Legal Status of Ottoman Non-Muslims in Bosnia (1463-1699) a Case Study
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LEGAL STATUS OF OTTOMAN NON-MUSLIMS IN BOSNIA (1463-1699) A CASE STUDY A Master’s Thesis By VJERAN KURSAR Department of History Bilkent University Ankara September 2007 IN MEMORY OF MARIO KUČINAC LEGAL STATUS OF OTTOMAN NON-MUSLIMS IN BOSNIA (1463-1699) A CASE STUDY The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by VJERAN KURSAR In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2007 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. -------------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. -------------------------------------- Dr. Eugenia Kermeli Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. -------------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Hasan Ünal Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences -------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT LEGAL STATUS OF OTTOMAN NON-MUSLIMS IN BOSNIA (1463-1699): A CASE STUDY Kursar, Vjeran. M.A., Department of History. Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Evgeni Radushev. Since their emergence Islamic states included great number of non- Muslim subjects. The manner in which the Islamic states regulated the position of non-Muslims is the central topic of the thesis. The Ottoman Empire was yet another Islamic state with large number of non-Muslim subjects, but its legal system was somewhat different from that of its predecessors. In addition to Islamic law, legislation of the Empire was based on the ‘örfî law that was enacted by the sultan in order to serve pragmatic needs of the state. Correlation between the şerî‘at and the sultanic law, and their influence on the status of non-Muslims, will be examined on the example of the fetvâs as legal documents issued by the müftîs and şeyhülislâms as representatives of the Islamic law, and the kânûns and kânûnnâmes as legal acts of the administration. The legislation of the state was generally guided by political considerations, which sometimes might have been beneficial for non-Muslims, or, conversely, it might have iii deteriorated their status. On the other hand, the şerî‘at kept non-Muslims in somewhat underprivileged status, but it was guaranteeing their basic rights. The area under study is restricted to the territory of the province of Bosnia, with occasional references to the adjacent regions. Border character of Bosnia and often wars inevitably influenced the society in general. Depending on circumstances, the position of Bosnian non-Muslims oscillated, sometimes above and other times below the prescriptions of the şerî‘at. Keywords: non-Muslims, zimmîs, Islamic law, sultanic law, Ottoman Bosnia, Roman Catholics, Orthodox Christians, churches. iv ÖZET BOSNA'DAKİ OSMANLI GAYRİMÜSLİMLERİN HUKUKÎ DURUMU (1463-1699): ÖRNEK OLAY İNCELEMESİ Kursar, Vjeran Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü. Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Evgeni Radushev Eylül 2007 Kuruluşlarından bu yana, İslâm devletleri önemli sayıdaki gayrimüslim tebaasını ihtivâ etmiştir. İslâm devletlerinin gayrimüslimlerin durumunu düzenleme tarzları da bu tezin ana konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Bir İslâm devleti olan ve çok sayıda gayrimüslim tebaası bulunan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun hukukî sistemi seleflerinden farklılık göstermekteydi. İslâm hukuku dışında, İmparatorluğu'nun hukukî mevzuatı Sultan tarafından devletin pragmatik gerekçelerine hizmet etmek üzere çıkarılan ‘örfî kanunlarına da dayanmaktaydı. Şerî‘at ile sultanî kanunların karşılıklı ilişkisi ve onların gayrimüslimlerin durumuna olan etkileri İslâm hukukunun temsilcileri olan müftüler ve şeyhülislâmlar tarafından çıkarılan bir hukukî belge olan fetvâlar ve hükümetin yasaları olan kânûnlar ve kânûnnâmeler örneğinde incelenecektir. Devletin hukukî mevzuatı genellikle siyasî gerekçeleri gözetmekteydi ve bu durum bazen gayrimüslimlerin lehine olabildiği gibi, tam tersine, onların durumunu v kötüleştirebiliyordu. Diğer taraftan, şerî‘at, gayrimüslimlere ayrıcalıklı olmayan bir statü öngörürken, onların temel haklarını güvence altına alıyordu. İşbu çalışmanın alanı, zaman zaman komşu bölgelere atıfta bulunmakla beraber, Bosna eyâleti ile sınırlıdır. Bosna'nın bir sınır bölgesi olması ve sıkça meydana gelen savaşlar genel olarak cemiyeti derinden etkilemiştir. Duruma bağlı olarak, Bosna'daki gayrimüslimlerin konumu değişkenlik göstermiş ve kimi zaman şerî‘atın öngördüğünün üstünde, kimi zaman da altında seyretmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: gayrimüslimler, zimmîler, İslâm hukuku, sultanî hukuk, Osmanlı Bosna'sı, Roma Katolikler, Ortodoks Hıristiyanlar, kiliseler. