EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT AGRO-PASTORAL CONDITIONS DISTRICT SÉGOU REGION, FEBRUARY 16-19, 2018

Catholic Relief Services (CRS) ALPAHLOG Niek de Goeij Modibo Diarra Country Representative Program Coordinator [email protected] [email protected]

Table of Contents Table of Contents ...... 2 1 Context ...... 6 2 Methodology ...... 7 3 Quantitative Results ...... 8 3.1 Demographics ...... 8 3.1.1 Gender of respondent ...... 8 3.1.2 Household position of respondent ...... 8 3.1.3 Marital Status ...... 8 3.1.4 Household size ...... 9 3.1.5 Ethnicity ...... 9 3.1.6 Household status ...... 9 3.1.7 Distance to weekly market ...... 10 3.1.8 Distance to livestock market ...... 10 3.1.9 Primary livelihood activity ...... 10 3.1.10 Secondary livelihood activity ...... 11 3.2 Agriculture ...... 11 3.2.1 Household practices agriculture ...... 11 3.2.2 Area cultivated in 2016-2017 ...... 11 3.2.3 Area cultivated in 2017-2018 ...... 12 3.2.4 Change in area cultivated in 2017-2018 ...... 12 3.2.5 Primary crop for meeting household food needs ...... 12 3.2.6 Food needs covered by harvest in 2016-2017 ...... 13 3.2.7 Harvest in 2017-2018 compared to harvest in 2016-2017 ...... 13 3.2.8 Foods needs covered by harvest in 2017-2018 ...... 13 3.2.9 Constraints on agricultural production ...... 14 3.2.10 Off-season vegetable gardening ...... 14 3.2.11 Principle off-season crop ...... 14 3.2.12 Secondary off-season crop ...... 15 3.2.13 Constraints on off-season vegetable gardening ...... 15 3.2.14 Price of agricultural products at nearest market ...... 15 3.3 Animal Husbandry ...... 16 3.3.1 Animal husbandry practice ...... 16 3.3.2 Type of animal husbandry practiced ...... 16 3.3.3 Primary type of livestock fodder ...... 16 3.3.4 Secondary type of livestock fodder ...... 17 3.3.5 Price of oilcake ...... 17 3.3.6 Household stock of fodder ...... 17 3.3.7 Duration of supply of fodder ...... 18 3.3.8 Water source for livestock ...... 18 3.3.9 Livestock shelter type ...... 18 3.3.10 Distance to livestock shelter ...... 19 3.3.11 Stature of livestock ...... 19 3.3.12 Price of livestock ...... 19 3.3.13 Plans to sell livestock ...... 19 3.3.14 Timing of livestock sale ...... 20 3.3.15 Primary constraint on animal husbandry ...... 20 3.3.16 Arrival of livestock ...... 20 3.3.17 Type of livestock arriving ...... 21

2 3.3.18 Transhumance ...... 21 3.3.19 Intended destination of seasonal livestock movement ...... 21 3.3.20 Timing of transhumance ...... 21 3.3.21 Constraints on transhumance ...... 22 3.4 Labor Migration ...... 22 3.4.1 Household members engage in labor migration ...... 22 3.4.2 Number of household members engaged in labor migration ...... 22 3.5 Food Security ...... 23 3.5.1 Number of meals eaten per day ...... 23 3.5.2 Household Food Consumption Score (FCS) ...... 23 3.5.3 Household Reduced Coping Strategy Index Score (RCSI) ...... 23 3.5.4 Household grain reserve ...... 24 3.5.5 Duration of grain reserve ...... 24 3.5.6 Household assets and resources ...... 24 3.5.7 Type of NGO support received ...... 25 3.5.8 Ability to meet household food needs ...... 25 3.6 Needs ...... 25 3.6.1 Household’s greatest concern at present ...... 25 3.6.2 Preferred type of assistance ...... 26 4 Qualitative Results ...... 26 4.1.1 Animal pasture and transhumance ...... 26 4.1.2 Agricultural production ...... 27 4.1.3 Security and market function ...... 27 4.1.4 Coping strategies ...... 27 4.1.5 Assistance ...... 28 5 Conclusions ...... 28 6 Annexes ...... 29 6.1 Annex 1: List of communes and villages covered ...... 29 6.2 Annex 2: Distribution of hectares cultivated by type of agriculture ...... 30 6.3 Annex 3: Calculation of number of households in need of assistance ...... 31

Report Date: March 7, 2018 Photo: Cattle grazing in northern Niono District, Ségou Region

3 Executive Summary In October and November 2017, the Government of (GOM) and a variety of early warning systems predicted that zones across the Western Sahel and northern would see lower-than-average agricultural production, largely due to a net deficit of rainfall and low river and surface water levels.1 Niono District, located in northern Ségou Region adjacent to the Malian border with Mauritania, was identified as among the zones likely to experience poor cereal and rice production in 2017-2018.2 Early warning systems also predicted reduced pasture in the district resulting from the rainfall deficit, with important effects on household food security and livelihoods in a zone where livestock husbandry constitutes an important economic activity, alongside millet and rice production.

During the period February 16-19, 2018, Catholic Relief Services (CRS) and partner ALPHALOG conducted an emergency assessment covering nine communes of Niono District to assess current levels of food security, identify risks to agro-pastoral livelihoods and assess households’ level of preparedness for a shock to food production systems. The assessment comprised 415 household interviews and eight key informant interviews with village, commune and district level leaders and government technical service employees.

Conducted approximately four months after the start of cereal and rice harvest period,3 the assessment found that 13.7 percent of respondent households had elevated scores on indices used to measure food insecurity,4 with food security across the district likely to deteriorate substantially in the coming months. More than 70 percent of households said they have a cereal reserve that will last for three months or fewer, with 32 percent reporting they do not have a cereal stock at present. By May 15, just 37 percent of households of households expect to be able to meet their food needs. With food supplies dwindling following poor harvest in 2017- 2018, 7 in 10 respondent households that practice animal husbandry said they are planning to sell livestock in the next three months to meet household food needs.

To limit the deterioration of food security and protect productive assets such as animals, agricultural tools and seed stocks, this report recommends providing cash assistance to at least 4,100 households (65,500 individuals)5 with elevated food insecurity index scores over the course of an extended lean season, ensuring that household have access to increased liquidity prior to planting season for cereals (June) and rice (June), based on household agricultural patterns.6 Further assessment of the functionality of local markets and of security dynamics in the region is recommended to confirm that cash is an appropriate modality for delivering assistance.

1 SAP, Note Technique, Evaluation Provisiore de la Situation Alimentaire du Pays, Campagne Agropastorale, 2017-2018, Oct. 2017 2 Ibid 3 FEWS Net, Livelihood Zoning and Profile Report, January 2010 4 Food Consumption Analysis, WFP, 2008 Food Consumption Score (FCS), Reduced Coping Strategy Index (RCSI), WFP Coping Strategies Index, Field Methods Manual 2008; WFP VAM Technical Guidance Sheet 5 See Annex 3 for calculation 6 FEWS Net, Livelihood Zoning and Profile Report, January 2010

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5 1 Context In October and November 2017, the Government of Mali and a variety of early warning systems predicted that zones across the Western Sahel and northern regions of the country would see lower-than-average agricultural production, largely due to a net deficit of rainfall and lower than average river and surface water levels in areas of rice and off-season garden vegetable production.7 8 Based on expected agricultural production, reduced pasture due to poor rainfall, and continuing insecurity in northern and central Mali, the regional early-warning system Cadre Harmonise predicted that the number of Malian households in Phase 3 (Crisis) food insecurity would increase from 1.5 percent of the population (290,740 individuals) in October-December 2017 to 4.2 percent (795,000) in June-August 2018, at the height of the agricultural lean season.9

Niono District in northern Ségou region, adjacent to the Malian border with Mauritania on the edge of the Sahel region, was among the zones identified as having received inadequate rainfall, with implications for food security in the district, which depends largely on cereal cultivation and animal husbandry in the north, and on rice and vegetable gardening in the south.10 11 12

