Term

All about 's geography Living thingsProject 1 Water resources

1 Listen and read.

Why don’t we buy Laura has one and an inflatable pool? she loves it! She doesn’t need to go to I don’t think it’s the local swimming pool. good for the environment!

You need litres of water to fill a pool. I don’t think we should all have one. We need water for other important things in the world! Big Question

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WATER ON OUR PLANET?

6 6 Action

Explore around you Think about the importance of water in your daily life and what you use it for. Bring examples to class, and find newspaper cuttings about places where the lack of water is causing problems.

What can we do to help? You can make a documentary to tell people about the problems related to water resources in your Autonomous Community.

How are you going to do it? Work in groups on the following tasks:

MAKE A CHANGE 1

MAKE A CHANGE 2 MAKE A CHANGE 3

MAKING THE CHANGE

7 My learning adventure trailer (video)

1 The relief of Spain What do you know about ...?

Plan your film.

5 Population 6 Population changes in Spain

8 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

Coastal relief 2 Look for information.

Cantabrian Sea F R A NCE

ANDORRA

L

A

G

U

T

R a e O S n P a e n a r r t e ATLANTIC i e d M Climates OCEAN Oceanic Mountain Inland Mediterranean Coastal Mediterranean Dry Mediterranean Subtropical

4 Climate and landscapes of Spain 3 The rivers of Spain

A CHAN KE GE A 3 M Film your Migratory movements Population density 7 8 documentary.

What do you need to know?

9 1 The relief of Spain

Let’s get started

You see a poster in a travel agent’s window, in London. It says:

Sensational summer holidays in Spain! The land of spectacular beaches and magnificent historical monuments. Located on the , Spain has a warm climate and low rainfall all year. It’s no surprise that Spain is the second most visited country in the world!

Find the mistakes in the text above and answer the questions below. 1. Is all of Spain’s territory on the Iberian Peninsula? Look at the satellite image on the right and name the territories that are not. 2. The poster mentions ‘spectacular beaches’. But is Spain also a mountainous country? Can you name any mountain ranges? 3. What about the information on Spain’s climate? Is this completely true? Why, or why not? The Canary Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean, close Watch the video to find out more about the relief of Spain. to the west coast of Africa. They are of volcanic origin. Let’s understand

The relief of Spain Spain’s position on the European continent determines its relief. The main characteristics of the land relief in Spain are:

High average altitude. Spain is Varied coast. Spain has nearly five thousand kilometres of coastline one of the most mountainous and this is very varied. Some areas have sandy beaches and other areas countries in . have rocky cliffs.

Pause Explain the concept of ‘compared to sea level’ to the classmate next to you.

10 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

The Iberian Peninsula is surrounded on three sides by water: the Cantabrian and Mediterranean Seas and the Atlantic Ocean.

Cantabrian Sea The Balearic Islands are in the Mediterranean Sea.

Mediterranean Sea

There are also 2 Spanish cities in the north of Africa: Ceuta and Melilla.

Wall effect. The mountain ranges around the Slope of the Meseta. The Meseta slopes down in Meseta act as a wall. This means that humid air the direction of the Atlantic Ocean. That is why from the sea can’t reach the interior. many Spanish rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean.

Glossary slope: inclination. travel agent’s: a service that organises and sells holidays.

11 1 The relief of Spain

Main landforms

Punta da Estaca de Bares Cabo de Peñas Cantabrian Sea Cabo de Ajo

co ai á b r i c a Cabo de Fisterra al r a C a n t 8 P o G d i l l e tes Vasc y r N ciz C o r on os e n Ma n M e e s eó 4 o S l L ñ 3 i e D Cabo de Creus A i d s PÁRAMO 7 e M e p t LEONÉS E r (3,404 m) n b e o S r s a E o n 3 M i i ó a eseta nor s n al ubm te at S t d 9 C C e e ra Due m l te ro os a E a C b er O r ill l I o rd Delta del Llobregat a b Co tr S é LA BERZOSA 2 n e r rr i e a C n c a í o Delta del Ebro a ds em Sierra de LA ALCARRIA d C t n is e a Menorca S Guadarrama C 5 l u Is

I s Sierra de Gredo e n ic 1 c r Ta a

T jo a le

Montes d Golfo de Valencia a Mallorca N e Tole LA MANCHA B do Júcar 11 r A iana Guad su Ibiza eta

