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The Eye of the CT Scanner: the Story of Learning to See the Invisible Or
Published online: 2021-03-18 Review The Eye of the CT Scanner: The story of learning to see the invisible or from the fluorescent screen to the photon-counting detector Das Auge des Computertomografen: Die Geschichte vom Sehenlernen des Unsichtbaren oder vom Fluoreszenzschirm zum photonenzählenden Detektor Author Heinz-Peter Schlemmer Affiliation inventiveness, engineering and entrepreneurial spirit created Abt. Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, the impressive possibilities of today’s imaging diagnostics. Heidelberg, Germany This contribution accompanies the Roentgen Lecture the author gave on November 13, 2020 in Roentgen’s birth house Key words as part of its inauguration and the closing ceremony of CT, digital radiography, radiations, radiography the 101st Congress of the German Roentgen Society in received 09.10.2020 Remscheid-Lennep. accepted 17.01.2021 Key Points: published online 18.03.2021 ▪ The development of computed tomography was a mile- Bibliography stone in the methodological advancement of imaging Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 1034–1048 with X-rays. ▪ DOI 10.1055/a-1308-2693 In the detector pixel invisible X-rays are converted into ISSN 1438-9029 digital electrical impulses, which the computer uses to © 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved. create images. ▪ Georg Thieme Verlag KG, Rüdigerstraße 14, Photon-counting detectors could have significant 70469 Stuttgart, Germany diagnostic advantages for clinical applications. Citation Format Correspondence ▪ Schlemmer H, The Eye of the CT Scanner: The story of Prof. Dr. med. Dipl.-Phys. Heinz-Peter Schlemmer learning to see the invisible or from the fluorescent screen to Abt. Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, the photon-counting detector. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany 193: 1034–1048 Tel.: +49/62 21/42 25 64 Fax: +49/62 21/42 25 67 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG [email protected] Röntgens Fotografien mit der „neuen Art von Strahlen“ lösten ABSTRACT einen weltweiten Begeisterungssturm in allen gesellschaftli- chen Kreisen aus. -
M.Sc.Medical Physics Ac18.Pdf
Mangalore University Syllabus for the newly proposed course on M. Sc. in Medical Physics [Prepared as per new Regulations governing the Choice Based Credit System for the Two Years (Four Semester)] University Science Instrumentation Centre Mangalore University Mangalagangotri-574 199 20015-16 Internship: a. Internship is an option and not a part of the course work. b. Mangalore University will assist the students those who complete their M. Sc. in Medical Physics course in doing their internship in well-equipped radiation therapy departments or oncology centres/hospitals. c. The candidate would be eligible to work as Medical Physicist and becomes eligible to appear for Radiological Safety Officer (RSO) qualifying examination conducted by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) in coordination with Radiological Physics & Advisory Division (RP&AD), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) only on completion of one year internship. d. The institute/hospital/Centre where student(s) undergo 12 months internship and the supervising personnel will be certifying the completion of internship. Course Pattern Highlights: i. The M. Sc. in Medical Physics programme shall comprise “Core” and “Elective” courses. The “Core” courses shall further consists of “Hard” and “Soft” core courses. Hard core courses shall have 4 credits and soft core courses shall also have 4 credits. Further, there shall be two Open Electives carrying 3 credits each. Total credit for the programme shall be 91 including open electives. ii. Core courses are related to the discipline of the M.Sc. in Medical Physics programme. Hard core papers are compulsorily studied by a student as a core requirement to complete the programme of M.Sc. -
12.2% 116,000 120M Top 1% 154 3,900
We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,900 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 154 TOP 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com Chapter Introductory Chapter: Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Valentina Kubale, Emma Cousins, Clara Bailey, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland 1. History of veterinary anatomy and physiology The anatomy of animals has long fascinated people, with mural paintings depicting the superficial anatomy of animals dating back to the Palaeolithic era [1]. However, evidence suggests that the earliest appearance of scientific anatomical study may have been in ancient Babylonia, although the tablets upon which this was recorded have perished and the remains indicate that Babylonian knowledge was in fact relatively limited [2]. As such, with early exploration of anatomy documented in the writing of various papyri, ancient Egyptian civilisation is believed to be the origin of the anatomist [3]. With content dating back to 3000 BCE, the Edwin Smith papyrus demonstrates a recognition of cerebrospinal fluid, meninges and surface anatomy of the brain, whilst the Ebers papyrus describes systemic function of the body including the heart and vas- culature, gynaecology and tumours [4]. The Ebers papyrus dates back to around 1500 bCe; however, it is also thought to be based upon earlier texts. -