Noting pockets of moisture deficits as a result of irregular rainfall between May and July 2017, followed by a significant deficit of rainfall during the key growing period of late September and early October, the Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire predicted pockets of poor to very poor agricultural production in districts across the western Sahel region, including in Niono District. 13 In particular, the Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire identified the commune of , in the northern part of the district, as likely to see very poor agricultural production.14 Figure 1: In October 2017, the GOM Commissariat à la Sécurité Satellite imagery also showed Alimentaire predicted poor harvests in the northern portion of Niono pockets of pronounced surface District in northern Ségou Region (white box). water and biomass deficits throughout the western Sahel region, including in the northern part of Niono District, raising concerns of reduced pasture due to poor vegetation growth in a zone

7 USAID Food Assistance Fact Sheet, Mali, Dec. 19, 2017 8 FEWS Net, Mali: La saison selon les images, Oct. 30, 2017 9 Bulletin du Cluster Sécurite Alimentairé, Dec. 2017 10 SAP, Note Technique, Evaluation Provisiore de la Situation Alimentaire du Pays, Campagne Agropastorale, 2017-2018, Oct. 2017 11 USAID, FEWS Net, Mali Livelihood Zones, 2014 12 FEWS Net, Mali: La saison selon les images, Oct. 30, 2017 13 SAP, Note Technique, Evaluation Provisiore de la Situation Alimentaire du Pays, Campagne Agropastorale, 2017-2018, Oct. 2017 14 Ibid

6 where livestock play a key role in the local economy. In addition to suffering from poor conditions for agriculture and livestock husbandry, Niono District has also been affected by deteriorating security conditions, which has limited the ability of households to move their livestock to areas of more abundant pasture.15

In February 2018, Catholic Relief Services (CRS), which implements a USAID-funded rapid evaluation and response mechanism in central and northern Mali and provided emergency assistance following a large displacement of households into Niono District in 2017, conducted a rapid assessment of agro-pastoral conditions covering nine of the district’s 12 communes, in partnership with the Malian NGO ALPHALOG (Association Libre Pour la Promotion de l’Habitat et Logement). The objective of the rapid assessment was to verify current levels of food security, identify risks to agro-pastoral livelihoods and evaluate households’ preparedness for a shock to food production systems.

2 Methodology Conducted during the period February 16-19, 2018, the assessment comprised 415 household interviews, and eight key informant interviews. The nine communes covered by the assessment were selected based on an approximate geographic breakdown of the district into three regions (north, center, south) to ensure a reasonable geographic distribution given the major livelihood zones present in the region, while also taking into account security conditions. 16 The institution of a ban in early February on travel by motorcycle and pick-up truck in the zone and uncertainty about the application of the ban led to the delay of data collection activities by more than a week. Villages included in the sample, likewise, were selected to ensure a degree of geographic representation (See Annex 1 for a list of villages covered by the assessment) while taking into account their accessibility given the security context. As the assessment team was not able to secure lists of households in each village to allow for random selection of respondents, assessment teams divided each village into quarters, based on a central reference point, and proceeded to select respondents using an every-third-household approach, moving outward from the reference point in one quarter, then returning to the reference point to begin household selection in the next quarter, until all four quarters had been covered. Key informants, selected based on availability and their ability to provide a global view of key issues in the respective zone, included village heads, communal mayor’s office representatives, district-level administrators, and state technicians for agriculture and livestock.

Three assessment teams, each consisting of three enumerators and one team leader (responsible for coordination, key informant interviews and ensuring data quality), engaged in data collection, under the supervision of a CRS assessment coordinator. Enumerators collected data using tablets and the electronic data-collection system iFormbuilder in the southern and central part of the district, and using paper surveys in the north out of security concerns, with data subsequently entered into iFormbuilder. The survey questionnaire was developed in French by CRS staff members with experience in agriculture, humanitarian assistance and Monitoring-Evaluation-Accountability-and-Learning (MEAL), who trained assessment staff on the questionnaire prior to the start of data collection. Data collection was conducted in relevant local languages, with enumerators selected based on their familiarity with the target zone and primary languages spoken by respondents.

15 SAP, Note Technique, Evaluation Provisiore de la Situation Alimentaire du Pays, Campagne Agropastorale, 2017-2018, Oct. 2017 16 USAID, FEWS Net, Mali Livelihood Zones, 2014

7 The major limitations of the assessment were the lack of random sampling in selecting villages and the lack of random sampling at the level of household selection within villages. Additionally, women’s views were poorly represented, with women representing just two percent of the assessment sample frame. The overall sample size, nonetheless, exceeds the sample size of 385 individuals needed to ensure a 95-percent level of accuracy with a margin of error of 5 percent for Niono District as a whole.17

3 Quantitative Results The following section presents results of quantitative data collection, divided into five sections— demographics, agriculture, animal husbandry, food security, and needs—with statistics presented at the commune level, and in aggregate for the assessment area (column entitled “total”).18 3.1 Demographics The section below presents key demographic statistics for the sample frame of 415 households.

3.1.1 Gender of respondent Ninety-eight percent of assessment participants were men, with just 9 total female participants.

Gender of respondent (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Gender Dogofry Mariko Nampalari Boundy Saniona Total Female 0% 0% 2% 4% 0% 3% 6% 0% 2% 2% Male 100% 100% 98% 96% 100% 98% 94% 100% 98% 98% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.2 Household position of respondent Household heads accounted for 96 percent of the sample frame.

Household position of respondent (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Position Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total HH head 100% 100% 86% 93% 100% 98% 95% 100% 96% 96% Non HH head 0% 0% 14% 7% 0% 3% 5% 0% 4% 4% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.3 Marital Status Ninety-nine percent of respondents identified as married, with 50 percent part of monogamous family units and 49 percent part of polygamous family units.

Marital status of respondent (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Status Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Married (monogamous) 74% 56% 53% 42% 58% 55% 40% 52% 35% 50% Married (polygamous) 26% 44% 47% 58% 39% 45% 58% 44% 63% 49% Widow(er) 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 2% 4% 2% 1% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

17 Calculated at www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm 18 Percentages are rounded in all tables, and consequently not all columns sum to 100 percent as presented

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3.1.4 Household size Average household size was 15.9 for the sample, slightly higher than the mean household size reported in the Mali national food security and nutrition survey (ENSAN) in September 2017 of 15.5 for Ségou Region.19

Mean household size and standard deviation (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Statistic Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Mean 11.1 15.1 15.7 16.4 16.9 17.8 17.0 14.5 17.2 15.9 SD 8.7 13.7 9.3 7.2 8.0 11.8 11.6 10.4 10.7 10.6 Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.5 Ethnicity Individuals belonging to the Bambara ethnic group accounted for just over half of all respondents, and constituted the largest group ethnic group among respondents in all nine communes. Individuals identifying as belonging to the Peulh ethnic group accounted for 12 percent of the sample.

Ethnicity of household head (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Ethnicity Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Bambara 71% 75% 81% 29% 37% 50% 42% 38% 57% 53% Peulh 18% 4% 2% 13% 24% 5% 9% 13% 22% 12% Minianka 0% 0% 7% 7% 0% 0% 22% 27% 7% 9% Sarakole 6% 2% 5% 4% 0% 3% 15% 2% 2% 5% Sonrai 0% 8% 2% 4% 0% 13% 0% 4% 0% 3% Touareg 0% 0% 0% 18% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 3% Soninkes 0% 0% 0% 0% 16% 8% 5% 0% 0% 3% Bozo 0% 2% 2% 4% 3% 10% 2% 0% 2% 2% Dogon 0% 0% 0% 2% 11% 3% 0% 4% 4% 2% Tamachek 0% 0% 0% 13% 0% 3% 0% 2% 0% 2% Bella 3% 0% 0% 0% 3% 3% 0% 0% 0% 1% Somono 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Other 3% 4% 0% 4% 8% 5% 6% 2% 6% 5% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.6 Household status Local residents constituted 95 percent of the assessment sample, with 5 percent of all respondents identifying as internally displaced, including 13 percent of respondents in Siribala, 9 percent in Sirifila Boundy, 7 percent in , and 7 percent in Mariko.