L s TIERRA DE bme Cabo de BARROS Su gu la Nao Formentera

T Se ra

6 orena A ra M ivir tica ier alqu bbé S d Su 10 Gua a a l G er Cabo de Palos de en ll ica e n il i bét ió ir d ni s v r e S e i o P pr qu C ra e al lle Golfo de D ad rdi Mulhacén n Cádiz Gu Co a (3,479 m) e Canary Islands Cabo de Gata n Cabo a La Palma Lanzarote Sacratif r 12 r Tenerife altar e Gibr t Fuerteventura t of trai i La Gomera S e d (3,715 m) M El Hierro Gran Canaria

the Meseta Central and its mountains Mountains around the Meseta Central 1. The Meseta Central. It has an average 3. The Montes de León and the Macizo altitude of 650 metres. It occupies the Galaico to the northwest. The Teleno is the centre of the Peninsula. highest elevation at 2,188 metres. 2. The . The highest peak here 4. The Cordillera Cantábrica to the north. is the , at 2, 591 metres. It The is the highest peak, at divides the Meseta in two halves: 2, 648 metres. • The Submeseta Norte. The river Duero 5. The Sistema Ibérico to the northeast. The flows across the Submeseta Norte. Moncayo is the highest peak, at 2, 313 • The Submeseta metres. Sur. The Montes 6. Sierra Morena de Toledo cross to the south. It the Submeseta separates the Sur. They separate Meseta from the the river valleys of Guadalquivir the Tajo and the river valley. Guadiana.

12 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

Mountains outside the Meseta Central 11. The Balearic Islands to the 7. The Montes Vascos to the north. east, in the 8. The Pyrenees to the north of the Ebro Mediterranean valley. They form a natural border Sea. The main between Spain and . The highest landform here peak is the Aneto, at 3, 404 metres. is the Sierra de 9. The Cordillera Costera Catalana to the Tramontana on northeast. the island of Mallorca. 10. The Sistemas Béticos. They are formed by the Cordillera Subbética and the Cordillera Penibética, where we find 12. The Canary the Mulhacén, the highest peak on the Islands opposite Peninsula, at 3, 481 metres. the northwest coast of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean. These islands have a volcanic origin. The Teide, a volcano on the island of Tenerife, is the highest peak in Spain, at 3, 718 metres.

Let’s practise

2 1 Listen to the conversation. The girl makes three factual mistakes. Correct them in your notebook.

2 In pairs, describe a mountain or island in Spain that you have visited or that you would like to visit.

3 3 Listen and then list Spain’s peaks from the lowest to the highest, in your notebook.

4 In pairs, answer the following questions. a. Which seas and oceans surround the Iberian Peninsula? The Iberian Peninsula is surrounded by the ... Glossary b. Which mountain range forms a natural border between Spain border: the frontier separating and France? two countries. The ... form a natural border ... peak: the pointed top of a mountain. 5 Do the challenge.

13 2 Coastal relief

Let’s get started

Look at the pictures of two areas of coastline in Spain. What are the main differences? In both landscapes, the forces of waves and tides were important factors in their formation. Why are they so different, then? Make a list of possible theories and discuss them as a class. Watch the video to explore the contrasts of the Spanish coastline.

Let’s understand

Coastal regions The coast is what we call the area of land next to the sea. Spain’s coasts are divided into three areas: Cantabrian, Atlantic and Mediterranean. The type of coastal relief we find in a particular area is the result of many factors. These include erosion by waves, wind and rain and also any sediments rivers deposit as they flow to the river mouth.

Cantabrian Sea 2 F R A NCE PRINCIPADO DE CANTABRIA PAÍS VASCO/ 1 EUSKADI COMUNIDAD ANDORRA 3 N FORAL DE NAVARRA

A LA RIOJA CATALUÑA/ CASTILLA Y LEÓN E CATALUNYA

C ARAGÓN O

COMUNIDAD 6

L DE MADRID

A C

I G ILLES BALEARS

U T COMUNIDAD

T N EXTREMADURA CASTILLA-LA MANCHA VALENCIANA/ R COMUNITAT

A 6

O VALENCIANA

L

P T a

A REGIÓN DE e 7 S MURCIA n a e ANDALUCÍA n a r r e i t CANARIAS d 4 8 M e 5 Cantabrian coast Atlantic coast Mediterranean coast

Pause There are generally sandy beaches where large rivers flow into the sea. Why do you think this is?

