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1 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR TAMIL STUDIES CONDUCTED BY GERMANS IN TAMILNADU DURING 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES: A VIRTUAL DIGITAL ARCHIVES PROJECT COMPILED BY PROF. C.S. MOHANAVELU (Retd.) PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR, MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT (HISTORY) UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, NEW DELHI MAY, 2010 2 Thottanaithu oorum Manar Keni, Maandharkku Katranaithu oorum Arivu [ Thottanaithu = as more and more of digging is done, oorum = springs out / oozes out, Manar(l) = sand, Keni = well, Maandharkku = for the people, Katranaithu = as more and more of learning (Katru means to learn), Arivu = knowledge ] Wie man gräbt, so quillt im Sand der Brunnen; Wie man übt, so quillt die Erkenntniss (Karl Graul, Der Kural des Tiruvalluver, Ein gnomisches Gedicht über die drei Strebeziele des Menschen, Leipzig, 1865, S. 60) (Karl Graul, The Kural of Tiruvalluver, A sententious poem on the three striving goals of the people, Leipzig, 1865, p. 60) The more of sand dug out, the more of water springs out in a sand-well; (so also) The more the people learn, the more of knowledge springs out` (Thirukkural No. 396) 3 CONTENTS Abbreviations 4 Preface 5 Introduction 8 Section 1 [ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES FOR TAMIL LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDIES BY GERMANS IN TAMIL NADU DURING 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES] 15 Section 2 [ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES FOR INDIGENOUS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY STUDIES BY GERMANS IN TAMIL NADU DURING 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES] 157 Section 3 [ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES FOR INDIGENOUS SOCIETY AND CULTURE STUDIES BY GERMANS IN TAMILNADU DURING 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES] 262 Section 4 [ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES FOR BIOGRAPHICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS DATA ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES OF GERMANS IN TAMILNADU DURING 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES] 360 4 ABBREVIATIONS a.n.k. author‟s name not known FFA Archives, Francke Foundations, Franckeplatz, Halle/Saale, Germany FFL Library, Francke Foundations, Franckeplatz, Halle/Saale, Germany GKLA Archives, Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute P.H. Road, Chennai – 600 010 GKLL Library, Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute, P.H. Road, Chennai – 600 010 HWG Personal Library of Prof. Hans Werner Gensichen, Heidelberg, Germany LELM Leipzig Evangelical Lutheran Mission, Leipzig, Germany MRO Madras Records Office (Tamilnadu Archives), Gandhi Irwin Road, Egmore, Chennai – 600 008 NAI National Archives of India, Janpath, New Delhi – 110 001 PC Personal copy SAI Library, South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University, Germany STFD Cecil H. Green Library, Stanford University, California, USA TS-HU Theological Seminary, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany UCB University of California Library, Berkeley, USA UTC United Theological College Library and Archives, 63, Miller‟s Road, Bangalore – 560 046 5 PREFACE German missionary William Tobias Ringeltaube (1770 – 1816) was quite right when he observed that the activities of the German missionaries, who were sent to Tamilnadu for the spread of the Gospel, caused “spiritual paralysis”. This was because the indigenous Indian society, with its multifaceted linguistic, cultural and socio- economic features created fathomless fascination in dozens of Germans who visited India from 1505. From tiny ants to huge elephants, from small herbs to large banyan trees, from the nascent infants to the age old centenarians, from the rich riding the palanquins to the poor walking bare foot, not a single observation escaped the watchful German eyes, resulting in their thousands of diary and letter reports, travel accounts and even indigenous literature and artifacts collection. The Germans wrote voluminous reports about the indigenous legends and fables, rites and rituals, customs and manners, feasts and festivals, diseases and medicines etc. and sent those instruments together with many palmleaves bundles in ships to Germany and Denmark, which are now preserved in the Francke Foundations in Halle, Germany. Most of the German time, it appears, had been spent in keenly watching and estimating the indigenous lifestyles of various sections of the native Tamil society. And here, the term “lifestyles” is a vast spectrum encompassing in it, the routine day-to-day activities of the native Tamil people as could be gleaned also from their indigenous literature of all kinds viz. grammatical, lexical, epical, lyrical, dramatical, theological, medical, philosophical, moral, jurisprudence and folks literature. Tamil learning, interactions with the native Tamil people, giving them