Household status (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Status Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Resident 97% 98% 98% 91% 100% 88% 91% 100% 93% 95% Displaced 3% 0% 2% 7% 0% 13% 9% 0% 7% 5% Returnee 0% 2% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

19 Rapport de Synthese, Enquete National Sur la Securite Alimentaire et Nutritionelle, Septembre 2017

9 3.1.7 Distance to weekly market Two-thirds of respondents said they live within 10 km of a weekly market, with another 29 percent living with 11-20 km of a weekly market. Eighty-four percent of respondents in Kala Siguida and 82 percent of respondents in Diabaly faced a trip of 11 km or more to reach a weekly market.

Distance to weekly market (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Distance Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total 0-5 km 0% 67% 5% 33% 100% 78% 83% 0% 26% 45% 5-10 km 18% 0% 12% 31% 0% 23% 14% 38% 54% 22% 11-20 km 56% 31% 84% 22% 0% 0% 2% 63% 20% 29% 21-40 km 26% 2% 0% 9% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 4% 40+ km 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.8 Distance to livestock market Respondent households faced similar distances to reach a livestock market, with 3 in 5 living within 10 km of a livestock, and more than 90 percent living within 20 km of a livestock market. Households in Diabaly faced the longest trip to reach a livestock market, with 26 percent needing to travel 21-40 km and another 26 percent needing to travel more than 40 km.

Distance to livestock market (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Distance Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total 0-5 km 0% 67% 16% 22% 100% 78% 75% 0% 17% 42% 5-10 km 15% 2% 12% 40% 0% 23% 3% 38% 63% 22% 11-20 km 32% 29% 70% 20% 0% 0% 20% 63% 20% 28% 21-40 km 26% 2% 2% 13% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 4% 40+ km 26% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.9 Primary livelihood activity Across the nine communes assessed, agriculture is the primary livelihood activity for 94 percent of all respondent households. Small commerce (2 percent) and herding (1 percent) were the next most common primary livelihoods activities.

Primary livelihoods activity (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Activity Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Agriculture20 94% 90% 98% 96% 100% 88% 97% 98% 89% 94% Small commerce 0% 2% 2% 4% 0% 3% 3% 0% 4% 2% Herding 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 2% 4% 1% Skilled labor 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 2% 1% Seasonal labor 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% Animal sales 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% None 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20 Defined as cultivation of land owned or rented by the respondent, as opposed to working the land of another person in return for payment

10 3.1.10 Secondary livelihood activity Just over half of respondent households reported having a secondary livelihood activity, with small commerce being the most common (17 percent). Small commerce was most common in Kala Siguida (28 percent of respondent households) and Dogofry (23 percent). Herding is practiced by 1 in 4 respondent households in Nampalari and Yeredon Saniona. Forty-two percent of households in Nampalari said household members engage in agricultural labor, working the land of others in return for compensation.

Secondary livelihoods activity (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Activity Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Small commerce 12% 23% 28% 11% 11% 13% 18% 13% 19% 17% Herding 3% 0% 0% 16% 26% 0% 14% 6% 24% 10% Seasonal labor 0% 2% 21% 13% 11% 0% 11% 2% 11% 8% Daily agric. labor 0% 0% 2% 7% 42% 8% 5% 0% 4% 7% Animal sales 24% 0% 2% 9% 0% 18% 2% 2% 4% 6% Skilled labor 6% 0% 0% 7% 3% 10% 2% 6% 4% 4% Salaried work 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 2% 1% None 56% 75% 47% 38% 8% 53% 46% 71% 33% 48% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2 Agriculture This section describes the agricultural characteristics of households participating in the assessment, and agricultural outcomes in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018.

3.2.1 Household practices agriculture Overall, 96 percent of respondent households practice agriculture.

Household practices agriculture (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Practices Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Yes 97% 92% 100% 98% 100% 95% 98% 98% 91% 96% No 3% 8% 0% 2% 0% 5% 2% 2% 9% 4% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.2 Area cultivated in 2016-2017 In 2016-2017, 98 percent of respondent households cultivated 1 hectare or more of land, with 33 percent cultivating 5 hectares or more. At the commune level, the largest percentage of households cultivating 5 hectares or more was in Nampalari (50 percent) and Yeredon Saniona (43 percent), with the smallest percentages in Dogofry (16 percent) and Siribala (19 percent).

Total area cultivated in 2016-2017 (N = 400) Sirifila Yeredon HA Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total 0 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 3% 2% 4% 2% 2% 1-2 9% 59% 35% 32% 18% 58% 53% 40% 43% 40% 3-4 48% 25% 30% 25% 29% 21% 23% 26% 12% 26% 5-6 18% 11% 16% 16% 32% 11% 11% 9% 4% 14% 7 or more 24% 5% 19% 27% 18% 8% 11% 21% 39% 19% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

11 3.2.3 Area cultivated in 2017-2018 In 2017-2018, the percentage of households cultivating 5 or more hectares fell by 5 percentage points to 28 percent, from 33 percent in 2016-2017, while the number of households cultivating 2 hectares or less rose from 42 percent to 48 percent.

Total area cultivated in 2017-2018 (N = 400) Sirifila Yeredon HA Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total 0 0% 2% 0% 0% 3% 3% 3% 4% 2% 2% 1-2 12% 66% 35% 36% 39% 58% 58% 47% 45% 46% 3-4 48% 20% 28% 25% 34% 21% 17% 26% 12% 25% 5-6 18% 7% 19% 11% 21% 8% 11% 13% 4% 12% 7 or more 21% 5% 19% 27% 3% 11% 11% 11% 37% 16% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.4 Change in area cultivated in 2017-2018 Relative to 2016-2017, three-quarters of households cultivated the same number of hectares in 2017-2018, with 6 percent cultivating more land than they had the previous year, and 21 percent cultivating less. For more information regarding the distribution of land cultivated between semi-inundated, inundated and dry fields, please see Annex 2.

Change in hectares cultivated, 2017-2018 vs. 2016-2017 (N = 400) Sirifila Yeredon Change Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total -5 HA or more 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% 3% 2% 11% 2% 3% -2-4 HA 9% 5% 2% 2% 29% 3% 3% 2% 4% 6% -1 HA 6% 23% 5% 7% 29% 21% 3% 11% 10% 12% Same 85% 73% 81% 86% 32% 68% 92% 66% 78% 75% +1 HA 0% 0% 9% 5% 3% 5% 0% 9% 2% 4% +2-4 HA 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 1% +5 or more 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 1% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.5 Primary crop for meeting household food needs Across the none communes, 72 percent of respondent households said rice is the most important crop they cultivate in terms of meeting their household food needs, with millet being the most important crop for 25 percent of households. More than 85 percent of households in five communes (Diabaly, Dogofry, Siribala, Sirifila Boundy, Sokolo) primarily rely on rice cultivation in meeting their household food needs, while 95 percent of households in Nampalari rely on millet cultivation. In three communes (Mariko, Kala Siguida and Yeredon Saniona), households were roughly split between rice and millet in terms of their primary crop for meeting household food needs.

Primary crop for meeting household food needs (N = 400) Sirifila Yeredon Crop Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Rice 97% 100% 60% 55% 5% 97% 92% 87% 45% 72% Millet 3% 0% 40% 41% 95% 3% 5% 6% 45% 25% Beans 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Other 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 3% 6% 10% 3% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

12 3.2.6 Food needs covered by harvest in 2016-2017 In 2016-2017, just 27 percent of respondent households produced a harvest that met their household food needs for seven months or more, and 58 percent of households produced enough to meet their food needs for four months or more. The communes with the lowest percentage of households with a harvest meeting their food needs for four months or more were Nampalari (18 percent), Dogofry (37 percent), and Sokolo (51 percent).

Months of household food needs covered by harvest in 2016-2017 (N = 400) Sirifila Yeredon Period Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total < 1 month 3% 2% 9% 11% 0% 3% 9% 19% 10% 8% 1-3 months 33% 61% 21% 18% 82% 21% 28% 30% 24% 35% 4-6 months 30% 18% 21% 27% 18% 37% 42% 43% 31% 31% 7-9 months 27% 9% 33% 20% 0% 26% 9% 2% 20% 16% 10-12 months 6% 7% 16% 20% 0% 13% 6% 4% 0% 8% 12+ months 0% 2% 0% 2% 0% 0% 5% 2% 14% 3% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.7 Harvest in 2017-2018 compared to harvest in 2016-2017 Relative to in 2016-2017, 39 percent of all households said their harvest was “much worse” in 2017-2018, with more half of respondents in Sirifila Boundy, Dogofry, Diabaly and Yeredon Saniona saying their harvest was “much worse.” Overall, 73 percent of respondent households said their harvest was either “much worse” or “slightly worse” in 2017-2018 as compared to 2016-2017.