Godfrey Hounsfield ”Each New Discovery Brings with It the Seeds of Other, Future Inventions”
HISTORY |ESSR Publications Godfrey Hounsfield ”Each new discovery brings with it the seeds of other, future inventions” By Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska (radiologist) and Marta Panas-Goworska (culture expert) 28 August was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield. Godfrey Hounsfield was born on 28 August 1919 in Newark, England. His parents were farmers, and it was at their family farm where the talents of this Nobel Prize laureate showed for the first time. On his own, he mended various machines and even constructed a glider, which he did not forget to mention in his speech at the Nobel Prize gala in 1979: I made hazardous investigations of the principles of flight, launching myself from the tops of haystacks with a home-made glider; I almost blew myself up during exciting experiments using water-filled tar barrels and acetylene to see how high they could be propelled. It would seem that these skills would surely make him an outstanding student and later scientist. This, however, never happened. He was only average at school, and before World War II he enrolled voluntarily on the Royal Air Force (RAF), where he fathomed the arcana of electronics. After the war, owing to the support of his superiors from the army, he was accepted at the Faraday House Electrical Engineering College. This was not, however, a higher school of engineering as we understand it today, but rather a specialist school bridging vocational education with polytechnics that would appear later in the 1960s. This means that genius Godfrey Hounsfield was never formally an engineer and, although he worked in the area of broadly understood information technology, he would speak of his educational shortcomings with these words: You’ve got to use the absolute minimum of mathematics but have a tremendous lot of intuition. -
The Use of Non-Human Primates in Research in Primates Non-Human of Use The
The use of non-human primates in research The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatherall FRS FMedSci Report sponsored by: Academy of Medical Sciences Medical Research Council The Royal Society Wellcome Trust 10 Carlton House Terrace 20 Park Crescent 6-9 Carlton House Terrace 215 Euston Road London, SW1Y 5AH London, W1B 1AL London, SW1Y 5AG London, NW1 2BE December 2006 December Tel: +44(0)20 7969 5288 Tel: +44(0)20 7636 5422 Tel: +44(0)20 7451 2590 Tel: +44(0)20 7611 8888 Fax: +44(0)20 7969 5298 Fax: +44(0)20 7436 6179 Fax: +44(0)20 7451 2692 Fax: +44(0)20 7611 8545 Email: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.acmedsci.ac.uk Web: www.mrc.ac.uk Web: www.royalsoc.ac.uk Web: www.wellcome.ac.uk December 2006 The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatheall FRS FMedSci December 2006 Sponsors’ statement The use of non-human primates continues to be one the most contentious areas of biological and medical research. The publication of this independent report into the scientific basis for the past, current and future role of non-human primates in research is both a necessary and timely contribution to the debate. We emphasise that members of the working group have worked independently of the four sponsoring organisations. Our organisations did not provide input into the report’s content, conclusions or recommendations. -
Alternative Formats If You Require This Document in an Alternative Format, Please Contact: [email protected]
University of Bath PHD The Application of X-RAY Computerised Tomography for the Advancement of Non- Invasive Imaging in Entomology Greco, Mark Award date: 2013 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 THE APPLICATION OF X-RAY COMPUTERISED TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF NON-INVASIVE IMAGING IN ENTOMOLOGY Mark Kerry Greco A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering February 2013 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with the author. A copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that they must not copy it or use material from it except as permitted by law or with the consent of the author. -
Issue 4 (December, 2019)