14 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

The Cantabrian coast extends from the mouth of the Bidasoa river to the , in Galicia. The Bidasoa river separates France and Spain, in the Basque Country. 1. The coastline is predominantly straight, with occasional inlets. Inlets are areas where the sea enters inland and meets a river, forming a river estuary. Avilés and Bilbao both have estuaries. 2. It is characterised by a rocky coastline with many cliffs.

the Atlantic coast stretches from the Punta de Estaca de Bares to the Straight of Gibraltar in Cádiz. 3. The Galician Atlantic coast is predominantly rocky, with high cliffs. Numerous inlets form river estuaries. 4. The Andalusian Atlantic coast is straight, low-lying and sandy and has numerous beaches, wetlands and dunes. 5. The Canary Islands have sheer cliffs, ascending to 100-400 metres, as a result of their volcanic origins. Beaches are formed where ravines cut through to the sea, with the exception of the extensive beaches on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.

the Mediterranean coast stretches from Tarifa, in Cádiz, to Cabo de Creus in Gerona. 6. The Catalan and Balearic coasts are characterised by a combination of high, rocky areas and low-lying, sandy zones. Their main features are the Delta del Ebro, the Cabo de Creus and the Bahía de Palma. 7. Valencia and Murcia have mostly low-lying and sandy beaches. 8. The Mediterranean coast in Andalucía has stretches of flat areas, followed by coastline formed by cliffs.

Let’s practise

4 1 Listen and write down the words below, in the correct order. Glossary • Valencia and Murcia • Cantabrian • Galician Atlantic dunes: sand hills the wind forms. • Andalucía • Bahía de Palma • Canary Islands inlets: bodies of water that enter the land. 2 In pairs, use a map of Spain to find a beach. ravines: small, deep, narrow valleys. a. Which coast does it belong to? sheer: perpendicular or nearly so. b. What name does the tourist industry use for this coast? wetlands: low areas of land flooded with water. 3 Do the challenge.

15 PROJECT 1 MAKE A CHANGE 1

Let’s investigate

1 Look for information about the relief in your Autonomous Community. What types of relief are there? Does relief influence the location of cities and villages? And does their location condition their size and the activities people do there?

My village is quite small because it is in My city is near a river. It is quite big because the mountains. It is near a ski resort, so in in the past there was a lot of commerce, winter there are a lot of people. because of the river.

1 2

My village is on the coast. It is quite big because My village is not very big. It is difficult living there are no mountains that limit its size. It has a here because of the extreme weather conditions. port, so it is always busy. In winter it is very cold and in summer it is very hot. And it doesn’t rain very much. 3 4

2 What kinds of sport can you practise near your town or city? Can you go hiking? Can you go skiing?

I wonder Could the water resources in my Autonomous Community change in the future?

16 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

ActionAction

Look for information

1 In groups, find information about a problem related to water in your Autonomous Community. It can be a danger to a lake, a river or subterranean aquifer, or it can be a drought. Find photographs, diagrams or graphs that illustrate the problem.

G I 2 Write a report about the problem in My Learning Notebook. TIP What are the causes? You can go • with your parents What are the consequences? • and take • What can we do to resolve it? photographs.

3 You will use this information to film a documentary later in the • Who will be the term. But first, decide on each director? person’s role. • And the actors? • The cameraman or camerawoman? • The location manager?

My Learning Notebook pages 10-11 Make sure you include a record of this action.

17 3 The rivers of Spain

Let’s get started

One of your friends went on a white-water rafting excursion recently and thinks you would like it. However, you also like the idea of canoeing on a river with calmer waters. To help you choose a possible excursion, answer the questions below. If you decide to go rafting, is a mountainous area or a flat area the best option? Why? A river’s water flow can vary a lot, depending on the season. So, if you opt for canoeing, is the time of year important? Watch the video to find out about the rivers in different parts of Spain.

Let’s understand

Watersheds in Spain A watershed is the area of land where all of the rivers there flow into the same sea or ocean. Spanish rivers are divided into three watersheds depending on where they enter the sea or ocean.

Cantabrian Sea

a a N F R A NCE i e a v c N r ló a a a e

n v

r

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N N v

i D ó

n Sil ANDORRA o

iñ E b

M ro C

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c L a l a l Ter s o b N E e Du ro r e n g A ló a Ja t

E

C L

a

A

O m a

r s G a T d J n a u a jo T r sl U ia I ic

C r T a e

I l R J a

Guadiana úcar B T

O N P egura

A S

r

L vi alqui uad a

T G G e

e S

ni A l n a e n a r r t e d i M e Canary Islands River watersheds Atlantic Cantabrian MOROCCO ALGERIA Mediterranean

Pause Which of the 3 watersheds has the shortest rivers? What is the reason for this?

18 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

The cantabrian watershed • This area comprises the land from the Cordillera Cantábrica and the Montes Vascos down to the Cantabrian Sea. • The rivers of this watershed are short because the Cordillera Cantábrica is very close to the sea. They have an abundant water flow in every season of the year, as there is rainfall all year.

The atlantic watershed • This area occupies most of Galicia, all of the Meseta Central and the depression of the river Guadalquivir. • The Galician rivers are short, with an abundant water flow. • The central and southern rivers are long. Their water flow is high in winter and low in summer.