Household assessment of harvest in 2017-2018 relative to harvest in 2016-2017 (N = 400) Sirifila Yeredon Harvest Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Much worse 52% 57% 7% 34% 11% 29% 61% 38% 51% 39% Slightly worse 21% 23% 44% 41% 55% 45% 27% 30% 27% 34% Same 9% 14% 16% 5% 13% 3% 5% 4% 4% 8% Slightly better 18% 2% 30% 14% 21% 18% 6% 26% 16% 16% Much better 0% 5% 2% 7% 0% 5% 2% 2% 2% 3% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.8 Foods needs covered by harvest in 2017-2018 In terms of meeting household food needs, 14 percent of respondents said their 2017-2018 harvest would meet their household food needs for seven months or more, with 44 percent saying their harvest would meet food needs for four months or more. At the commune level, 11 percent of households in Nampalari had a harvest that would cover their food needs for four months or more.

Months of household food needs covered by harvest in 2017-2018 (N = 400) Sirifila Yeredon Production Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total <1 month 9% 9% 7% 14% 0% 5% 22% 19% 8% 11% 1-3 months 48% 61% 28% 34% 89% 29% 39% 30% 55% 45% 4-6 months 15% 23% 37% 34% 11% 39% 34% 45% 27% 30% 7-9 months 21% 5% 16% 7% 0% 18% 3% 4% 8% 9% 10-12 months 6% 0% 12% 11% 0% 8% 0% 2% 0% 4% 12+ months 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 2% 1% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

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3.2.9 Constraints on agricultural production In terms of the greatest constraint on agricultural production in 2017-2018, 33 percent of respondents identified lack of rain, with another 28 percent saying lack of surface water was the major constraint. Lack of inputs was identified as the major constraint by 10 percent of households, including 32 percent of those in Siribala. Bird attacks on crops was a major problem in Nampalari, with 61 percent of respondents identifying it as the major constraint.

Primary constraint on agriculture in in 2017-2018 (N = 400) Sirifila Yeredon Constraint Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Lack of rain 6% 0% 67% 43% 21% 58% 27% 11% 59% 33% Insufficient surface water 82% 93% 9% 9% 0% 0% 3% 68% 0% 28% Plant diseases 0% 0% 0% 7% 3% 0% 36% 2% 20% 10% Lack of inputs 6% 2% 16% 5% 13% 32% 13% 2% 4% 10% Birds 3% 0% 0% 0% 61% 0% 0% 2% 0% 6% Lack of land 0% 2% 2% 20% 0% 3% 5% 0% 8% 5% Too much rain 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 4% 6% 3% Pests 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 5% 0% 6% 2% 2% Input quality 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 1% Soil fertility 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 2% 0% 1% Other 0% 0% 5% 11% 3% 3% 2% 2% 0% 3% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.10 Off-season vegetable gardening Fifty-four percent of respondents indicate that their household practices off-season vegetable gardening, with garden crops traditionally harvested between January and mid-May, but in zones of more abundant water grown throughout the year.21 22 The highest rates of gardening were reported in Siribala (84 percent), Sirifila Boundy (80 percent) and Kala Siguida (79 percent), with the lowest rates in Nampalari (none) and Diabaly (24 percent).

Household practices off-season vegetable gardening (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Practices Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Yes 24% 43% 79% 55% 0% 84% 80% 45% 53% 54% No 76% 57% 21% 45% 100% 16% 20% 55% 47% 46% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.11 Principle off-season crop Onions and tomatoes are the primary off-season crops grown by respondent households.

Principle off-season crop grown by the household (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Crop Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Onions 88% 84% 88% 75% - 84% 80% 86% 67% 81% Tomatoes 0% 16% 9% 25% - 13% 14% 14% 30% 16% Cereals 0% 0% 3% 0% - 3% 2% 0% 4% 2% Other 13% 0% 0% 0% - 0% 4% 0% 0% 1%

21 FEWS Net, Mali Perspective sur la sécurité alimentaire, Octobre 2017 à Mai 2018, 22 FEWS Net, Livelihood Zoning and Profile Report, January 2010

14 Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.12 Secondary off-season crop Ninety-five percent of households engaged in off-season vegetable gardening plant at least one other additional crop. Tomatoes were the most common secondary crop (34 percent), followed by onions (32 percent), cabbage (9 percent), and gombo (9 percent).

Principle off-season crop grown by the household (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Crop Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Tomatoes 63% 42% 26% 29% - 34% 39% 29% 30% 34% Onions 13% 21% 24% 46% - 31% 35% 19% 48% 32% Cabbage 13% 26% 9% 8% - 0% 4% 24% 4% 9% Gombo 0% 0% 15% 8% - 9% 10% 5% 11% 9% Cereals 0% 5% 3% 4% - 13% 4% 0% 4% 5% Eggplant 0% 0% 6% 0% - 3% 0% 0% 0% 1% Other 13% 5% 6% 4% - 6% 2% 14% 0% 5% None 0% 0% 12% 0% - 3% 6% 10% 4% 5% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.13 Constraints on off-season vegetable gardening Overall, 69 percent of respondents identified lack of water as the major constraint with regard to off-season vegetable gardening, including more than 80 percent in Diabaly, Dogofry, Kala Siguida, Siribala and Sokolo. Lack of finances to purchase inputs was identified as the major constraint by 25 percent of households, including more than half in Yeredon Saniona.

Principle constraint on off-season vegetable gardening (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Constraint Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Lack of water 88% 89% 85% 42% - 91% 55% 81% 48% 69% Lack of finances 13% 11% 12% 38% - 6% 37% 14% 52% 25% Seed quality 0% 0% 0% 13% 0% 4% 5% 0% 3% Insecurity 0% 0% 0% 8% - 3% 2% 0% 0% 2% Lack of land 0% 0% 3% 0% - 0% 2% 0% 0% 1% None 0% 0% 12% 0% - 3% 6% 10% 4% 5% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.14 Price of agricultural products at nearest market Across the nine communes, 88 percent of respondents reported that agricultural product prices are higher than at the same time in 2016-2017.

Price of agricultural products at the nearest market (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Price level Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Higher 94% 94% 86% 80% 100% 90% 75% 98% 85% 88% Same 6% 4% 12% 18% 0% 10% 22% 2% 11% 10% Lower 0% 2% 2% 2% 0% 0% 3% 0% 4% 2% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

15 3.3 Animal Husbandry The section below presents key statistics related to animal husbandry and herding practices. For the purposes of the assessment, cattle, oxen, camels, horses, donkeys, sheep, goats and pigs are considered large animals, while fowl are not considered in discussing animal husbandry.

3.3.1 Animal husbandry practice Across the 415 respondent households, 57 percent practice animal husbandry, with 80 percent or more of households practicing animal husbandry in Nampalari (97 percent), Mariko (80 percent), and Siribala (80 percent). Fewer than 35 percent of households practice animal husbandry in Dogofry, Kala Siguida and Sirifila Boundy.

Household practices animal husbandry (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Practices Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Yes 71% 33% 33% 82% 97% 80% 35% 42% 63% 57% No 29% 67% 67% 18% 3% 20% 65% 58% 37% 43% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.2 Type of animal husbandry practiced Across the nine communes, semi-intensive was the most common form of animal husbandry (39 percent), followed by fattening (28 percent) and intensive (19 percent). Rates of intensive practice were highest in Siribala (44 percent) and Mariko (32 percent). Transhumance was most common in Sokolo (15 percent), Diabaly (13 percent) and Siribala (13 percent).

