Studies, Upper Juniata...................................................70 Table 18. Late Archaic Sites, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin (PASS Files) .............................................78 Table 19. Late Archaic: Cross-Tabulation of Site Type by Setting (PASS Files)............................80 Table 20. Late Archaic Site Location Data, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin (PASS Files).......................81 Table 21. Late Archaic Site Locations Relative to Stream Confluences: Cross-tab of Site Location relative to Stream Flow and Confluence Direction. ..........................................83 Table 22. Late Archaic Research Reports, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin...............................................84 Table 23. Late Archaic Lithic Raw Material Use, Upper Juniata (PASS Files)...............................91 Table 24. Late Archaic Collections Analysis Results.......................................................................94 Table 25. Transitional Period Sites, Upper Juniata Sub-Basin (PASS Files).................................103 iv Upper Juniata Data Synthesis Penns/juniata/juniata_report Table 26. Transitional/Terminal
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