The mediterranean watershed • This area includes the depression of the river Ebro, on the east of the Peninsula, and all of the Mediterranean coast of Andalucía. • The most important river here is the Ebro. It is the longest river in Spain, with the highest water flow. • Most rivers, however, have an irregular flow, which is high in winter and low in summer.

Let’s practise

5 1 Listen, copy and complete the table in your notebook.

River Watershed Main tributaries Miño ◆◆◆ ◆◆◆ Ebro ◆◆◆ ◆◆◆ Tajo ◆◆◆ ◆◆◆ Glossary 2 In pairs, ask these questions. canoeing: navigating a river in a a. Which two great Atlantic rivers flow through both Spain and light, narrow boat. another European country? flow: quantity of water moving b. Find out in which cities these rivers reach the sea. Look at a in a river. picture of the mouth of each river. Is it a delta or an estuary? rafting: travelling down a river on a small inflatable boat. 3 Do the challenge.

19 4 Climate and landscapes of Spain

Let’s get started

The photographs on the right show two different places in Spain on the same day, in the month of January. Our country has a very diverse climate, and this is why we find very different landscapes. In which of the two landscapes can you see there is a warmer climate? In which is there a cooler climate? Does having a dry climate mean temperatures are always warmer? Discuss your ideas as a class and come to a conclusion together. Watch the video to appreciate the variety of climates and landscapes in Spain.

Let’s understand

Spanish climates and vegetation The whole of the Iberian Peninsula is in the Earth’s temperate zone, but there are climatic differences between different regions. • Territories in the south have warmer average Coastal mediterranean climate temperatures than territories in the north. Precipitation: infrequent and irregular, • Areas near the coast have cooler average sometimes torrential. temperatures in the summer. Inland areas have more Temperature: mild winters and hot summers. extreme temperatures both in summer and winter. Vegetation: • The north is more exposed to Atlantic storms. holm oak, For this reason it is more humid than the south. cork oak and The Canary Islands are close to the Equator. This is pine forests, why they have a subtropical climate. Mediterranean scrub. Finally, high areas have a cold mountain climate.

Oceanic climate Inland mediterranean climate Precipitation: constant, except in summer. Precipitation: infrequent, mostly in spring and Temperature: mild all year. autumn. Vegetation: Temperature: cold winters and very hot chestnut, summers. oak and Vegetation: beech forests, holm oak and meadows and pine forests areas of scrub and areas of with heather scrub. and ferns.

20 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

Cantabrian Sea F R A NCE Dry mediterranean ANDORRA climate Precipitation: very infrequent all year round.

L Temperature: mild winters A and very hot summers. G

U Vegetation: plants adapted to

T dry conditions, with long roots

R and small leaves. a e O S n P a e n a r r t e ATLANTIC i e d M Climates OCEAN Oceanic Mountain Inland Mediterranean Coastal Mediterranean Dry Mediterranean Subtropical

Subtropical climate Mountain climate Precipitation: infrequent rain; more frequent in the Precipitation: snow in winter, rain in summer. north of the islands. Temperature: Temperature: very cold winters warm all year. and cool Vegetation: summers. Canarian pine, Vegetation: laurel, palm and scrub and dragon trees. pastures, fir trees in the Pyrenees.

Let’s practise

6 1 Listen to the conversation. Write down the name of the climate type where the girl lives and then where the boy lives. Glossary 2 Visit the website smMasSavia.com with you classmates. There is a meadows: fields with grass. description of a climate chart and information on how to make one. mild: not cold. In groups, make a climate chart for one of the different climate types scrub: area of land with small in Spain and present it to the class. Make sure there is a climate trees and bushes. chart for every climate type. temperate: a moderate climate, without extreme temperatures. 3 Do the challenge.

21 PROJECT 1 MAKE A CHANGE 2

Let’s investigate

1 Draw the watershed where your Autonomous Community is located. 2 Name all the important rivers. Mark the place where you live with a dot.

Huesca

Zaragoza

Madrid

Teruel

3 What sports can you practise on the rivers in your Autonomous Community? Do the types of rivers influence the sports people practise? Write the answers in My Learning Notebook. 4 What is the climate like in your Autonomous Community? Is there a link between the climate and the rivers? Write about it in My Learning Notebook and then discuss your answers in groups. 5 What do you like most about the landscape where you live? Why? Is there anything you don’t like?

I wonder Do we need a certain amount of water to do some sports?

22 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

ActionAction

Plan your film

I G 1 With all the information you have, plan your documentary. First work alone, then share your ideas as a group. Think about some important points before you begin:

• What is your objective? What do you want to transmit? • How are you going to transmit your message? Think about the general structure, the order of the scenes… How many different scenes are there going to be? • Plan the introduction and the conclusion. • Are there going to be any interviews? Write the questions you need to ask.