Type of animal husbandry practiced by the household (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Type Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Semi-intensive 54% 44% 14% 27% 86% 16% 43% 55% 9% 39% Fattening 13% 31% 79% 27% 3% 28% 30% 15% 50% 28% Intensive 8% 25% 0% 32% 0% 44% 13% 15% 18% 19% Transhumance 13% 0% 0% 0% 0% 13% 4% 5% 15% 6% Other 13% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 10% 0% 3% No animals at present 0% 0% 7% 14% 11% 0% 0% 0% 9% 5% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.3 Primary type of livestock fodder Respondent households practicing animal husbandry use a wide variety of fodder types. Oilcake was the most common primary fodder type, utilized by 31 percent of households, followed by cereal stalks (18 percent), and rice bran (14 percent).

Primary type of livestock fodder (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Type Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Oilcake 25% 19% 31% 34% 73% 6% 22% 25% 29% 31% Cereal stalks 0% 13% 31% 28% 15% 16% 22% 15% 23% 18% Rice bran 25% 31% 8% 9% 0% 25% 17% 10% 6% 14% Bean leaves 8% 6% 15% 9% 0% 16% 9% 25% 6% 10% Straw 33% 6% 0% 3% 3% 3% 13% 15% 13% 10% Millet bran 0% 0% 15% 9% 9% 13% 9% 5% 0% 7% Wild forage 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 16% 9% 0% 13% 5% Peanut leaves 4% 25% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 3% 3%

16 Rock salt 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 1% Rice grain 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% Other 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 1% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.4 Secondary type of livestock fodder Rice brain was the most common secondary fodder type (28 percent), followed by cereal stalks (21 percent), which were particularly common secondary fodder type in Nampalari (67 percent).

Secondary type of livestock fodder (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Type Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Rice bran 25% 25% 46% 34% 0% 53% 22% 30% 23% 28% Cereal stalks 17% 25% 31% 19% 67% 3% 4% 0% 16% 21% Millet bran 8% 0% 0% 13% 18% 6% 17% 10% 10% 10% Hay 21% 6% 8% 9% 3% 0% 9% 15% 10% 8% Bean leaves 4% 13% 0% 6% 0% 6% 4% 10% 16% 7% Wild forage 0% 6% 8% 0% 0% 22% 17% 0% 6% 7% Oilcake 13% 13% 0% 0% 3% 3% 4% 5% 6% 5% Rock salt 0% 6% 0% 0% 3% 3% 13% 10% 6% 4% Peanut leaves 8% 6% 8% 3% 6% 0% 0% 10% 0% 4% Rice grain 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 3% 4% 0% 0% 1% Cereal grain 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% Other 4% 0% 0% 13% 0% 0% 0% 10% 6% 4% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.5 Price of oilcake Thirty-five percent of respondent households engaged in animal husbandry said that the price of oilcake is higher than it was at the same time in 2016-2017, with 51 percent reporting the price to be roughly the same.

Price of oilcake compared to last year at this time (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Price level Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Higher 38% 44% 46% 38% 30% 22% 52% 35% 26% 35% Stable 25% 38% 38% 63% 70% 72% 35% 20% 65% 51% Lower 38% 19% 15% 0% 0% 6% 13% 45% 10% 14% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.6 Household stock of fodder Of households practicing animal husbandry, 49 percent said they have a stock of fodder, ranging from 69 percent in Mariko to 3 percent of households in Nampalari.

Household has a stock of fodder for livestock (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Stock Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Yes 58% 50% 54% 69% 3% 63% 57% 60% 39% 49% No 42% 50% 46% 31% 97% 38% 43% 40% 61% 51% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

17 3.3.7 Duration of supply of fodder Overall, 24 percent of respond households said they have a fodder stock that will last one-to- three months, and 15 percent said they have a stock that will last between four and 12 months. Four percent said they have a stock that will last more than a year.

Expected duration of household stock of fodder for livestock (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Period Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total < 1 month 13% 6% 8% 13% 0% 3% 4% 0% 6% 6% 1-3 months 38% 31% 23% 41% 0% 22% 30% 20% 19% 24% 4-6 months 4% 0% 15% 9% 3% 13% 13% 30% 10% 10% 7-9 months 0% 6% 8% 6% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 2% 10-12 months 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 16% 4% 0% 0% 3% 12+ months 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 6% 4% 10% 6% 4% No supply 42% 50% 46% 31% 97% 38% 43% 40% 61% 51% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.8 Water source for livestock Households most frequently use pastoral wells (44 percent) to provide water for livestock, with another 27 percent using river or canal water. Primary water sources varied considerably, by commune, however. Pastoral well use was most common in Nampalari (100 percent), Sirifila Boundy (57 percent), and Sokolo (55 percent), while canal water use is most common in Diabaly (42 percent) and Dogofry (38 percent). Household wells are the most common source of water for livestock in Siribila (52 percent), and boreholes are the most common source in Kala Siguida (46 percent).

Type of water source utilized for livestock (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Source Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Pastoral well 29% 13% 15% 44% 100% 22% 57% 55% 32% 44% River 21% 13% 8% 28% 0% 3% 4% 5% 35% 14% Canal 42% 38% 8% 6% 0% 16% 13% 0% 6% 13% HH well 0% 0% 8% 6% 0% 53% 0% 15% 3% 11% Marsh 0% 31% 15% 16% 0% 3% 4% 15% 6% 8% Borehole 0% 0% 46% 0% 0% 0% 22% 0% 16% 7% Other 8% 6% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 10% 0% 3% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.9 Livestock shelter type Among respondent households practicing animal husbandry, 90 percent utilize permanent structures for keeping animals. Dogofry was the major exception, with 44 percent of respondents saying the use a temporary shelter structure.

Type of livestock shelter utilized (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Type Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Permanent 100% 56% 92% 81% 100% 88% 100% 85% 97% 90% Temporary 0% 44% 8% 19% 0% 13% 0% 15% 3% 10% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

18 3.3.10 Distance to livestock shelter Ninety-five percent of respondent households engaged in animal husbandry utilize a structure within 5 km of their residence.

Distance to livestock shelter (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Distance Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total 0-5 km 92% 88% 100% 94% 100% 97% 100% 90% 94% 95% 5-10 km 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 3% 0% 10% 6% 3% 11-20 km 8% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 21-40 km 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.11 Stature of livestock Overall, 30 percent of respondent households engaged in livestock husbandry reported that their animals are of good stature at this point in the season and another 63 percent said their animals are of medium stature. The highest percentages of households reporting their animals are of poor stature were in Sokolo (15 percent) and Dogofry (13 percent).

Stature of livestock (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Stature Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Good 25% 31% 46% 31% 3% 53% 22% 45% 29% 30% Medium 75% 56% 54% 66% 91% 44% 70% 40% 61% 63% Poor 0% 13% 0% 3% 6% 3% 9% 15% 10% 6% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.12 Price of livestock Households were relatively divided in their assessment of the price of livestock this year relative to last year during the same period, with 31 percent of households saying prices are higher, 34 percent saying prices are the same and 30 percent saying they are lower.

Price of livestock at present relative to 2016-2017 during the same period (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Price level Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Higher 13% 44% 23% 19% 48% 19% 43% 30% 39% 31% Same 38% 38% 69% 47% 52% 28% 22% 25% 39% 34% Lower 50% 19% 8% 34% 0% 53% 35% 45% 23% 30% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.13 Plans to sell livestock Among the 224 households who practice animal husbandry, 65 percent said they plan to sell animals in the coming months to meet their household food needs. Kala Siguida (92 percent) had the highest percentage of households with plans to sell animals in the coming months, while the lowest percentage of households planning to sell animals was in Mariko (44 percent).

Household plans to sell livestock in the coming months to help meet household needs (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Plans to sell Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Yes 67% 69% 92% 44% 61% 69% 78% 60% 68% 65% No 33% 31% 8% 56% 39% 31% 22% 40% 32% 35% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

19

3.3.14 Timing of livestock sale Twenty-two percent of households practicing animal husbandry plan to sell animals to meet their household food needs within the next two months, with another 20 percent planning to sell animals in three months. Notably, 69 percent of households in Kala Siguida and 39 percent of households in Dogofry said they plan to sell animals in the next two months.

