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Acari: Eriophyidae), an Agent Proposed for Biological Control of Russian Thistle (Salsola Tragus

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Acari: Eriophyidae), an Agent Proposed for Biological Control of Russian Thistle (Salsola Tragus Biological Control 34 (2005) 83–92 www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Host plant speciWcity and potential impact of Aceria salsolae (Acari: Eriophyidae), an agent proposed for biological control of Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) Lincoln Smith ¤ USDA-ARS-WRRC, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA Received 14 January 2005; accepted 2 March 2005 Available online 7 April 2005 Abstract Russian thistle (common tumbleweed), Salsola tragus (Chenopodiaceae), is an alien weed that is widespread in the western United States. A population of the eriophyid mite, Aceria salsolae (Acari: Eriophyidae), was collected in Greece and evaluated for host plant speciWcity as a prospective biological control agent. The mite usually does not form galls, but is a vagrant that usually inhabits the crevices of leaf and Xower buds. Feeding damage causes meristematic tissue to die, which stunts the plant. The mite was able to mul- tiply only on species in the Salsola section Kali subsection Kali, which includes the alien weeds Salsola collina, Salsola kali, and Sal- sola paulsenii. It did not damage or multiply on Salsola soda, which is in a diVerent section, nor on Halogeton glomeratus, which is in the same tribe. The mite reduced the size of Russian thistle plants by 66% at 25 weeks post-infestation under artiWcial conditions. The results indicate that the mite poses negligible risk to nontarget native North American plants or economic plants, and it may sub- stantially reduce the size of Russian thistle plants and their population density. Published by Elsevier Inc. Keywords: Tumbleweed; Mite; Biological control of weeds; Host range; Classical biological control 1. Introduction Zealand and the United States (Crompton and Bassett, 1985; Holm et al., 1977; Young, 1991). In North Amer- 1.1. Weed distribution and impact ica, it was Wrst introduced accidentally in the early 1870s in South Dakota (Crompton and Bassett, 1985). Since Russian thistle, Salsola tragus L. (sensu lato) (Cheno- then, it has spread over most of the central and western podiaceae), is a weedy annual tumbleweed that infests United States and southern Canada. It grows primarily about 41 million hectares in the western United States in fallow or disturbed soil, along roadsides and irrigation (Prather, 1995; Young, 1991). It is native to the moun- canals, and in waste areas in arid and semiarid zones. tainous regions of southwest Asia, but is now distributed Russian thistle is listed as a noxious weed in Wve across Eurasia between 25° and 60°N latitude (Bots- states and six Canadian provinces (Skinner et al., 2000). chantzev, 1969; Rilke, 1999). The plant is also estab- Russian thistle causes problems and millions of dollars lished as an alien weed in Argentina, Chile, Canada, of losses in a variety of ways. (1) Tumbling plants dis- Mexico, South Africa, Indonesia, Japan, Australia, New rupt automobile traYc, clog irrigation canals and pile up against fences and houses (Goeden and Ricker, 1968). The California Department of Transportation V * Fax: +1 510 559 5737. applies control e orts against Russian thistle along the E-mail address: [email protected]. major highways costing approximately $1.2 million 1049-9644/$ - see front matter. Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.03.003 84 L. Smith / Biological Control 34 (2005) 83–92 dollars annually (R. Johnson, CalTrans Landscape 1.3. Plant taxonomy Supervisor, personal communication). (2) It is a major weed in fallow dryland farming, especially in spring IdentiWcation of Russian thistle is diYcult because of wheat and reduced tillage management (Schillinger and high morphological variability and similarity to closely Young, 2000; Young et al., 1995). (3) It harbors and related species in the genus and the occurrence of increases populations of important insect pests of many hybrids and polyploids. The nomenclature of this species fruits and vegetables, including the beet leafhopper has changed over time, and 55 synonyms of S. tragus (Circulifer tenellus (Baker)), Say’s stinkbug (Pitedia sayi were listed in Rilke’s (1999) recent revision of the section (Stal)), and lygus bug (Lygus hesperus Knight) (Goeden, Salsola sensu lato of the genus Salsola. Common misno- 1968). The beet leafhopper transmits curly top virus, an mers or synonyms in recent scientiWc literature include, extremely serious gemini virus infecting several hundred Salsola australis R. Brown, Salsola iberica Sennen and varieties of ornamental and commercial crops, includ- Pau, Salsola kali L., S. kali L. ssp. tragus (L.), Salsola pes- ing sugarbeets, tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, peppers, tifer Nelson, and Salsola ruthenica Iljin. Mosyakin squash, spinach, and beans (Bennett, 1971; Douglas and (1996) reviewed the taxonomy and provided a key for Cook, 1953; Douglas et al., 1955). California Depart- members