21 Draw a table and plan each scene carefully.

TIP Think of interesting locations for all of the scenes.

Time Scene Frame Description Dialogue/Sound Location 1: inside your classroom Explain the objetive of the documentary in the introduction: Background 5 minutes 1 Close-up For example, drought in your Autonomous music Community in the summer. Location 2: in the countryside Show how the problem is affecting your Sound effects of Long 2 minutes 2 Autonomous Community. For example, a shot of a birds or other shot reservoir with low levels of water. animals Location 3: inside a house. For example, the bathroom or kitchen Medium Voice of 2 minutes 3 Explain to people the importance of saving water. shot narrator

My Learning Notebook pages 14-15 Make sure you include a record of this action.

23 5 Population

Let’s get started Fun Fact! It took most of human history Population is the total number of people living in an area, such as a for the world’s population to town, a city or a country. reach 1 billion (in 1804). Only 123 years later (1927) the population Today, there are more than 7.4 billion people living on Earth. However, reached 2 billion. 33 years after the world’s population was only 1 billion two hundred years ago. that (1960), the population What is the reason for the fast population growth in this period of two reached 3 billion. hundred years, in your opinion? Find out when the population grew to four, five, and six billion What problems can develop when a greater number of people live in and draw a graph to represent the same space? Can our planet support this ‘population explosion'? this expansion. Watch the video to learn more about population changes. Then, visit the website below and calculate how many children are born on Earth every minute Let’s understand and how many people die in the same space of time. Changing populations smMasSavia.com World Population Clock The population of an area evolves, as people are born and others die. People also relocate to other areas to live. Demography is the scientific study of population and how and why it changes. Changes are the result of several factors:

Birth rate. The number Immigration. People of babies that are born in come to live in a country a population. from another country.

Death rate. The Emigration. People number of deaths in a move from their country population. to another country. Pause Somebody who is an immigrant is also an emigrant. Explain the logic behind this fact.

24 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

Population growth Natural growth is the difference between the number of births and deaths in a specific place in a period of time.

Natural = Births – Deaths growth

Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants who arrive at a specific place and the emigrants who leave.

Net migration = Immigrants – Emigrants

Real growth is the sum of natural growth and net migration. It tells us if the population of a territory is increasing or decreasing.

Let’s practise

7 1 Listen to the definitions. Write down the words in the correct order. • natural growth • emigration • demography • net migration 2 Discuss with your partner if it is possible for a country to have a positive natural increase but a negative real growth rate.

3 Joytown is a village of 200 inhabitants. This year, there were 6 births and 5 deaths. In addition, 12 young people emigrated abroad and 10 people moved to the village to work at a new hotel. Answer the questions below, in your notebook. • What is the natural growth of Joytown? • What is the net migration? • And the real growth? Glossary 4 Do the challenge. abroad: to a different country

25 6 Population changes in Spain

Let’s get started

This photo from the 1960s, shows a typical family from Madrid. How many children are there? Do you know any families today with more than 5 children? Why do you think modern-day families have fewer children? Watch the video to find out about the population in Spain today.

Let’s understand

Population changes in Spain Population data shows that Spain’s population is ageing. This means that each year there are a greater number of elderly people and fewer children in our country. This is due to several factors:

Decrease in the birth rate Increase in life expectancy Some years ago, most women did not have access Life expectancy is the number of years a person will to an education and they could not work outside live, on average. the home. Today, women have the same access to Advances in medicine and healthier life habits education as men. At present, more women than mean that people are now living longer. men choose to attend university. The life expectancy of Spanish citizens is one of But inequalities still exist. For example, women the highest in the world, at approximately 83 often have their children later in life. This is because years old. pregnancy and childcare can have a negative On average, women live longer than men. impact on their career. As women start having children later, they usually have fewer babies.

Pause Analyse this recent headline, from a Spanish newspaper: ‘The demographic crisis is increasing in Spain as the number of births continues to fall.’

26 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

To study population data correctly, it is important to know how to interpret a graph. We shall now analyse the two Spanish population graphs below, to practise this skill.

Men Number of children per woman Life expectancy at birth Women 90 5

80 4

70 3 60 2 50

40 1

30 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2018 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2018

Step 1 Read the title of each graph. What do Step 5 Draw your conclusions from the two they represent? graphs: Step 2 In graph 1, what do the blue and pink • Analyse graph 1. What was the approximate bars show us? life expectancy of someone born in 1920? And in 2018? What do you think the reason for this Step 3 The two graphs present data for a increase is? Discuss your ideas as a class. particular time period. Where can you find this • Look at graph 2. How many children did information? What are the start and end dates of women have in 1920, on average? And in 2018? the study? What conclusions can you make? Step 4 In graph 2 there is a series of numbers on the vertical axis. What do they represent?