Length of time after which household plans to sell livestock (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Period Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total 1 month 0% 25% 46% 9% 6% 9% 9% 0% 6% 10% 2 months 8% 13% 23% 19% 9% 9% 4% 20% 6% 12% 3 months 38% 13% 15% 13% 18% 16% 13% 20% 29% 20% 4 months 8% 13% 8% 0% 15% 9% 22% 15% 13% 11% 5 months or more 13% 6% 0% 3% 12% 25% 30% 5% 13% 13% No plans to sell 33% 31% 8% 56% 39% 31% 22% 40% 32% 35% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.15 Primary constraint on animal husbandry Thirty-six percent of respondents whose households engage in animal husbandry, including more than half of respondents in Yeredon Saniona, Siribala and Sirifila Boundy, said that lack of pasture is the major constraint on keeping livestock at present. The majority of households in Kala Siguida (69 percent) and Mariko (39 percent) said disease was the major constraint, while lack of water was the most common response in Dogofry (50 percent) and Nampalari (48 percent).

Primary constraint on animal husbandry during this period (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Constraint Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Lack of pasture 38% 19% 15% 25% 21% 50% 52% 25% 58% 36% Disease 21% 19% 69% 38% 30% 9% 17% 25% 6% 24% Lack of water 33% 50% 0% 19% 48% 3% 9% 30% 10% 22% Lack of fodder 0% 6% 8% 3% 0% 3% 9% 10% 19% 6% Theft 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 1% Other 4% 6% 8% 16% 0% 34% 13% 5% 6% 11% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.16 Arrival of livestock Among respondent households practicing animal husbandry, 39 percent said they had seen or heard of animals crossing the border from Mauritania into Mali, including 100 percent of households in Nampalari and 85 percent in Sirifila Boundy.

Respondent has heard that animals are crossing the border from Mauritania into Mali (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Aware Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Yes 17% 44% 0% 16% 100% 41% 22% 85% 13% 39% No 83% 56% 100% 84% 0% 59% 78% 15% 87% 61% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20 3.3.17 Type of livestock arriving Respondents who reported seeing or hearing about animals arriving from Mauritania largely reported the presence of cattle (73 percent) and sheep (15 percent).

Type of animals reported to be arriving from Mauritania (N = 88) Sirifila Yeredon Type Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Cattle 50% 57% - 100% 100% 54% 60% 59% 0% 73% Sheep 0% 14% - 0% 0% 38% 0% 41% 0% 15% Horses 0% 0% - 0% 0% 0% 40% 0% 100% 7% Camels 50% 29% - 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 6% Total 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.18 Transhumance Across respondent households engaging in animal husbandry, 14 percent said they practice transhumance, with the largest percentages of those practicing being in Siribala (22 percent), Dogofry (19 percent) and Mariko (19 percent).

Household practices the transhumance (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Practices Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Yes 17% 19% 8% 19% 0% 22% 13% 10% 13% 13% No 83% 81% 92% 81% 100% 78% 87% 90% 87% 87% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.19 Intended destination of seasonal livestock movement Among the 30 respondents who practice the transhumance, 77 percent plan to migrate with animals within Ségou region while 23 percent plan to leave the region.

Destination of seasonal migration with livestock (N = 30) Sirifila Yeredon Destination Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Local 50% 33% 0% 50% - 43% 0% 50% 25% 37% Commune 50% 67% 0% 0% - 14% 0% 50% 25% 23% District 0% 0% 100% 17% - 0% 0% 0% 25% 10% Region 0% 0% 0% 0% - 0% 67% 0% 0% 7% Out of region 0% 0% 0% 33% - 43% 33% 0% 25% 23% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.20 Timing of transhumance Of the 30 respondents planning to engage in the transhumance this year, 33 percent said they expect the movement of animals to begin early (30 percent) or very early (3 percent) in 2018.

Timing of transhumance (N = 30) Sirifila Yeredon Timing Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Very early 0% 0% 0% 17% - 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% Early 0% 33% 0% 0% - 86% 0% 0% 50% 30% Normal 100% 67% 100% 83% - 14% 100% 100% 50% 67% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

21 3.3.21 Constraints on transhumance Those who do plan to engage in seasonal migration with animals reported that the major constraints affecting the activity this year are insecurity (47 percent) and lack of forage (27 percent).

Primary constraint on transhumance this year (N = 224) Sirifila Yeredon Constraint Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Insecurity 50% 67% 0% 67% - 57% 33% 0% 25% 47% Lack of forage 50% 0% 100% 17% - 0% 67% 100% 0% 27% Lack of water 0% 33% 0% 17% - 0% 0% 0% 50% 13% Disease 0% 0% 0% 0% - 14% 0% 0% 0% 3% Other 0% 0% 0% 0% - 0% 0% 0% 25% 3% None 0% 0% 0% 0% - 29% 0% 0% 0% 7% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.4 Labor Migration This section presents key statistics related to labor migration, which is most common during the period in Mali during the period September-January, in connection with the primary cereal and rice harvest season, when the demand for agricultural labor is high.23

3.4.1 Household members engage in labor migration Overall, nearly half of respondent households reported that at least one member worked and lived outside their village in the last 12 months. The commune of Nampalari had the highest rate of households with a household member working and living outside the village (76 percent), while Diabaly (6 percent) had the lowest percentage.

A household member worked and lived outside the village in the last 12 months (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Labor migrant Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Yes 6% 25% 60% 69% 76% 65% 28% 40% 69% 48% No 94% 75% 40% 31% 24% 35% 72% 60% 31% 52% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.4.2 Number of household members engaged in labor migration With regard to the number of household members engaging in labor migration during the previous 12 months, 18 percent of households had a single member working and living outside the village, and 31 percent had two or more members living and working outside the village.

Number of household members that worked and lived outside the village in the last 12 months (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Labor migrants Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total 0 94% 75% 40% 31% 24% 35% 72% 60% 31% 52% 1 3% 4% 23% 29% 5% 48% 11% 21% 22% 18% 2 0% 10% 28% 27% 8% 13% 8% 10% 31% 15% 3 3% 2% 7% 7% 3% 0% 6% 4% 7% 5% 4 0% 2% 2% 7% 8% 5% 2% 2% 5% 4% 5 0% 4% 0% 0% 8% 0% 2% 0% 2% 2% 6 or more 0% 2% 0% 0% 45% 0% 0% 2% 2% 5% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

23FEWS Net, Mali Perspective sur la sécurité alimentaire, Octobre 2017 à Mai 2018

22

3.5 Food Security This section presents key statistics related to the current level of food security among the households assessed, and assets that play an important role in ensuring food security.

3.5.1 Number of meals eaten per day At present, 72 percent of respondent households are consuming three meals per day, with 27 percent consuming two meals per day. Notably, 100 percent of households in Nampalari reported consuming two meals or fewer per day. The next highest percentage of household consuming two meals or fewer per day was in Yeredon Saniona (59 percent).

Number of meals eaten per day (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Meals Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total 3 meals /day 100% 96% 95% 76% 0% 95% 57% 96% 41% 72% 2 meals/day 0% 4% 5% 20% 97% 5% 43% 4% 57% 27% 1 meal/day 0% 0% 0% 4% 3% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.5.2 Household Food Consumption Score (FCS) With regard to food consumption, 62 percent of households consumed a diet with an acceptable combination of quantity and diversity during the seven days prior to the assessment, based on the Food Consumption Score (FCS) methodology with standard weighting.24 Twenty- three percent of households had FCS scores denoting “borderline” consumption, and 14 percent had “poor” consumption. Yeredon Saniona had the highest percentage of “poor” consumption in the previous seven days, at 28 percent, followed by Dogofry (27 percent). Sixty-two percent of households in Dogofry and 50 percent of households in Yeredon Saniona had either “borderline” or “poor” consumption.

Household Food Consumption Score (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Score Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Acceptable 68% 38% 74% 84% 100% 55% 52% 56% 50% 62% Borderline 26% 35% 23% 11% 0% 25% 28% 31% 22% 23% Poor 6% 27% 2% 4% 0% 20% 20% 13% 28% 14% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.5.3 Household Reduced Coping Strategy Index Score (RCSI) Based on the Reduced Coping Strategy Index (RCSI),25 which measures food-related coping during the previous seven days based on the frequency of five behaviors associated with food insecurity,26 24 percent of respondent households are utilizing a high degree of food-related coping strategies, and 14 percent are using a moderate degree of coping strategies. The highest rates of elevated coping strategy use were found in Nampalari (91 percent), Yeredon Saniona (50 percent) and Sirifila Boundy (46 percent).