Geological Society of Africa Newsletter Volume 9 - Issue 4 (December, 2019) Since the Nobel prize was established, 27 African and African-born persons and African organizations got it. YES Africa can do it !!! Stories inside the issue Africa and Nobel prize CAG28 is approaching Toward a better communication Edited by Tamer Abu-Alam Editor of the GSAf Newsletter In the issue GSAF MATTERS 1 KNOW AFRICA (COVER STORY) 10 GEOLOGY COMIC 11 GEOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS 11 AFRICAN GEOPARK AND GEOHERITAGE 13 AFRICA'S NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS: A LIST 14 NEWS 23 LITERATURE 30 OPPORTUNITIES 38 CONTACT THE COUNCIL 42 Geological Society of Africa – Newsletter Volume 9 – Issue 4 December 2019 © Geological Society of Africa http://gsafr.org Temporary contact: [email protected] GSAf MATTERS Toward a better and a faster communication among the African community of Geosciences By Tamer Abu-Alam (GSAf newsletter editor and information officer) Information and news should be communicated in a faster way than a newsletter. For example, a deadline to apply for a scholarship can be easily missed if it is not posted to the community at a proper time. As a result, and for better and faster communication among the geological society of Africa, the GSAf will use a Gmail group ([email protected]) to facilitate the communication between society members. Some advice and rules: Since any member can post and all the members will receive your message, please do not overload the society by un-related news. Post only important news that wants immediate action from members. Improper messages can lead its owner to be blocked from posting. -
Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment O
Notre Dame Law School NDLScholarship Journal Articles Publications 2007 Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment O. Carter Snead Notre Dame Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, and the Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons Recommended Citation O. C. Snead, Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment, 82 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1265 (2007). Available at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/542 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Publications at NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLES NEUROIMAGING AND THE "COMPLEXITY" OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 0. CARTER SNEAD* The growing use of brain imaging technology to explore the causes of morally, socially, and legally relevant behavior is the subject of much discussion and contro- versy in both scholarly and popular circles. From the efforts of cognitive neuros- cientists in the courtroom and the public square, the contours of a project to transform capital sentencing both in principle and in practice have emerged. In the short term, these scientists seek to play a role in the process of capitalsentencing by serving as mitigation experts for defendants, invoking neuroimaging research on the roots of criminal violence to support their arguments. Over the long term, these same experts (and their like-minded colleagues) hope to appeal to the recent find- ings of their discipline to embarrass, discredit, and ultimately overthrow retributive justice as a principle of punishment. -
The Impact of NMR and MRI
WELLCOME WITNESSES TO TWENTIETH CENTURY MEDICINE _____________________________________________________________________________ MAKING THE HUMAN BODY TRANSPARENT: THE IMPACT OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING _________________________________________________ RESEARCH IN GENERAL PRACTICE __________________________________ DRUGS IN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE ______________________ THE MRC COMMON COLD UNIT ____________________________________ WITNESS SEMINAR TRANSCRIPTS EDITED BY: E M TANSEY D A CHRISTIE L A REYNOLDS Volume Two – September 1998 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 1998 First published by the Wellcome Trust, 1998 Occasional Publication no. 6, 1998 The Wellcome Trust is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 186983 539 1 All volumes are freely available online at www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/ Please cite as : Tansey E M, Christie D A, Reynolds L A. (eds) (1998) Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 2. London: Wellcome Trust. Key Front cover photographs, L to R from the top: Professor Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, speaking (NMR) Professor Robert Steiner, Professor Sir Martin Wood, Professor Sir Rex Richards (NMR) Dr Alan Broadhurst, Dr David Healy (Psy) Dr James Lovelock, Mrs Betty Porterfield (CCU) Professor Alec Jenner (Psy) Professor David Hannay (GPs) Dr Donna Chaproniere (CCU) Professor Merton Sandler (Psy) Professor George Radda (NMR) Mr Keith (Tom) Thompson (CCU) Back cover photographs, L to R, from the top: Professor Hannah Steinberg, Professor -