Let’s practise

8 1 Listen to the conversation about life expectancy in other parts of the world. Answer the questions in your notebook. a. Which country has the highest life expectancy? Why? b. Which continent has the lowest life expectancy? How many countries have a life expectancy of below 60 years old? Glossary 2 Look at the two graphs above and take turns to ask and answer. ageing: getting old What was the life expectancy How many children did women headline: title of a news story. for men in 1950? have in 1950? inequalities: unfair situations. pregnancy: time when a woman is expecting a baby. 3 Do the challenge.

27 7 Migratory movements

Let’s get started

Were you born in the same part of the world as your parents? What about your classmates? Take a class survey to compile this information. Plan a ‘tastes from around the world' party in class. Everyone in the survey brings in a typical sweet or cake from their Autonomous Community or country, for the other students to try. Watch the video to find out why people emigrate. Then explain the ways in which immigrants enrich their adoptive countries.

Let’s understand

Internal and international migration Internal migration is when people move to International migration is when people move to another part of the same country to live. another country to live.

Over hundreds of years, millions of Spaniards have emigrated abroad, mainly to other European In Spain, in the middle of the last century, internal countries and to America. migration became common. People living in Today, over two million Spaniards live abroad. inland villages and working on the land began to Many of them are young people. They emigrated migrate to large cities and coastal areas in search during the last economic crisis, in search of work. of work. Spain also receives immigrants. The majority of This is called rural exodus, and the process has had them are fleeing from poverty and wars in their consequences, such as many abandoned villages. countries of origin.

Pause Many Spaniards have recently emigrated to other countries to find better opportunities. Why then, do you think immigrants continue to come to Spain? Discuss your ideas as a class.

28 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

A population pyramid is a graph that represents the characteristics of a particular population. It groups people into age bands and by gender. We can analyse it and see if a population is young, or if it is ageing.

Spain 2018 + 100 95-99 90-94 Men 85-89 Women 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Millions of people Age Millions of people

Step 1 Look at the horizontal axis. It represents the present-day population of Spain. Which sex is on the left? And on the right? Step 2 Now look at the vertical axis. It represents the different age groups. The lowest band, for example, represents people between 0 and 4 years old. In which band of the pyramid are the oldest members of society? Which age group has the biggest population in Spain today? Between which years were they born? Step 3 We can divide a population into three large age groups: young people (0-14 years old), adults (15-64 years old) and elderly people (65+). How can we distinguish each of these age groups on the pyramid? Step 4 Are there a greater number of elderly people or young people living in Spain today? Step 5 Imagine that the birth rate rises significantly in Spain in the next 20 years. Will the pyramid change shape? Will the bottom band become longer or shorter?

Let’s practise

9 1 Listen and write true or false in your notebook, for each statement.

2 Think about your friends and members of your family. Explain to your partner where each person belongs on the pyramid. Glossary fleeing: escaping. My aunt Juana belongs to this band on the right ... in search of: trying to find. survey: an investigation based on questions. 3 Do the challenge.

29 8 Population density

Let’s get started

Look at the two aerial photographs on the right. Which one shows a village and which one is a city? Tell you classmates the three most important factors that helped you reach your conclusion. Watch the video to find out more about population density.

Let’s understand

Population density Population density is the number of people living in one square kilometre. We calculate it using the following formula:

Population density = total population / area in km2

Population distribution is always uneven. Some areas have high population densities and others have very low population densities.

Rural population Urban population

People often live in houses separated by distance, People often live in flats. Buildings are close together, so the population density is lower. so the population density is higher. The rural population is usually older because The urban population is usually younger because young people move to the cities to find work. young people move there to find work.

One hundred years ago, Today, Spain’s population Spain’s rural population is mostly urban. This was higher than its urban means that more people population. live in the cities.

30 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

Pause The population density of towns on the coast increases during the summer months. Why is this?

Population density in Spain Spain has a population of 47 million inhabitants. There is a high population density in certain areas.

Cantabrian Sea

A Coruña Gijón F R A NCE Santander The rural inland areas are Oviedo the least populated. Bilbao Pamplona/Iruña ANDORRA Vigo León Burgos Logroño

Lleida ATLANTIC Valladolid Zaragoza L Barcelona

OCEAN A

G Madrid

U

T Toledo However, the Autonomous R Palma de Valencia Mallorca Community of Madrid is O Badajoz Albacete

P an inland area with a large

population. Córdoba Alicante/Alacant The most populated areas Sevilla Murcia of Spain are on the coast and a e S on the two archipelagos. n a e Málaga n Cádiz r a e r Santa Cruz i t d Inhabitants per km2 de Tenerife M e More than 500 100 to 500 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Less than 100 MOROCCO

Let’s practise

10 1 Listen to the programme and answer the questions. a. Who is the TV presenter interviewing? Where does she work? b. What does she do there? c. What is people’s greatest concern in Spain, at the moment? Why?