24 WFP VAM Technical Guidance Sheet; Food Consumption Analysis, WFP, 2008; Poor (0-21 points), Borderline (21.5-35), Acceptable (35+) 25 WFP Coping Strategies Index, Field Methods Manual (2008) 26 WFP Coping Strategies Index, Field Methods Manual (2008); Low level of coping (0-3 points), Moderate level of coping (4-9), High level of coping (10+).

23 Household Reduced Coping Strategy Index score (N = 396)27 Sirifila Yeredon Score Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total High 3% 2% 0% 3% 91% 5% 46% 8% 50% 24% Moderate 12% 10% 11% 31% 6% 15% 9% 8% 22% 14% Low 85% 88% 89% 67% 3% 80% 45% 83% 28% 62% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.5.4 Household grain reserve Sixty-eight percent of respondent households said they currently have a grain reserve. The largest percentage of households saying they have a grain reserve was in Kala Siguida (93 percent) and Mariko (89 percent) and the lowest percentages were in Nampalari (45 percent) and Yeredon Siguida (52 percent).

Household has a grain reserve (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Reserve Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Yes 62% 60% 93% 89% 45% 80% 62% 75% 52% 68% No 38% 40% 7% 11% 55% 20% 38% 25% 48% 32% Yes 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.5.5 Duration of grain reserve Across the 415 respondent households, 70 percent said they had a grain reserve that would last three months or fewer, with 35 percent having no reserve or a reserve that will last less than a month. The communes with the highest percentage of respondent households with a reserve of grain that will last four months or more were Kala Siguida (63 percent) and Mariko (36 percent).

Expected duration of grain reserve (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Duration Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total <1 month 0% 2% 0% 13% 0% 0% 5% 2% 4% 3% 1-3 months 38% 33% 30% 40% 45% 48% 28% 31% 33% 35% 4-6 months 9% 20% 37% 20% 0% 18% 26% 38% 11% 21% 7-9 months 9% 4% 19% 7% 0% 8% 2% 2% 4% 6% 10-12 months 6% 0% 7% 9% 0% 8% 2% 2% 0% 3% 12+ months 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% No reserve 38% 39% 7% 11% 55% 20% 38% 25% 48% 32% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.5.6 Household assets and resources With regard to other household assets or resources to which households have access that could be utilized to meet food needs, 100 percent of households say they have agricultural assets and 54 percent have large animals that could be sold. One in four households receives remittances, and 48 percent said they are generally able to borrow money when needed. Less than 10 percent of households said they have savings they can rely on in the case of a shock and 4 percent said they receive NGO support.

27 Inconsistencies were noted for 18 households (5 Kala Siguida, 9 Mariko, 4 Nampalari), with regard to elevated RCSI scores that did not logically correspond with other food security indicators; the HH were subsequently excluded from the calculation

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Assets available to the households that could be sold or otherwise utilized to meet household needs (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Asset type Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Agric. assets 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 98% 100% 100% Large animals 71% 33% 30% 71% 95% 75% 34% 42% 57% 54% Savings 12% 15% 0% 9% 0% 13% 11% 10% 9% 9% HH items 3% 17% 26% 40% 8% 18% 29% 6% 43% 22% Remittances 6% 15% 33% 40% 5% 38% 26% 38% 33% 27% Able to borrow 44% 17% 35% 56% 74% 58% 72% 35% 37% 48% NGO assistance 3% 0% 5% 11% 0% 10% 2% 0% 4% 4%

3.5.7 Type of NGO support received Across the 415 respondent households, 3 percent reported receiving food assistance from an NGO, with the highest percentages in Mariko (11 percent) and Kala Siguida (5 percent).

Type of NGO support received (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Type Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Food 3% 0% 5% 11% 0% 3% 2% 0% 4% 3% Cash 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% Animal support 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% NFI 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%

3.5.8 Ability to meet household food needs Given the food and non-food assets currently at their disposal, 15 percent of household said they will be able to meet their household food needs for less than a month, and 62 percent said they will be able to meet food needs for one-to-three months. In Nampalari, 100 percent of respondents said their households would be able to meet their household food needs for three months or fewer. The next highest percentage of respondents saying their household could meet its food needs for three months or fewer was in Yeredon Saniona (80 percent).

Household expects to be able to meet food needs (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Period Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total <1 month 6% 15% 19% 16% 3% 5% 25% 25% 15% 15% 1-3 months 62% 56% 28% 40% 97% 15% 37% 31% 65% 47% 4-6 months 15% 23% 30% 24% 0% 43% 34% 40% 13% 25% 7-9 months 12% 4% 14% 11% 0% 18% 3% 2% 7% 7% 10-12 months 6% 0% 9% 9% 0% 20% 2% 2% 0% 5% 12+ months 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.6 Needs This section presents the expressed needs of respondent households, and the type of assistance that households would find most relevant.

3.6.1 Household’s greatest concern at present Across respondents, 75 percent said meeting their household food needs is their greatest concern at the moment, including 100 percent of those in Nampalari. Lack of access to water was the next most common primary concern (5 percent).

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Household greatest concern at present (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Concern Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Food for HH 68% 85% 60% 82% 100% 63% 72% 65% 81% 75% Lack of water 12% 4% 0% 13% 0% 10% 0% 13% 0% 5% Health of HH 0% 2% 2% 0% 0% 8% 9% 0% 2% 3% Lack of land 0% 0% 16% 0% 0% 3% 5% 2% 0% 3% Lack of agric. inputs 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 8% 5% 4% 2% 2% Insecurity 0% 0% 2% 2% 0% 5% 3% 4% 2% 2% Lack of money/debt 3% 0% 2% 0% 0% 3% 3% 4% 0% 2% Animal feed 3% 2% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1% Price of food 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1% Insecurity (animals) 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Animal health 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Other 9% 6% 7% 0% 0% 3% 3% 4% 9% 5% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.6.2 Preferred type of assistance Eighty-two percent of respondent households said food assistance would be the most relevant type of support in the coming months to ensure they are able to meet household needs, with 9 percent of households saying cash transfers would be the most relevant type of assistance.

The assistance that would help the household best meet its needs in the coming months (N = 415) Sirifila Yeredon Assistance type Diabaly Dogofry Kala Siguida Mariko Nampalari Siribala Boundy Sokolo Saniona Total Food 74% 90% 72% 78% 100% 85% 82% 73% 87% 82% Cash 12% 4% 12% 9% 0% 13% 9% 15% 9% 9% Seeds 0% 4% 14% 4% 0% 3% 9% 2% 0% 4% Water point 9% 2% 0% 9% 0% 0% 0% 8% 2% 3% Animal feed 6% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

4 Qualitative Results This section presents key qualitative results, providing additional insight with regard to quantitative results presented in the previous section. The eight key informants included village heads, communal mayor’s office representatives, district-level administrators, and state technicians for agriculture and livestock.

4.1.1 Animal pasture and transhumance According to key informants, animals habitually arrive from neighboring zones in Mopti Region and from the districts of San and Macina in Ségou region, although there was a significant increase in cases of animal theft last year. The increase in thefts has lead to a decrease in the number of animals arriving this year. Animals typically pasture in the communes of Nampalari, Yeredon Saniona, Mariko, Kali Siguida, Sokolo, Pogo, and Siribala. Nampalari, in particular, is traditionally a major destination for seasonal animal migration due to particular aspects of forage in the zone, attributed to higher salt content in the local soil. Animals generally begin to arrive from Mauritania in December, but in 2017 animals began to arrive as early as September. Local animals generally move from the district to Mauritania in June and July and return in August.

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Key informants expressed concern that insecurity has limited movement of animals from other zones within Niono District to Nampalari, and poor harvests and biomass growth related o rainfall deficits and low surface water levels have limited availability of agricultural products (e.g. cereal grains) and bi-products (e.g. bran, cereal stocks, hay, leaves), on which many households depend as a primary or secondary source of animal fodder.