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Evgeni Radushev for invaluable help and advices in the course of the writing of this thesis. His generous support and friendship since the beginning of my study at Bilkent University made a difficult goal of becoming an Ottoman historian easier and pleasant. I am greatly indebted to Prof. Nenad Moačanin from University of Zagreb, who enticed my interest for Ottoman history since the first days of my university studies. Without his generous help, invaluable advices and constant support my Ottoman enterprise would be hardly possible. I am sincerely thankful to Prof. Halil İnalcık, the model of the Ottoman historian, whose countless studies and invaluable lectures deeply influenced my understanding of Ottoman history. Dr. Eugenia Kermeli attracted my interest to Islamic law which essentially marked the present study, and I am greatly thankful her for doing so. Invaluable comments of Dr. Kermeli and Prof. Hasan Ünal as the jury members significantly improved this thesis. I am also indebted to Prof. Oktay Özel and Prof. Mehmet Kalpaklı for their kind support during my study at Bilkent University. My professors from University of Zagreb, Prof. Petar Korunić and Prof. Mario Strecha offered me generous support and help since the beginning of my studies, and I am greatly thankful to them. Big-hearted vii support of late Dr. Josip Kljajić and Dr. Mato Artuković from Croatian Historical Institute – Branch for the History of Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem in Slavonski Brod, was essential in the beginning of my studies and research. I would also like to thank Prof. Aleksandar Fotić from University of Belgrade, Dr. Tatjana Paić-Vukić from University of Zagreb and Oriental Collection of Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Dr. Behija Zlatar and Adnan Kadrić from Oriental Institute in Sarajevo, Dr. Vesna Miović from Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Dubrovnik, staff of State Archive of Dubrovnik, former Croatian ambassador in Turkey Mr. Amir Muharemi and current ambassador Mr. Gordan Bakota, Mrs. Dinka Franulović and Mladen Glavina from Croatian embassy in Ankara, as well as many others who will remain non-mentioned. I am obliged to thank the following institutions for financial support: Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of Republic of Croatia, Institute of Croatian History – Branch for History of Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem, Bilkent University, and University of Zagreb – Faculty of Philosophy. I am also delighted to thank my friends and colleagues without whose friendship, support and help completion of my study would have been much harder task: Zharmukhamed Zardykhan, Grigor Boykov, Mariya Kiprovska, Stefano Petrungaro, Valeriy Morkva, Amir Soudipour, Dimitris Loupis, Mark Merlino, Kostantin Stumpf, Nikolay Antov, Aleksandar Jakovljević, Silvija Pisk, and many others. Last but not least, my deepest gratitude belongs to my family for its unlimited support in all aspects of my work and life. viii ABBREVIATIONS BSOAS – Bulletin of School of Oriental and African Studies, London DİA – Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul EI¹ - Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st edition – M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck, H.A.R. Gibb, W. Heffening and E. Lévi-Provençal, eds., First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936 (Photomechanical Reprint; E. J. Brill, Leiden-New York-København-Köln, 1987) EI² - Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, CD ROM (Leiden: Brill) Glas SANU – Glas Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti, Belgrade Godišnjak ANUBiH – Godišnjak Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo GZM – Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu, Sarajevo İA – İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul Kanuni i kanun-name – Branislav Đurđev, Nedim Filipović, Hamid Hadžibegić, Muhamed Mujić, and Hazim Šabanović, Kanuni i kanun-name za Bosanski, Hercegovački, Zvornički, Kliški, Crnogorski i Skadarski Sandžak, (Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1957) Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri – Ahmet Akgündüz, Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri, Vols. 1-9 (Istanbul: Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı, 1990-1996) OTAM – Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, Ankara POF – Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, Sarajevo Rad JAZU – Rad Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, Zagreb Spomenik SKA – Spomenik Srpske kraljevske akademije, Belgrade Spomenik SANU – Spomenik Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti, Belgrade ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………...…….iii ÖZET……………………………………………………………………………v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………….………………………………….......vii ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………....….ix