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Anthropologia Integra 3/2012/2 Časopis Pro Obecnou Antropologii a Příbuzné Obory Journal for General Anthropology and Related Disciplines

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Anthropologia Integra 3/2012/2 Časopis Pro Obecnou Antropologii a Příbuzné Obory Journal for General Anthropology and Related Disciplines ANTHROPOLOGIA INTEGRA 3/2012/2 ČASOPIS PRO OBECNOU ANTROPOLOGII A PŘÍBUZNÉ OBORY JOURNAL FOR GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES Italian City-states and Catholic Missions in Mongolian World of the 13th and 14th Centuries Vladimír Liščák Department of East Asia, Oriental Institute, Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodárenskou věží 4, 182 08 Praha 8 Received 16th of July 2012; accepted 6th of November 2012 ITALSKÉ MĚSTSKÉ STÁTY A KATOLICKÉ MISIE V MONGOLSKÉM SVĚTĚ 13. A 14. STOLETÍ ABSTRAKT Italské městské státy – Benátky, Janov, Pisa, Florencie, Milán, Siena, Lucca – se ve 12. a 13. století rozvíjely s rychlostí neobvyklou pro poklidný středověk. Rozšíření evropského trhu, růst obchodu s Východem, nájezdy do bohatých oblastí Sýrie, Palestiny, Malé Asie a Bal- kánu přispěly ve 14. století k rozkvětu italských měst, která se nacházela na křižovatce hlavních tras ve Středomoří. Obchodníci ze Západu ochotně využívali cesty přes Malou Asii a Írán, přičemž se postupně přesouvali dále ke zdrojům „jemného koření“. V těchto zemích souběžně postupovali jak janovští obchodníci, tak františkánští a dominikánští misionáři. Zejména janovské kolonie, faktorie a hlavní obchodní stanice se staly základnami těchto řádových misií. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Mongolská říše; italské městské státy; pronikání do střední a východní Asie; františkánské a dominikánské misie na Východě ABSTRACT The Italian city-states of the 12th and 13th centuries – Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Florence, Milan, Siena, Lucca – have developed and gained strength with the speed, which was unusual for a leisurely Middle Ages. The expansion of European market, growth of trade with the East, plundering raids on the rich regions of Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor, and the Balkans contributed, in the 14th century, to the flourishing of the Italian cities, located at the crossroads of major routes in the Mediterranean. Western merchants were willing to use ways via Asia Minor and Iran, gradually moving farther and farther to the sources of “fine spices”. In these countries, side by side, were advancing both Genoese merchants and missionaries of Franciscan and Dominican orders. The Genoese colonies, factories and leading trading posts were supporting bases of these order missions. KEY WORDS Th e Mongol Empire; Italian city-states; penetration into Central and East Asia; the Franciscan and Dominican missions in the East INTRODUCTION In the fi rst half of the 13th century, the Venetians, Genoese, Pi- sans, Catalonians, Marseillais substantially strengthened their In the beginning of the 13th century, during the rise of the positions in the Aegean Islands, Cyprus and Cilician Arme- Mongol Empire in the East, Italy saw the ascent of numerous nia1. Especially active were the Venetians, who settled down Maritime Republics (Repubbliche Marinare), the most nota- ble of them being Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi . Th ese ci- ty-states, being involved in the Crusades, took advantage of 1 Cilician Armenia, Th e Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Classi- cal Armenian: Kilikio Hayots Tagavorutyun, 1080/1198–1375), was political and trading opportunities. Venice and Genoa soon an independent principality formed during the High Middle Ages became main gateways of Europe in the trade with the East, by Armenian refugees fl eeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. It was oft en controlling most of the commercial transactions with located outside of the Armenian Highland and centred in the Cilicia the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Mediterranean world, region northwest of the Gulf of Alexandretta, in what is today south- and establishing colonies as far as the Black Sea. ern Turkey. – See Der Nersessian (1962): 630–631. Anthropologia Integra vol. 3 no. 2/2012 27 Italian City-states and Catholic Missions in Mongolian World of the 13th and 14th Centuries in Crete, Euboea, the Cyclades Islands and on the shores of In Genoa and Venice, in the 12th and 13th centuries, new the Sea of ​​Marmara. However, the trade contacts of the Wes- forms of business enterprises, which were well adapted to the terners with Mongolian East at this time were limited to only practice of international trade, were created. They represented a preliminary reconnaissance. a sort of the joint-stock companies, in which, under certain The Fourth Crusade (1201–1204) resulted in the conquest and conditions, both persons financing the business expedition looting of Constantinople. The Venetians, being the main trans- and its immediate participants have their share. Such com- porter of crusaders, gained much booty and territorial gains at panies (known as commenda in Genoa, later as colleganzia in the expense of the Byzantine Empire. They mastered three ei- Venice) often accounted for dozens