4.1.2 Agricultural production Due to low water levels, households in certain zones of the district have opted to practice off- season vegetable gardening rather than rice cultivation, but in some areas vegetable gardening has not been a practical alternative given low water levels in the local canal system.

According to a state agricultural technician based in Niono district, overall agricultural production in Niono was good in areas where inundation agriculture was possible, and poor in areas where dry agriculture was practiced, with an overall decrease in production relative to 2016-2017. The communes most affected by poor agricultural production were said to be Nampalari, Sokolo, Mariko, Diabaly, Dogofry, and Kala Siguida. The key informant reported major bird attacks on crops in Pogo and Siribal communes.

Key informants also noted that poor rice production has a major impact on the demand for agricultural wage labor, on which many households depend as a source of income to repay debts and to pay a water access fee by March 31 of each year. One key informant said many households would be forced to send household members to search for wage labor outside the zone and to sell their seed stocks to pay the access fee.

A key informant also reported that management of irrigation canals is also a problem, saying that “the (primary) canal is becoming degraded and secondary and tertiary channels are full of weeds and beginning to silt up.”

4.1.3 Security and market function District-level key informants described markets as satisfactorily provisioned but with price levels being high, while key informants at the commune and village level in Sokolo noted that insecurity had reduced the number of traders coming into the district from neighboring Nara District (Koulikoro Region). A key informant in Diabaly said that local market activities in the commune and in neighboring Dogofry have decreased significantly due to insecurity.

Overall, growing insecurity is limiting the ability of state extension officers to access particular zones of the district, and, consequently is leading to a reduction in the collection of data by the state regarding agriculture and animal husbandry. Similarly, non-payment of taxes and difficulty in collecting tax payments has meant that community level government workers have not received their salaries in parts of the district for several months. A key informant in Diabaly mentioned the closure of roads during non-daylight hours a key informant in Sokolo noted that community health centers are not functioning normally due to insecurity.

4.1.4 Coping strategies To cope with poor agricultural and livestock production, key informants say that households in the district generally send younger household members outside the zone to search for wage labor, sell animals, and rent land.

27 4.1.5 Assistance According to key informants, the GOM is currently providing food assistance through the local NGO ASDAF to vulnerable layers of the population, and will sell animal feed at subsidized prices to livestock cooperatives and other groups of households engaged in livestock-related activities. A key informant from the commune mentioned that NGOs are active in Diabaly.

5 Conclusions In October and November 2017, early warning systems in Mali predicted pockets of poor agricultural production and poor biomass growth due to deficits of rainfall in Niono District of northern Ségou Region.28

An emergency assessment of agro-pastoral conditions in Niono District carried out by CRS in early February 2018, approximately four months after the start of the traditional cereal and rice harvest period, found that 13.8 percent of households had elevated food insecurity scores, based on Food Consumption Score and Reduced Coping Strategy Index methodology. Food security in district is likely to deteriorate in the coming months, with more than 70 percent of households saying they have a cereal reserve that will last for three months or fewer, and 32 percent saying they do not have a cereal stock at present. By May 15, just 37 percent of households of households expect to be able to meet their food needs. With food supplies dwindling, 7 in 10 respondent households that practice animal husbandry said they are planning to sell livestock in the next three months to meet household food needs.

To minimize the deterioration of food security in the region in the coming months, and protect affected household’s productive assets, such as livestock, seed stocks and agricultural tools, this report recommends the following intervention: § Provision of cash assistance to households with elevated food insecurity index scores targeting a minimum of 13.8 percent of the population of the district, or approximately 4,100 households comprising 65,500 individuals (see Annex 3 for calculations); § Assistance should cover an extended lean season, and be timed to ensure that households have access to sufficient liquidity during the crucial period prior to the planting seasons for cereals (June) and rice (June), depending on household’s agricultural patterns.

Assessment results suggest that local markets are likely able to support the use of cash as a modality for providing assistance, with cash allowing households engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry or other livelihood activities to prioritize their most urgent subsistence and livelihoods needs, while also supporting local markets. Use of a mobile money platform as the mechanism of support may be suitable, as a means of limiting risks associated with physical cash distributions in a zone where banditry constitutes a threat for cash distributors and for beneficiaries. Additional research is recommended both to confirm that local markets are sufficiently provisioned in zones targeted for assistance, and that targeted beneficiaries are able to reliably access a mobile money platform.

28 SAP, Note Technique, Evaluation Provisiore de la Situation Alimentaire du Pays, Campagne Agropastorale, 2017-2018, Oct. 2017, FEWS Net, Mali, Perspectives sur la securite alimentaire, Octobre 2017-Mai 2018

28 6 Annexes 6.1 Annex 1: List of communes and villages covered

Commune/Village N Diabaly 34 Diambe 13 Songo 21 Dogofry 48 Barkerou 6 Djedah 4 Farabougou 11 Kouroumakoubé 27 Kala Siguida 43 Mamale 30 Niafassi-Bambara 13 Mariko 45 Cocody 27 Konokassy 18 Nampalari 38 Nampala 38 Siribala 40 Lamine-Bougou 23 Minimana 15 N'Debougou 1 Siribala Coro 1 Sirifila Boundy 65 Bamada 1 Banissirala 15 Heremakono 31 Medina-Coura 18 Sokolo 48 Dougouba 23 Fanabougou 23 Nemabougou 1 Sokolo 1 Yeredon Saniona 54 Bamada 16 N'Djela 14 Welintiguila 20 4 Total 415

29 6.2 Annex 2: Distribution of hectares cultivated by type of agriculture

Distribution of hectares cultivated in 2016-2017 Semi- % HA semi- % HA Commune inundated Inundated Dry All HA inundated inundated % HA dry Diabaly 0 37 133 170 0% 22% 78% Dogofry 158 159 240 557 28% 29% 43% Kala Siguida 2 100 95 197 1% 51% 48% Mariko 0 202 70 272 0% 74% 26% Nampalari 0 183 0 183 0% 100% 0% Siribala 1 29 84 114 1% 25% 74% Sirifila Boundy 55 14 153 221 25% 6% 69% Sokolo 154 16 127 297 52% 5% 43% Yeredon Saniona 94 281 85 460 20% 61% 18% Total 464 1,021 986 2,471 19% 41% 40%

Distribution of hectares cultivated in 2017-2018 Semi- % HA semi- % HA Commune inundated Inundated Dry All HA inundated inundated % HA dry Diabaly 0 34 126 160 0% 21% 79% Dogofry 152 155 236 543 28% 29% 43% Kala Siguida 5 99 96 200 3% 50% 48% Mariko 40 158 72 269 15% 59% 27% Nampalari 27 96 0 123 22% 78% 0% Siribala 4 23 77 103 3% 22% 74% Sirifila Boundy 50 13 145 207 24% 6% 70% Sokolo 10 15 126 151 7% 10% 83% Yeredon Saniona 108 281 69 458 24% 61% 15% Total 396 874 945 2,214 18% 39% 43%

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6.3 Annex 3: Calculation of number of households in need of assistance The scatter plot presented below shows household Food Consumption Scores (x-axis) and Reduced Coping Strategy Index scores (y-axis). Increasing FCS scores denote greater quantity and diversity of food consumed, while increasing RCSI scores denote greater reliance on food- related coping strategies, such as reducing the number of meals consumed by the household per day, borrowing food, and restricting portion size at meals. The calculation of households in need of assistance draws on the combination of FCS and RCSI.

Indicator Poor FCS Borderline FCS Acceptable FCS Total High coping 10 22 84 116 Moderate coping 16 9 29 54 Low coping 34 65 146 245 Total 60 96 259 415

Indicator N Percent of sample (N = 415) High coping + Poor FCS 10 2.41% High coping + Borderline FCS 22 5.41% Moderate coping + Poor FCS 16 3.86% Moderate coping + Borderline FCS 9 2.17% Total 57 13.85%

Indicator N Assumptions Estimated % sample currently food insecure 13.85% FCS/RCSI scores Estimated population Niono District 474,043 Source: Cluster FS Mali Population in need (individuals) 65,564 HHs in need 4,129 Mean HH size: 15.9, est. 29,814 HH in district

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