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (An Autonomous Institute under Dept. of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India) PO-Jatni, Dist- Khurda, Pin-752050, website: www.niser.ac.in Adv. No. FA-Rct./NA/02-2021 Advertisement for Scientific Officer Applications are invited from eligible Indian citizens for recruitment in the position of ‘Scientific Officer ‘D’ & Scientific Officer ‘C’ in the Centre for Medical and Radiation Physics, NISER. Sl # Positions with Pay Required Qualification & experience Category Age Vacancies Essential: Scientific Officer ‘D’ Ph.D (Physics/Medical Physics) with M.Sc in (Medical Physics) Medical Physics/ Post-MSc (Physics) Diploma in 40 1. UR 01 (One) Level-11, Index-1 Radiological Physics Years Pay `67,700/- Essential: Scientific Officer ‘D’ Ph.D. in Experimental Nuclear or Particle Physics 03 (Physics) with one year post-Ph.D. experience. 40 2 UR (Three) Level-11, Index-1 years Pay `67,700/- Essential: Scientific Officer ‘C’ B.E./B.Tech. in Electronics or Communication (Electronics) Engineering or Instrumentation with 4 years of 36 3 UR 01 (One) Level-10, Index-1 experience in reputed organisation years Pay `56,100/- Desirable: ME/M.Tech Essential: Scientific Officer ‘C’ M.Sc in Radiation Biology or MSc in Medical (Medical Physics) Physics or MSc in Life sciences with biological 36 4. Level-10, Index-1 effects of radiation as part of the course or MSc in UR 01 (One) Years Pay `56,100/- nuclear medicine or Post-MSc (Physics) Diploma in Radiological Physics with 04 years post-MSc experience. Applicants fulfilling the above eligibility criteria mentioned in brief should apply ONLINE (www.niser.ac.in) only. -
Gary M. Glazer, M.D. 2005 LUCAS ANNUAL REPORT on May 21
Gary M. Glazer, M.D. Emma Pfeiffer Merner Professor in the Medical Sciences Professor and Chairman Department of Radiology 2005 Lucas annuaL RepoRt septembeR 20, 2005 On May 21, 2005 the Stanford University Department of Radiology celebrated one hundred years of making ra- diology history. The centennial celebration began with historical and scientific exhibits presented by the faculty. A symposium was held to explore the potential of biomedical imaging and targeted therapies to lead the way in making personalized medicine a reality. Looking back over the past century, we feel immense pride in the stunning achievements of our Department. These legacies include harnessing the power of the linear accelerator to treat cancer, developing a cure for Hodgkin’s disease, and advancing non-invasive imaging using x-ray and magnetic resonance methods to better understand the structure and function of living systems. Our second century began on a high note with the opening of the expansion of the Lucas Center for Imaging. Together with the original Lucas Center, completed in 1992, both buildings constitute one of the world’s largest centers for imaging located on a University campus. The expansion involved the addition of two underground stories: the approximately 20,000 square feet of new space more than doubled the size of the Lucas Center. The expansion houses faculty and equipment associated with the Radiological Sciences Laboratory and Radiology’s Molecular Imaging Program. Major new installations include a 7T whole body magnet, a cyclotron and associ- ated radiochemistry facilities, wet labs for biology and chemistry and a unique education center with the latest technology for fully interactive learning. -
THE MANY STEPS and EVOLUTION in the DEVELOPMENT of COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TECHNOLOGY and IMAGING METHODS, the QUEST for ENHANCED VISIBILITY the First Fifty Years
MEDICAL PHYSICS INTERNATIONAL Journal, Special Issue, History of Medical Physics 4, 2020 THE MANY STEPS AND EVOLUTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TECHNOLOGY AND IMAGING METHODS, THE QUEST FOR ENHANCED VISIBILITY The First Fifty Years Perry Sprawls Emory University and Sprawls Educational Foundation, www.sprawls.org. USA • Abstract— Computed Tomography (CT) is considered the second most significant contribution of physics and technology to medicine following Roentgen’s discovery and introduction of x-ray imaging, radiography. CT is an x-ray imaging process but greatly extends the scope of structures, functions, and conditions within a human body that can be visualized for medical diagnosis. Compared to radiography CT provides two major advantages, It is a tomographic method that provides close viewing (within millimeters) of objects and locations within a human body without interference from overlying body sections. The second value is its high contrast sensitivity, the ability to produce visible contrast among different soft tissues, even when enclosed within a dense bony skull. The production of CT images is a sequence of two distinct phases. The first is scanning an x-ray beam around a patient body and measuring the total attenuation along different pathways through the slice of tissue that is to be imaged. This produces a data set consisting of large number (1000s) of measurements. The second phase is a mathematical process of calculating, generally referred to as “reconstructing” a digital image from the acquired data set. Allan Cormack, a physicist, first developed a mathematical process for calculating the distribution of x-ray attenuation values throughout a simulated body section.