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Index

A augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) 130, 145, 148 AAC 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, Augmentative and Alternative Communication 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, (AAC) 50 69, 130, 131, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, augmented speech 116, 126 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153, 156, Augmented Speech Communication 117 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, Augmented speech communication (ASC) 116 172, 173, 174, 175, 192, 194, 198, 205, automatic categorization 220 206, 207, 208, 213, 214, 215, 216, 257, automatic speech recognition 100 258, 259, 260, 263, 265 Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) 189 able-bodied people 220 accessibility 12, 14, 15, 21 B acoustic energy 31 adaptive differential pulse code modulation background noise 56, 67, 130, 132, 134, 135, (ADPCM) 32 136, 137, 141, 142, 144 AIBO 17 BCI 17 aided communication techniques 205 bit rate 31, 32, 33, 41, 45, 47 aided communicator 234, 235, 241, 243, 245, bits per second (bps) 31 248, 250, 252 Blissymbols 235, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, aided language development 235 244, 246, 247, 250, 256 allophones 34, 35 brain-computer interfaces (BCI) 17 alternate reader 17 Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI’s) 6 alternative and augmentative communication brain-machine interface (BMI) 17 (AAC) 2, 93 C alternative communication 1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 1 CALL 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196, 198, 199, analog-to-digital converter 30, 31 201, 202, 203 anti-aliasing (low-pass) filters 3 1 CASLT 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 198, 199 aphasia 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, CCN 51, 52, 55, 64 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160 cerebral palsy 2, 4 articulatory synthesis 11, 26 coarticulation 35, 41, 75, 89, 90 ASC 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125 coding efficiency 3 1 ASIMO 17, 22, 27 communication aids 234, 235, 236, 237, 247, assistive technology 9, 12, 16, 71 251, 252, 255 attractiveness 206 Communication competence 237 audio interface 199 communication disabilities 220

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communication enhancement 122 differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) 32 communication impairments 161, 163, 178 digitally recorded human speech 30, 35 communicative accessibility 237 digitally stored text 29 Complex Communication Needs (CCN) 51 digital signal processing (DSP) 33 comprehension 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, digital sound devices 28 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, digital speech data 28 147 digital speech technology 28, 29 computer agent 208, 215 digitized speech 28, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, Computer-Aided Language Learning (CALL) 51, 130, 131, 133, 134, 138, 139, 141, 189 142, 143 Computer-Aided Speech and Language diphone 75, 76, 77, 78, 83, 88 Therapy (CASLT) 188, 189 diphones 35, 36, 45, 47 computer-based speaking aid 2 directive (conatative) function 54 computerized speech technology 16 Down’s syndrome 2 computerized synthesized speech (CSS) 130, Dragon NaturallySpeaking 13, 16, 18, 27 131 dysarthria 2, 82, 92, 93, 98, 103, 104, 105, computer-mediated agent 208 106, 107, 110, 111, 112 Computer Speech Synthesis (CSS) 71 computer synthesized speech 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, E 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 205, 206, 217, electronic speech coding 11 218 electronic speech synthesizer 11 computer synthesized speech (CSS) 2, 188, emotional context 62 189 emulators 258, 259 computer voice 62 experimental phonetics 10 concatenation 96 expressive function 54 concatenative synthesis 11, 26, 84, 96, 97, 107, expressive output 235 111 expressive synthetic speech 88 Contextual information 132 credibility 206 F CSS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, feedback 1, 3 18, 19, 20, 21, 71, 72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, fetal alcohol syndrome 2 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 130, 131, 132, fixed-unit concatenation 7 1, 76, 77, 78 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, floorholder 59, 67 141, 142, 143, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, formant coding 32, 34 196, 197, 198, 199, 205, 206, 208, 209, formant synthesis 29, 30, 35, 37, 38, 39, 97 210, 211, 212, 213, 214 fundamental frequency 31, 32, 39 cutoff frequency 31 D G generalizations 220, 229 data-based synthesis 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, Graphic symbols 183 84, 86, 87 graphic system 238, 239, 242, 244 data rate 31 dedicated devices 28, 48 H delta modulation (DM) 32 dependent 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, HAL 19, 20, 25 228 hearing impairment 181, 182

316 Index

hidden Markov modeling 36 M Hidden Markov models (HMMs) 92 HMM 92, 98, 99, 100, 101, 105, 113, 114, 115 machine-generated synthetic speech 9 HMM-based synthesis 28 machine-generated vowels 10, 26 Home Page Reader 12, 27 MacInTalk 14, 20, 27 Home Page Reader for Windows 12 memory cards 260 human speech communication 92, 95 message construction 241 metalinguistic’ function 54 I minimum sampling rate 30 model-based synthesis 98, 107 IBM Independence Series 12 morphosyntactic analysis 33, 37 implicit attitudes 219, 220, 221, 232 motoric inhibition 220 infrequently occurring units 76 motor neurone disease 93, 113 ingroups 220 MP3 29, 43 intellectual disabilities 161, 162, 163, 164, MTVR 84, 85, 86 165, 168, 169, 172, 173, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 186, 187 N intellectual disability 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 176 natural human speech 205, 206, 211 intellectual impairment 178, 179, 180, 181, natural language 148, 159 182 natural language processing 33 intelligibility 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 62, 64, 67, naturalness 71, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 68, 69, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 88, 86, 87, 88, 89 89, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, natural speech 32, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, neuroprosthetics 16, 17 146, 147 NLP 33 intervention 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, nonverbal communicator 257 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 234, 235, non-verbal cues 241 237, 242, 246, 247, 249, 253, 256 no-tech 236 intonation 51, 61, 62, 77, 78, 79, 85 Nyquist frequency 30, 31 intonation phrases 33, 37 O K OCR 12, 13, 26 Kurzweil Music Systems 13 Operational competence 237 Kurzweil Reading Machine (KRM) 13 Optical Character Recognition 12, 26 orthographic text 104 L outgroups 220 oversolicitiousness 220 language development 234, 235, 253 language impairment 137 P linear predictive coding (LPC) 32 Linear Predictive (LP) coding 78 parametric coding 31, 32 Linguistic competence 237 parametric synthesizer 97 linguistic context 132, 135, 139 Partially Structured Attitude Measures log PCM 31, 32 (PSAMs) 219 low-tech 234, 236 participant speaker 93, 102, 103, 105, 108 LPC synthesis 28, 37, 38, 39 Pattern Playback Machine 12 Pattern Playback Synthesizer 11, 26