education, learning the indigenous religious tenets, identifying the different strata of the indigenous Tamil society and especially learning the Tamil medical secrets and the indigenous tropical flora and fauna etc. would have consumed most of the German time and how else did the German missionaries find time for conversion of the native Tamils, is a million dollar question. The Indian or better said the indigenous Tamil fathomless fascination overshadowed and over powered their zeal of spreading the Gospel among the native Tamils, which of course was their very mission and purpose of coming here from Germany. “The missionaries shall attend to and only to the conversion of the heathens and to nothing else. …” was one of the explicit orders, issued by the Danish Crown to 6 each Lutheran German missionary. But how far did the German Lutheran missionaries „obey‟ this Royal order is very much to be investigated. There is no source material – primary or secondary or even tertiary – to exactly ascertain the number of native Tamil - converts region-wise or year-wise - which each German missionary of the Danish-Halle Mission in Tranquebar effected. This is one side of the Dano-German politico - ecclesiastical coin. Setting aside their efforts to spread the Gospel among the native Tamils, an attempt is made in this project, to compile an annotated bibliography for varied source materials, from which the more luminous other side of the German coin can be assessed. That is, bibliographical entries, to locate and estimate their interest and contributions to various branches of indigenous Tamil studies viz. Tamil language and literature, science and technology and Tamil society and culture can be had in the first three sections. Also in the fourth section, annotated bibliographical entries can be had to get the biographical and certain miscellaneous data about the activities of Germans in Tamilnadu during 18th and 19th centuries The merit of this project is left to the judgment of those who may consult it as a work of reference whenever difficulties present themselves to them. The readers are requested to send their feed back, which may be questions, comments and constructive criticism to my e-mail: [email protected] I thank the University Grants Commission, New Delhi for granting me financial assistance for this post-doctoral major research project. I am thankful to the Francke Foundations in Halle / Saale, South Asia Institute, Universitaets und Landes Library and the Theological Seminary of the Ruprecht - Karls University in Heidelberg, Germany, National Archives of India, New Delhi, United Theological College Archives and Library in Bangalore, Gurukul Lutheran Theological College and Research Institute in Chennai, University of California, Berkeley, Cecil H. Green Library in Stanford University. I also thank the institute of affiliation S.I.V.E.T. College, Chennai -73, and also the archives and library personnel in these institutions. I record my gratitude to the late Prof. Hans Werner Gensichen, Rev. Dr. Gnanabaranam Johnson, Rev. Eva Maria Siebert Johnson, Prof. Adappa Satyanarayana, Dr. Hilda Shanthi Maduram and Prof. Martin Krieger. I also thank Dr. John Rawlings and 7 Dr. Aishwary Kumar of Stanford University, Rev. Chellappa Packiaraj in Bangalore, Mr. Raveendra, Mrs. Revathi Raveendra in California, Prof. P.S. Ramanujam in Copenhagen, my Technical Assistant Mrs. Bhuvana and my wife Shanthi for their encouragement and assistance. Last, but not the least, I submit with grateful sentiments, many thanks to Professor Dietmar Rothermund, formerly Head, Department of History, and also the Director of South Asia Institute of the Ruprecht Karls University in Heidelberg, but for whose continued assistance and encouragement, to be precise, my visits to German research institutes, my doctoral study on the German contributions to Tamil Studies and consequently this post-doctoral research project would not at all have become possible. Chennai C.S. Mohanavelu May, 2010 8 INTRODUCTION Origin of this Project: It all started with my own research data collection work, way back in 1986 at the Francken‟s Foundations in the erstwhile GDR East German regime. My Ph.D. topic was “Early German Contributions to Tamil Studies.” For this topic, I needed original source materials in the form of palmleaves, station files, diaries, private letters, the Halle Reports, etc. most of which were stored only in the GDR, entry into which country was quite difficult and more so into the Franckens archives, Halle. Such original source materials could not be found in any Indian repository and internet surfing was unknown then. At that time, I recall with gratitude the help by Prof. Dietmar Rothermund, who arranged for a DAAD scholarship, which enabled me to visit Heidelberg and Halle. Abundant primary source materials, for the activities of the German Lutheran missionaries of the Danish-Halle Mission in Tamilnadu could be found there. Then I felt that many Tamil researchers would need such primary source materials right
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