2 In pairs, look at the population density map above and complete the sentences. The least and the most Cities with populated Autonomous high population Glossary Communities are ... densities are ... inland: away from the coast uneven: irregular 3 Do the challenge.

31 PROJECT 1 MAKE A CHANGE 3

Let’s investigate

1 Read the text and answer the questions.

Jánovas is a village in the Aragonese Pyrenees. In the 1950s, 150 families lived in the village. But they were forced to leave. Their land was expropriated to build a reservoir on it. But the reservoir was never built. The project was rejected in 2005 after a long legal battle. This was because of the possible negative environmental impact on the area. But, finally the people from Jánovas are recovering their land. And there is a plan to build new houses, install water and electricity and repopulate Jánovas after all these years.

a) There was a project to build a reservoir on a river. On which river was it? b) Can you give some examples of the possible negative impact of reservoirs on nature? c) Look for information about other villages with similar problems to Jánovas.

I wonder What factors should we consider when we want to build a reservoir?

32 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

ActionAction

Film your documentary

1 Choose a phone or a camera to record your documentary.

TIP You can draw pictures that explain some of the scenes, if necessary.

2 When you have finished filming, look at the material. Cut any scenes that aren’t useful or that you don’t want. If you need more visual support, you can film other scenes.

3 Find out what a chroma key is. You can use it in some scenes and add post-production images to the scenes you have already filmed.

TIP Once you have edited 4 You can record the voice of a narrator to explain the different your documentary, you scenes in your documentary more clearly. can write the script for the narrator.

My Learning Notebook pages 20-21 Make sure you include a record of this action.

33 VISUAL SUMMARY SPAIN'S GEOGRAPHY RELIEF

HIGH ALTITUDE VARIED COAST

Beach Cliff

WALL EFFECT SLOPE OF THE MESETA

Cantabrian Sea Cordillera Cantábrica Mount Aneto Montes vascos 3 404 m

Macizo Galaico Pyrenees Miño E Montes de León br Submeseta Norte o Sistema Ibérico Duero

Cordillera Costero Catalana l Mediterranean Sea ATLANTIC ra ent OCEAN Sistema C Tajo Montes de Toledo

Guadiana r a Su eset Segura Balearic Islands Subm

Sierra Morena uivir Guadalq

Canary Islands Mount Mulhacen 3 481 m Mount Teide 3 718 m Sistemas Béticos Ceuta Melilla

34 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

SPAIN'S GEOGRAPHY CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPES

MEDITERRANEAN OCEANIC

Infrequent and Spring and Constant except irregular autumn in summer

Mild winters Cool winters Mild all year Hot summers Hot summers Coastal Inland

SUBTROPICAL MOUNTAIN

Infrequent Winter Summer

Warm all year Cold winters Cool summers

POPULATION

AGEING POPULATION

DECREASE IN INCREASE IN BIRTH RATE LIFE EXPENTACY

DENSITY MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS LOW HIGH

Rural Urban Emigration Inmigration

35 REVIEW

1 Complete the text with the words below. 11 5 Listen and match the pictures to the speakers. • Peninsula • Africa • Atlantic Then say which coast they are on. • Cantabrian • European a b c The Iberian ◆◆◆ is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the ◆◆◆ Sea. It is part of the ◆◆◆ continent. Spain occupies most of the Peninsula but it also has ◆◆◆ territories in the Ocean, the Mediterranean Atlantic coast Cantabrian coast Sea and in Northern ◆◆◆. Mediterranean coast 2 Find the mistakes in these sentences. Correct them in you notebook. 6 Read the text and answer the questions. a. Spain has a hot climate. The Tresmares peak is a mountain in the b. Spain is a country with a flat relief. Cordillera Cantábrica where the rivers Nansa, c. The Meseta slopes down to the Pisuerga and Ebro have their source. Mediterranean Sea. a. Which watershed does each river belong to? d. Spain has a low average altitude. b. Why do you think the mountain is called e. All of Spain’s islands are in the Mediterranean Tresmares? Sea. 7 Complete the text. f. All of Spain’s beaches are sandy. a. The ◆◆◆ watershed occupies most of ◆◆◆, all 3 Copy the table in your notebook and classify of the ◆◆◆ and the depression of the ◆◆◆. the following mountain ranges and peaks. b. The Cantabrian watershed comprehends the • Sistema Central • Macizo Galaico land from the ◆◆◆ and the ◆◆◆ down to the • Pyrenees • Sierra Morena ◆◆◆. • Teide • Sistemas Béticos c. The Mediterranean watershed includes the • Montes Vascos • Mulhacén depression of the river ◆◆◆, on the east of • Sistema Ibérico • Montes de Toledo the Peninsula, and all of the ◆◆◆ coast of • Torre Cerredo • Cordillera Cantábrica Andalucía. • Aneto • Cordillera Costero Catalana 8 Discuss with a partner. Why do the rivers in the Surrounding the Meseta ◆◆◆ Cantabrian watershed generally have a more Outside the Meseta ◆◆◆ regular and abundant water flow than the rivers in the Mediterranean watershed? In the Meseta ◆◆◆ Peaks ◆◆◆ 9 Complete the table in your notebook. Mountain chain Highest peak 4 Answer the questions. Cordillera Cantábrica ◆◆◆ a. Which mountain chain divides the Meseta in two halves? ◆◆◆ Aneto b. Which mountains separate the Tajo and ◆◆◆ Moncayo Guadiana river valleys? Sistemas Béticos ◆◆◆ c. Between which landforms do we find the Ebro depression? And the Guadalquivir?

