Flood Basalt Shield Cinder Cone Stratovolcano Lava Dome Mid

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Flood Basalt Shield Cinder Cone Stratovolcano Lava Dome Mid

Volcano Mid-Ocean Flood Basalt Shield Cinder Cone Stratovolcano Lava Dome Caldera Review Table Ridge small, steep-sided low, broad mountain small mountain, large, steep-sided large depressions extensive plateaus o rift valley o mountain, Landform with slopes <5 , 20-30 slopes, mountain, 10's of km wide up to 9,000-m high up to 400-m high up to 3,000-m high up to ~500-m high Eruption huge volumes of lava lava >> tephra pillow lava tephra >> lava tephra + lava lava > tephra tephra >> lava Products (105 to 106 km3) Magma mafic mafic mafic felsic felsic Composition mafic intermediate Magma low low low low moderate high high Viscosity % Gas in Magma low low low moderate low to high low to high low to high Eruption high discharge rate point source & fissure small eruption column, large eruption column, dome collapse, multiple fissure-fed submarine flows from multiple fissures "fire" fountains fire fountain pyroclastic flows pyroclastic flows pyroclastic flows Style (Hawaiian) (Strombolian) (Plinian) (Pelean) (ultra-Plinian) Explosivity low low low low-moderate very high high ultra-high hydrous (wet) Magma mantle mantle mantle mantle crust/mantle crustal melting crustal melting partial melting partial melting partial melting partial melting Origin melting Plate Tectonic "hot spot" Oceanic Convergent margin numerous numerous numerous numerous Setting (mantle plume) divergent margin (subduction zone) Columbia River, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Paricutin, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Unzen, Valles, Long Valley, Mauna Loa, Kilaeua, Examples Deccan Traps, East Pacific Rise, Cerro Negro, Popocatapetl, Mont Pelee, Yellowstone, Joes Hill Siberian Traps Mid-Indian Ridge Sunset Crater San Francisco Peaks Sugarloaf Mtn Superstition Mtns blast, ash fall, blast, ash fall, no significant blast, ash fall, blast, Hazards lava flows lava flows pyroclastic flows, pyroclastic flows, hazards lava flows pyroclastic flows mud flows, landslides tsunami eruptions never some of the largest >70,000 km of form volcanic arcs commonly associated usually monogenetic eruptions rarely observed; role in single mountains mid-ocean ridges around the with stratovolcanoes Comments (erupt once and done) observed mass extinctions(?) on Earth (MORs) on Earth "Ring of Fire" and calderas.

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Source to Surface Model of Monogenetic Volcanism: a Critical Review
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 28, 2021 Source to surface model of monogenetic volcanism: a critical review I. E. M. SMITH1 &K.NE´ METH2* 1School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 2Volcanic Risk Solutions, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Small-scale volcanic systems are the most widespread type of volcanism on Earth and occur in all of the main tectonic settings. Most commonly, these systems erupt basaltic magmas within a wide compositional range from strongly silica undersaturated to saturated and oversatu- rated; less commonly, the spectrum includes more siliceous compositions. Small-scale volcanic systems are commonly monogenetic in the sense that they are represented at the Earth’s surface by fields of small volcanoes, each the product of a temporally restricted eruption of a composition- ally distinct batch of magma, and this is in contrast to polygenetic systems characterized by rela- tively large edifices built by multiple eruptions over longer periods of time involving magmas with diverse origins. Eruption styles of small-scale volcanoes range from pyroclastic to effusive, and are strongly controlled by the relative influence of the characteristics of the magmatic system and the surface environment. Gold Open Access: This article is published under the terms of the CC-BY 3.0 license. Small-scale basaltic magmatic systems characteris- hazards associated with eruptions, and this is tically occur at the Earth’s surface as fields of small particularly true where volcanic fields are in close monogenetic volcanoes. These volcanoes are the proximity to population centres.
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