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The Sound Pattern of Russian Description and Analysis of Contemporary Standard Russian

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The Sound Pattern of Russian Description and Analysis of Contemporary Standard Russian THE SOUND PATTERN OF RUSSIAN DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY STANDARD RUSSIAN Edited by ROMAN JAKOBSON Harvard University AND C. H. VAN SCHOONEVELD Leiden University I 1971 MOUTON THE HAGUE · PARIS THE SOUND PATTERN OF RUSSIAN A Linguistic and Acoustical Investigation by MORRIS HALLE Massachusetts Institute of Technology with an Excursus on THE CONTEXTUAL VARIANTS OF THE RUSSIAN VOWELS by LAWRENCE G. JONES Harvard University Second Printing 1971 MOUTON THE HAGUE · PARIS © Copyright 1959 in The Netherlands. Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers. First Printing 1959 Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton & Co., Printers, The Hague. INTRODUCTORY NOTE This series of monographs intends to contribute to an exhaustive description and consistent analysis of contemporary standard Russian (CSR). Exhaustiveness means establishing phonological and grammatical rules on the basis of the total lexical inventory of CSR and of all those kinds of combinations which this inventory admits. If a rule has restricted application, all the exceptions are to be cited and interpreted. No vague 'etc.' is allowed. Oversimplified levelling of the standard must be avoided and the extant variations in the over-all code of CSR are to be noted and commented on, especially the coexistence and functional diiference of older and newer variants in the course of linguistic changes. Thus the dynamic aspect of CSR cannot be overlooked by its comprehensive synchronic description. This analysis strives both for a maximum scientific control of CSR and for testing new means and goals in linguistic theory and methodology. Consistency of analysis means that any divisible unit is first to be broken down into its immediate constituents (whether concurrent or successive) and, secondly, the laws of its composition are to be determined. More generally, on any level of language the laws underlying any given set of kindred linguistic units are to be sought. Thus an inventory of phonemes requires their analysis into distinctive features and an inquiry into the laws of their stratification. Any grammatical paradigm demands the elucidation of rules which underlie it and which connect it with all other kindred paradigms. The optimal rules disclosed by the analysis are those which offer the highest degree of predictability. The autonomous structure of any given linguistic level does not mean its separate existence in language and does not justify the linguist's inattention to the intimate and lawful interconnections of the different levels. The analysis must bridge phonemics and morphology, morphology and syntax, grammatical and lexical patterning, grammar and stylistics. The linking up of these autonomous but correlated domains has been considered by our team a particularly timely and pertinent task. The communalities and differences in the phonemic make-up of the different classes of morphemes and of the different grammatical categories efface the boundary between phonemics and morphology. It is the confrontation of vocabulary with grammar which gives us an 6 Introductory Note insight into the classification of words and into the structural laws of the lexical pattern. The problem of invariance is fundamental for the description of any linguistic level: the phonemic invariants in contextual and stylistic sound variations; the semantic invariants of any given morphological category in syntactic and lexical variations. The search for linguistic invariants is inseparably connected with the extraction of redundancy, extraction of which is a device of primary importance on all linguistic levels. The elicitation of the redundancy-free models, the inquiry into the different linguistic roles and degrees of redundancy, and the comparative study of a scale of elliptic sub-codes in relation to the explicit sub-code of CSR belong to our pivotal aims. The referential (designative, cognitive) function of verbal communication despite its primary importance is not to be promoted as the sole function of language and as the sole concern of linguistics. All the cardinal functions of language (referential, emotive, conative, phatic, poetic, and metalingual) in their interrelationship must be subjected to close examination. In particular, metalanguage, far from being a mere artificial tool of linguists and logicians, is a substantial constituent of our verbal communication in its various aspects. .Metalingual statements of native informants are to be conceived on equal footing with their other utterances. This approach gives the linguist the necessary command of such essential aspects of verbal communi- cation as intralingual and interlingual translation and enables him to cope with semantic information as the crux of language on all its levels - lexical, grammatical, and phonemic. The frequent occurrence and great extent of homonymity and synony- mity is to be carefully examined but evidently cannot be used as an argument against the primarily semantic nature of grammatical or phonemic units. In accordance with modern scientific methodology, the search for a set of rules underlying CSR or any other given linguistic system must rigorously take into account the interaction between the observer and the object under observation. The verbal code is viewed differently by a cryptanalyst than by the actual or virtual code-users, and among the latter it is differently treated by the decoder and the encoder. The rules of verbal input and output are complementary and are not to be mechanically intermingled. The phonemic cues are prior to the grammatical unit for the listener, whereas the phonemic operations of the speaker are based on grammatical prere- quisites: the two opposite linguistic views of the hierarchical order between morpho- phonemics and phonemics proper simply mirror two different frames of reference, namely the standpoints of the two participants in the speech event. Not only does linguistics tend to overcome mutual alienation of its own disciplines, but also its former isolationism in respect to neighboring sciences is to be relinquished. Of course, to secure fruitful cooperation, not only the common aims but also the basic differences among the concurrent sciences and the autonomous principles of each of them are to be watchfully respected. In order to follow the verbal message, in particular its phonological components, Introductory Note 7 from source to destination, we must be able to investigate the physiological data on their production, the physical properties of their transmission and the psychological traits of their perception. Also the aural and neurological stages of these signals will perhaps disclose their differential characteristics. The interrelation of these stages, particularly of the motor and acoustic phases, is a highly instructive lesson for the linguist. While in the first monograph of our series Morris Halle tackles the questions of the Russian phonemic pattern and its acoustic correlates, in the second monograph Gunnar Fant demonstrates the analytical ties between speech production and the stage of the speech wave, and by calculations based on X-ray studies of Russian articulations achieves an exact predictability of acoustic effect from sound pro- duction. The scrutiny of the encoding aspect of a given language brings the linguist close to the constructs of language attempted by mathematical logic. On the other hand, the decoding aspect, necessarily probabilistic, confronts the linguist with the methods and concepts of the mathematical theory of communication. In both of these cases this contact opens new outlooks both for linguistics and for mathematics. In any thorough analysis of a given language, attention must be paid to these interdisciplinary quests. That part of phonology which deals with syntactic information, phrase stress, and pauses — as well as with their emotive modifications — has much in common with musicology which treats similar material although differently organized and used for quite other purposes. The third monograph of our series, prepared in common by a musicologist and linguist (Mrs. J. E. Buning and C. H. Van Schooneveld), tries to take into account for a phonological description of Russian intonations the methods of musical analysis with unfailing attention to differences in musical and linguistic patterning of the same elements. The utilization of linguistic material in messages with a prevalently poetic function requires a systematic description and analysis of contemporary Russian poetic language through the joint efforts of poetics and linguistics proper. The multiple and intricate relationship of language and culture calls for a far- reaching confrontation of CSR with the data of Russian cultural anthropology. The question of the ties between language and its social and cultural background is particularly beneficial in view of the multifarious and strenuous changes which Russian life has undergone since World War I. The lexical, grammatical and stylistic richness of CSR and the opulent material collected by Russian philologists makes a thorough analysis of this language partic- ularly welcome and fertile. It suffices to recall the numerous and invaluable inferences which a meticulous linguistic scrutiny has been able to draw from the four volumes of the famous USakov dictionary in the most intricate questions of Russian deri- vation, inflection, and word classes.
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