of the genus extant in North America. How- ment of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) applies insecti- ever, despite the taxonomic work of Rilke and Mosya- cides to Russian thistle in an abatement program to kin, scientists often still use incorrect names (e.g., control these insects, costing approximately $1.2 million Harbour et al., 2003; Hasan et al., 2001; Khan et al., per year (M. Pitcairn, CDFA, personal communica- 2002; Schillinger and Young, 2004). tion). (4) Dry plants of Russian thistle are highly Recent isozyme and DNA evidence indicates that the Xammable, and tumbling plants can rapidly spread species S. tragus has two genetic forms, called types A wildWres. (5) The pollen is a human allergen and is and B, both of which occur in California (Ryan and widely dispersed by wind (Al-Dowaisan et al., 2004; Ayres, 2000). Type A specimens from California are sim- Bassett et al., 1978; Gadermaier et al., 2004). (6) During ilar to S. tragus specimens found in Eurasia; however, no drought periods, Russian thistle can invade some habi- type B specimens have yet been found in Eurasia (F. tats and displace native species (Allen, 1982; Brandt and Hrusa, CDFA, personal communication). Type A and B Rickard, 1994). diVer in their susceptibility to a host-speciWc fungal path- ogen (Colletotrichum gloeosporoides) and a gall-forming 1.2. Weed management options midge (Desertovellum stackelbergi Mamaev) (Bruckart et al., 2004; Sobhian et al., 2003). Other forms of Russian Herbicides are used to control Russian thistle on thistle that occur in the US are currently designated cropland, roadsides and rights of way, but they are not “type C” and are suspected to be hybrids of type A, type economical to apply on open rangeland (Cudney et al., B and/or forms of Salsola paulsenii Litv. (Arnold, 1972; 2004; Young et al., 1995). Herbicides can cause environ- Beatley, 1973; F. Hrusa, CDFA, personal communica- mental contamination and aVect nontarget species. tion). S. paulsenii has at least two genetic/morphological Russian thistle has developed resistance to at least one forms: “lax” and “spinose” (Arnold, 1972; Rilke, 1999; class of herbicides, the sulfonylureas, which makes it Ryan et al., 2000). more diYcult to control (Peterson, 1999; Saari et al., The genus Salsola consists of approximately 116 spe- 1992; Stallings et al., 1994; Young et al., 1995). About cies worldwide (Kühn, 1993). Seven species of Salsola, all 70% of the sites infested with Russian thistle in eastern alien, are established in North America (Table 1; Mosya- Washington now contain plants that are resistant to kin, 1996; USDA NRCS, 2001). Many of these species sulfonylurea herbicides, and resistance has been are listed as noxious at the state or federal level: Salsola reported in California, Oregon, Montana, and Idaho. collina Pallas in CA and CO; S. kali in CA, CO, HI, MN, In dryland agricultural areas, tilling fallow Welds to OH, and Wve Canadian provinces; S. paulsenii in CA; control Russian thistle produces dust and contributes and Salsola vermiculata s.l. ( D Salsola damascena s.str.) to air pollution (Schillinger and Young, 2004). In Cali- in CA, FL, NC, and in the Federal Noxious Weed List. fornia’s Great Central Valley, poor air quality has Note that the political agencies responsible for listing become a major problem and public opposition to such these species may have used the wrong scientiWc name tillage is increasing. The insect species that feed on Rus- for the weed they desire to control (e.g., “S. kali” for sian thistle in the US do not signiWcantly reduce its inland states and provinces probably represents S. tra- abundance (Goeden and Ricker, 1968). Russian thistle gus, S. collina and/or S. paulsenii). Because of this histor- generally appears to not compete well with established ical confusion, in this paper the phrase “S. tragus (sensu vegetation; so, establishing competing vegetation may lato)” will be used to include the weedy species S. tragus be an eVective strategy, where appropriate. Fire has (types A and B), S. collina, S. kali, S. paulsenii and any of generally not been used as a management tool for this their hybrids, all of which are in the Salsola section Kali weed. subsection Kali (Rilke, 1999). L. Smith / Biological Control 34 (2005) 83–92 85 Table 1 no-choice experiments showed that the mite could multi- Species (all alien) of the genus Salsola established in North America ply on Turkish “S. kali” (possibly S. kali subsp. pontica (Mosyakin, 1996) or S. tragus based on the geographic origin: near Afyon b ScientiWc name Common Distribution Turkey) and Californian S. tragus, but not on spinach, a name table beet, Swiss chard, sugarbeet, common purslane Salsola collina Slender Waste places, roadsides, (Portulaca oleracea L.), or common goosefoot (Chenopo- W Pallas Russian cultivated elds: 2 Can; MI dium sp.) (Sobhian et al., 1999). Little is known about its thistle to OK to AZ to ND Salsola kali L. Russian Seashores: e Canada to SC life history. Only the protogyne stage has been described ssp. kali thistle (de Lillo and Sobhian, 1996), although the mite probably Salsola kali L.
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