of participants who could ghths of the territory: a large part of the capital and Adrianopo- sell their shares.4 Both Genoa and Venice had an internal lis (now Edirne), important ports of Durres and Dubrovnik on structure, perfectly suited for conducting the trade transac- the Adriatic coast, Koroni (Corone) and Methoni (Modone) in tions of vast scope. All power in these Italian trading repub- the Peloponnese (the “eyes of Venice”), Gallipoli on the Euro- lics belonged to the merchant patricians who were getting the pean shore of Dardanelles, Heraclea (ancient Heraclea Pontica, lion’s share of income from the overseas trade. present-day Karadeniz Ereğli) in Western Anatolia, and almost In Genoa of the 13th and 14th centuries the government was in all Greek islands, including Crete (Candia) and Euboea (Ne- the hands of the merchant families of the Doria (or D’Oria), groponte). In such a way they won the territorial base for the Fieschi, Spinola, Pallavicini, Lomellino, and Negro. In their dominant position in the Mediterranean trade. hands were organs of municipal government, the Navy, shipy- In the coming decades, Venice has used its military triumph ards, customs. They also have been the consuls in the overseas to set up a trading and colonial empire in the Eastern Medi- colonies, ambassadors at European courts, as well as the co- terranean. The chain of coastal forts stretched from Dalma- mmanders of military fleets and caravans of merchant ships. tia, Greece and Crete to the Black Sea and trade routes now The Genoese patricians delivered the papal court the cardi- directed up to the heart of Asia. The main rival of Venice at nals, archbishops, bishops, masters and priors of religious that time became the other Italian trading city, Genoa. In orders, the offspring of the Genoese noble families occupied 1261, with the help of the Genoese, Byzantine Emperor Mi- prominent positions in the papal chamber, the financial de- chael VIII Palaeologus (r. 1259–1282) surprisingly conquered partment of the successors of Saint Peter.5 Constantinople back, and Venice had to concede part of the The same pattern was in Venice, where the patrician houses colonies and trading privileges to Genoa.2 of the Dandolo, Morosini, Mocenigo, Contarini, Zeno, and Soranzo mandated in the Great (Major) and Minor Councils of the Republic, sent the flotillas to overseas countries, ruled ITALIAN TRADING REPUBLICS over the Venetian colonies and strongpoints and, together with their rivals, the Genoese, supplied Rome with church The Italian city-states of the 12th and 13th centuries – Venice, persons, closely related to the oligarchy of the City of Saint Genoa, Pisa, Florence, Milan, Siena, Lucca – have developed Mark. and gained strength with the speed, which was unusual for a leisurely Middle Ages. The expansion of European market, growth of trade with the East, plundering raids on the rich EXPANSION OF GENOA TO THE EAST regions of Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor, and the Balkans con- tributed to the flourishing of the Italian cities, located at the In the early 1260s, political situation has changed dramatica- crossroads of major routes in the Mediterranean. th In the 13 century, they have become major centres of han- 4 Power (ed.) (2006): 83. How extensive was the wealth of the dicraft production. Florentine cloth, silk fabrics of Lucca, Venetian and Genoese magnates, we can see in the following ex- Genoese velvets, the products of Milanese armourers, Ve- amples: In 1268 the Doge of Venice Renier Zen (оr Raniero Zeno, netian glass – all these products became famous not only in r. 1253–1268) stated in his will that the capital invested by him in Italy but also far beyond. Working mostly on imported raw 132 colleganzias is 22, 935 Venetian lire, adding at the same time that materials, the Florentines, Lombardians, Genoese, and Vene- the total value of its movable property is equal to 38,848 lire. – See tians expanded the scope of their business activity. In France, Luzzatto (1949): 371. At the beginning of the 13th century Venetian England, Aragon, Castile, Portugal, Germany, the influence lira corresponded to 33.65 grams of gold. Thus, in weight units, the of Italian merchants and bankers were constantly growing. In capital of Renier Zen invested in commercial enterprises amounted to 772 kg of gold. By itself, this figure is very impressive, but the true Genoa and Venice, the main source of wealth and power has meaning of it will be much clearer, if we consider that in 13th to 14th 3 been a transit trade between Western Europe and the East. centuries people with average incomes could live on two Venetian lire a year. – See ibid.: 419. 2 See Geanakoplos (1959). 5 A Genoese Sinibaldo Fieschi (1195–1254) ruled Christian Eu- 3 Of course, they were not the only mediators. Their major rival rope, for eleven years, as Pope Innocent IV (r. 1243–1254), for wel- was Pisa, and in addition, many non-Italian cities, including Nar- fare of his native city. His nephew Ottobuono de’ Fieschi (c. 1205– bonne, Marseille, Montpellier, Barcelona, Dubrovnik, were actively 1276) became Pope Adrian V (r. July to August 1276). – See Sayous involved in the transit trade to the East. (1937). 28 Anthropologia Integra vol.
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