317 Index

PCM 31, 32 social desirability 207, 213, 215 Personal System/2 Screen Reader 12 social engagement 241 phoneme 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 89, 91 social function 54 phoneme boundaries 35 social inclusion 234, 235 phonemes 34, 35, 36 social relationships 92, 93, 95 phonetics 10 Social Responses to Communication Technolo- phonetic transcription of text 33 gies (SRCT) 208 photographic spectrograms 11 social voice 51 physical disabilities 220, 221, 224, 226, 228, sound spectrographs 11 230 Speak and Spell 14, 20 physically disabled 219, 225, 226, 227, 228 Speaker recognition 30, 43 Picture Exchange Communication System 258 speaking aids 2, 3, 4, 6 playback capabilities 13 speaking machine 10, 26 poetic function 54 speaking world 220 PSAMs 219, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 228 Specific Language Impairment (SLI) 19 1 pulse code modulation 31, 32 speech analysis 29 speech analysis/recognition 11 Q speech coding 31, 45, 47, 82 quantization error 31 Speech coding 29, 46 quantization level 30, 31 speech disabilities 206, 214 quantizer 31, 32 speech enhancement 30 Speech Generating Devices (SGDs) 3, 28, 30, R 50, 51, 71, 177 speech impairment 2, 3, 4, 6, 92, 93, 97, 212, referential function 54 214 Roger Ebert 1, 4, 5 speech impairments 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 205, 220, 229 rule-based synthesis 71, 72, 74, 75, 77 speech into text 29 S speech maps 121 speech output 130, 131, 133, 138, 139, 140, sampling rate 30, 31, 32 141, 142, 143, 147 Screen Reader/2 12 speech output devices 236 screen reading utilities 15 speech patterns 9 SGD 39, 40, 41, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, speech production 10 61, 63, 64, 65, 72, 78, 84, 86, 180, 181, speech recognition 12, 13, 15, 16, 20 182 Speech recognition 29, 46 SGDs 3, 28, 30, 40, 41, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, speech synthesis 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 56, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 71, 72, 74, 78, 79, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, 83, 84, 85, 86, 148, 149, 150, 153, 156, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 158, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 171, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 92, 93, 172, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 96, 98, 101, 112, 113, 114 184 speech synthesizer 2, 5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 21, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 31 26, 92, 93, 97, 112 sinusoid 30 speech synthesizers 1, 7, 10, 11, 133, 138, 146 SNR 31, 42 speech therapy 188, 189, 192, 193, 195, 201 Social competence 237 Speech therapy 189 social contacts 207, 220 spelling card 1

318 Index

spoken Internet access 12 TTS 3, 13, 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, Spoken language understanding 30 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 188, 192, spring-operated automatons 10 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200 Star Trek 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26 TTS synthesizers 192 statistical mapping 118, 122, 123 Stephen Hawking 1, 2, 5, 7 U stereotypes 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, unaided communication 236 226, 227, 228, 229, 230 unappealing 219, 223, 224, 227, 228 stereotyping 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 228, 229, unemployable 219, 223, 224, 227, 228, 229 231 Universal Access and Speech 14 stethoscopic microphone 119, 123, 127 utterance intonation 77 stigma and disability 212 utterance prosody 33 strategic competence 237 utterances 53, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 67, 72, synthesized speech 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 91 16, 19, 21, 28, 30, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 92, 108, 113, 115 V synthesized voice 53, 54, 55, 62, 63, 65 verbal inhibition 220 synthesizer machines 10 VOCA 93, 94, 95, 96, 107 synthetic speech 51, 56, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 76, vocal tract transfer function 31, 32 78, 79, 81, 84, 87, 88, 89, 177, 178, 179, VOCAs 3, 93, 96, 97 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, vocoder 11, 19, 20, 26 188, 191, 193, 195, 197, 198, 208, 215, vocoding 31, 46 216, 218, 234, 235, 244, 249, 256 Voice banking 96 T voice building 96, 97, 98 voice coder 11 talking faces 188, 193, 199 voice options 14, 18 talking heads 192, 193, 198, 199, 208 voice output 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, talking Web browser 12 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, target symbol 183 250, 251, 252 telephone communication 59 voice output communication aids 3 Text normalization 72 voice output communication aid (VOCA) 93 text processing 33, 42 voice output device 234, 235, 244, 246, 247, text to speech 3, 4 248, 249, 250, 252 text-to-speech 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 23, 25, voice-output device 238 26, 27, 28, 29, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, VoiceOver Utility 14 53, 55, 56, 69 voice synthesizer 11, 18 text-to-speech synthesis 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, vox artificialis 5 1 177 text-to-speech synthesizer 132 W Text-to-Speech (TTS) devices 188, 192 waveform coding 31, 32, 39 therapy space 258 touch selection 260 Y translucency 183 trustworthiness 206 Ya-Ya language box 191

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