36 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

10 Which of these sentences is true? 15 Discuss with a partner. Why is life expectancy a. The oceanic and coastal Mediterranean longer now than in the past? Why do you think climates of Spain are in Earth’s tropical zone. that life expectancy is different around the world? b. Mountain climates are colder than coastal 16 With a partner, analyse this population pyramid climates. from an African country and answer the questions.

c. Most of the Peninsula’s inland climate has an + 100 95-99 oceanic climate. 90-94 Men 85-89 Women 80-84 11 75-79 What is the climate like in the Canary Islands? 70-74 65-69 60-64 a. Mild and warm all year long. 55-59 50-54 45-49 b. Warm winters and cool summers. 40-44 35-39 30-34 c. Cold winters and hot summers. 25-29 20-24 15-19 12 Choose the correct definitions for these words: 10-14 5-9 0-4 • natural growth • net migration 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 • emigration • real growth Millions of people Age Millions of people • birth rate The government needs to decide if they should build more schools for children, or more homes a. The number of births in a year for every 1,000 people. for the elderly. Which is best? Why? c. The difference between immigration and 17 Complete the text with the words below. Then, emigration. answer the questions. d. The sum of natural growth and net migration. • moved • inhabitants • population e. The act of leaving a place to go to live and • born • elderly work somewhere else. Last year, Smalltown had 200 ◆◆◆. Records show f. The number of babies born in one year that three babies were ◆◆◆ this year, but five minus the number of deaths. ◆◆◆ people also died. In addition, three young people have gone away to work. However, four 13 Which of the following does not describe a boy new people have ◆◆◆ to the village to start a from London that comes to live in Madrid? small organic farm. It now has a ◆◆◆ of 199. a. An immigrant in Spain. a. What was the village’s natural growth? Was it b. An emigrant from his country. positive or negative? c. An immigrant and an emigrant. b. What was its net migration? And its real d. An immigrant from Madrid. growth? 14 In pairs, write definitions for these words. 18 In which of these pictures is the population a. immigrant density higher? Why? b. ageing population c. life expectancy d. internal migration

smMasSavia.com | Self-evaluation (activity) Play the board game.

37 PROJECT 1 MAKING THE CHANGE

Big Question

G I 1. HEADS TOGETHER In groups, collect the information you I can do a recording have about the ‘I wonder’ questions. Discuss I can write a story to talk about how we your ideas and write your conclusions. about a world without must take care of the water! Earth’s water.

2. SHOW YOUR CONCLUSIONS Now it’s time to share your conclusions with the other students at your school. Prepare a presentation.

TIP Try to be relaxed and natural when speaking in public. It is important not to appear nervous. Look at the people in the audience.

ONE STEP FORWARD: Contact your local council and offer your help in restoring a neglected area of your city or village. You can ask your neighbours or other local schools for help.

38 Term 1 All about Spain’s geography

Action

1. SET THE DATE Check the calendar. Choose a date to watch the documentary with your classmates and the other students at school.

2. FIND A PLACE TO WATCH IT Talk to your teacher and plan where you can show the documentary. Think about the size of the audience. For a large audience, you will need a big screen. Or you could show it to smaller groups in several sessions. To: [email protected] 3. INVITE EVERYONE CC: [email protected] Subject: Write an invitation to the event. You can send it by Invitation email or post it on the school website. Dear ◆◆◆ The students in Primary 5 are pleased to invite you to ◆◆◆. The event will take place on ◆◆◆ at ◆◆◆ in ◆◆◆. We would love to see you there!

My Learning Notebook pages 30-31 One star ★ and a wish ♥ ★ I like learning about...... ♥ I would like to know more about......

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