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Early Greek States Beyond the Polis

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Early Greek States Beyond the Polis EARLY GREEK STATES BEYOND THE POLIS EARLY GREEK STATES BEYOND THE POLIS Catherine Morgan First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 2003 Catherine Morgan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Morgan, Catherine, 1961– Early Greek states beyond the polis / Catherine Morgan. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Greeks–Ethnic identity–History–To 1500. 2. Group identity– Greece–History–To 1500. 3. Greece–Politics and government– To 146 B.C. I. Title. DF135.M67 2003 321´.00938–dc21 2002032623 ISBN 0-203-41775-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-41919-7 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–08996–4 (Print Edition) CONTENTS List of figures vii Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 Ethnos and polis 4 Ethne, ethnicity and tribalism 10 Archaeology and early Greek ethne 16 Thessaly 18 Phokis 24 East Lokris 28 Achaia 31 Arkadia 38 2 Big sites and place identities 45 Big sites or urban entities? 47 Questions of scale 54 Place identities 69 Economics, subsistence and production 71 Political statements in big sites 73 Symbols of authority 76 Thessaly 85 Larisa 89 Pherai 92 Dimini, Sesklo and Volos 95 Thessalian geography and the Catalogue of Ships 102 Conclusion 105 3 Communities of cult 107 The cult systems of Phokis 113 The spread of cults 135 v CONTENTS Temple buildings 142 The economic roles of sanctuary authorities 149 Arkadia 155 Conclusion 162 4 Territory, power and the ancestors 164 Ethne in the landscape 168 Community of territory? 171 Marginal areas and routes of communication 176 The territory of our ancestors? 187 Penestai 190 Burial and the past in Thessaly 192 Beyond the boundaries 196 5 Beyond the polis: political communities and political identities 206 Regional interconnections: the case of the Corinthian gulf 213 Envoi 222 Notes 226 Bibliography 278 Index 322 vi FIGURES FIGURES 1.1 Greece: regions and principal sites mentioned in the text (C.L. Hayward) 19 1.2 Thessaly (C.L. Hayward) 20 1.3The western Thessalian plain from the acropolis of Kierion (photo: author) 21 1.4 Volos and the head of the Pagasitic gulf from south of Portaria (photo: author) 21 1.5 Phokis (C.L. Hayward) 25 1.6 Kephisos valley: looking east from outside Amphikleia (photo: author) 26 1.7 The Chrysaean plain from modern Delphi (photo: author) 27 1.8 The bay of Itea and the lower Pleistos valley from the coast outside Chaleion (Galaxidi) (photo: author) 27 1.9 The cemetery at Elateia (photo: author) 28 1.10 East Lokris (C.L. Hayward) 29 1.11 Achaia (C.L. Hayward after Yvonne Rizaki) 32 1.12 Aegira acropolis, looking east (photo: C.L. Hayward) 33 1.13Aegira: erosion inland from the acropolis (photo: C.L. Hayward) 34 1.14 Coastal plain near Diakofto: view inland to Panachaikon (photo: author) 34 1.15 Aigion (photo: author) 35 1.16 Pharai valley: south west from Platanovrysi (photo: author) 35 1.17 Pharai valley: looking south from east of Chalandritsa (photo: author) 36 1.18 Arkadia (C.L. Hayward) 40/41 1.19 Alipheira acropolis: looking south (photo: author) 42 1.20 Lousoi: valley bottom from the Hellenistic settlement (photo: author) 43 1.21 Lousoi: Mt. Helmos from above the temple site (photo: author) 43 1.22 Tegean plain: southern end showing flooding after Spring snowfalls, April 1998 (photo: author) 44 vii FIGURES 2.1 Eretria (courtesy of the Swiss School of Archaeology at Athens) 51 2.2 Aegira ‘Temple A’ (author, after Alzinger, ÖJh 1983) 52 2.3Aegira acropolis (photo: C.L. Hayward) 53 2.4 Late Bronze Age and eighth-century settlement in the Corinthia (C.L. Hayward) 56 2.5 Corinth (C.L. Hayward after C.K. Williams II) 58 2.6 Corinth: Acrocorinth from above the west end of the Roman forum (photo: author) 59 2.7 Temple Hill from the Acrocorinth road (photo: author) 60 2.8 Oolitic limestone quarry at Mavrospelies (photo: C.L. Hayward) 61 2.9 Principal quarries for building material in the main lithologies of the Corinthia (C.L. Hayward: reproduced from Corinth XX by permission of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens) 62 2.10 Early Iron Age Argos (reproduced by courtesy of the École française d’Athènes) 63 2.11 Modern Argos from the Larisa (photo: author) 64 2.12 Classical Argos (reproduced by courtesy of the École française d’Athènes) 65 2.13Athens agora: Submycenean to early Archaic (American School of Classical Studies at Athens: Agora Excavations) 66 2.14 Athens, agora c.500 BC (American School of Classical Studies at Athens: Agora Excavations) 67 2.15 Early Athens (American School of Classical Studies at Athens: Agora Excavations) 68 2.16 Mantineia: the Ptolis acropolis (photo: author) 70 2.17 Olympia: Classical bouleuterion (photo: author) 75 2.18 Thessaly, mint group 1, obverse showing figure of Thessalos (© The British Museum: reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum) 82 2.19 Early Arkadikon issue (© The British Museum: reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum) 83 2.20 Eastern Thessaly (C.L. Hayward) 86 2.21 Pherai 93 2.22 Modern Velestino looking north-east from the Ag. Athanasios acropolis (photo: author) 94 2.23Pherai: temple of Zeus/Enodia looking south-west towards Magoula Bakali (photo: author) 95 2.24 Principal sites around the head of the Pagasitic gulf (C.L. Hayward) 97 2.25 The acropolis of Dimini (photo: author) 99 viii FIGURES 2.26 Mycenaean tholos beside the acropolis of Dimini (photo: author) 100 2.27 Pefkakia promontory: looking north towards Volos (photo: author) 101 3.1 The Corinthia in LHIIIC (C.L. Hayward) 110 3.2a Boot figurines: Morgan 1999a, F38 (left, Corinthian), F36 (bottom right, Attic), F37 (top right, Attic) (University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia: photo: Ioannidou and Bartzioti) 111 3.2b Attic closed vessel shoulder sherd with part of prothesis scene: Morgan 1999a, cat. 370 (University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia: photo: Ioannidou and Bartzioti) 111 3.3a Isthmia: bronze tripod, c.750 (Morgan 1999a, M14) (University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia: photo: Ioannidou and Bartzioti) 112 3.3b Isthmia: bronze tripod attachment, second half eighth century (Morgan 1999a, M18) (University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia: photo: Ioannidou and Bartzioti) 112 3.4 Kalapodi (Prof. R.C.S. Felsch) 115 3.5 Kalapodi: sanctuary looking south to Mt. Chlomos (photo: author) 116 3.6 The environs of Kalapodi (C.L. Hayward) 117 3.7 Coastal Phokis (C.L. Hayward) 120 3.8 Delphi: Apollo sanctuary from above the Marmaria (photo: K.W. Arafat) 123 3.9 The bay of Itea: looking towards the Chrysaean plain and Delphi from the headland due north of Galaxidi (Chaleion) (photo: author) 126 3.10 The Corycaean Cave (photo: C.L. Hayward) 127 3.11 Upland plain: looking south-east from the Corycaean Cave (photo: C.L. Hayward) 128 3.12 Principal sanctuaries in Thessaly (C.L. Hayward) 136 3.13 Pherai: sanctuary of Enodia /Zeus Thaulios (Béquignon 1937a) 137 3.14 Bassai: limestone outcrop close to the Classical temple, showing bedding planes (photo: C.L. Hayward) 145 3.15 Bassai: architectural use of local limestone (photo: C.L. Hayward) 145 3.16 Isthmia: temple of Poseidon during the 1989 University of Chicago Excavation season (Archaic temple postholes seen at right) (photo: author) 146 3.17 Isthmia: Archaic temple of Poseidon showing area of excavated deposits (reproduced by courtesy of E.R. Gebhard, plan by Pieter Collett) 147 ix FIGURES 3.18 Isthmia: temple of Poseidon, plainware juglet (photo: K.W. Arafat) 148 3.19 Isthmia: temple of Poseidon, sealstone IM 581 (University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia: photo: Michiel Bootsman) 148 3.20 Isthmia: oolitic limestone block from the Archaic temple of Poseidon (photo: C.L. Hayward) 151 3.21 Isthmia: rooftiles from the Archaic temple of Poseidon (photo: author) 151 3.22 The acropolis of Pallantion (© Scuola Archeologica di Atene) 156 3.23 Pallantion Temple A (photo: author) 158 3.24 Pallantion Temple C (photo: author) 159 3.25 Asea acropolis: looking on to the line of the main route north (photo: author) 160 3.26 Ag. Ilias Kantrevas (photo: C.L. Hayward) 161 3.27 Alipheira: Classical temple (photo: C.L. Hayward) 162 4.1 Pharees and northern Azania (C.L. Hayward) 178 4.2 Achaian Late Geometric figure decoration (drawing: author, after PAE 1952 and 1956) 182 4.3Northern Azania: the area of Manesi (photo: author) 185 4.4 Principal burial sites in Thessaly (C.L. Hayward) 193 4.5 Achaian western colonies (C.L. Hayward) 200 5.1 Perachora (photo: author) 216 5.2 Polis bay (photo: author) 218 5.3Rhion–Andirrion crossing: from the north (photo: author) 221 x CHAPTER TITLE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book has been many years in preparation – certainly much longer than its commissioning editor, Richard Stoneman, would have envisaged (or wished) when he first asked me to write an account of the early history of ‘those parts of Greece that tend to be ignored’.
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