Farid K. Muzaki, S.Si., M.Si

Jurusan BIOLOGI FMIPA – ITS Surabaya

THE

Taxonomy of Animalia – SB091321 Characters (1)

DilbltiDiploblastic MtMetazoa with ec tdtoderm an d en tdtoderm separat tded by a (primarily) ectodermally derived acellular mesoglea or partly cellular mesenchyme

Possess primary radial symmetry, often modified as biradial, quadriradial, or other form; the primary body axis is oral–aboral

Possess unique sting ing or adhes ive structures calle d cnidae; each cnida resides in and is produced by one cell, a cnidocyte. The most common cnidae are called nematocysts

Musculature formed largely of myoepithelial cells (= epitheliomuscular cells), derived from ectoderm and entoderm (ad ult epidermi s and gast rod ermi s) Cnidarian bauplan Cnidarian bauplan

Derivative symmetry on Cnidaria:

A. Quadridarial

B. Radial

C. Biradial

D. Biadial Cnidarian bauplan

A hydrozoan polyp column wall (cross section) illustrates the basic cnidarian cell and tissue types Characters (2)

Exhibit alternati on of asexual pol ypoid and sexual med usoid generations; but there are many variations on this basic theme

The entodermallyyg derived gastrovascular cavity y() (coelenteron) is the only “body cavity.” The coelenteron is saclike, partitioned, or branched, but has only a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anus

Without a head, centralized nervous system, or discrete gas exchange, excretory, or circulatory structures

Nervous system is a simple nerve net(s), composed of naked and largely nonpolar neurons

Typically have planula larvae (ciliated, motile, gastrula larvae) Class 1:

Alternation of generations occurs in most genera (typically asexual benthic polyps alternate with sexual planktonic medusae), although one or the other ggyppgeneration may be suppressed or lacking

polyps usually colonial, with interconnected coelenterons

Exoskeleton usually of chitin or occasionally calcium carbonate (hydrocorals)

coelenteron of polyps and medusae lacks a pharynx and mesenteries

mesoglea acellular; tentacles solid or hollow; cnidae occur only in epidermis Hyypdrozoan bauplan

Hydra, a solitary Hydrozoan Hyyydra: life cycle

Life cycle of Hydra:

Sperm produced by the male polyp (a) fertilizes the eggs of the female polyp (b). During cleavage, the eggs secrete a chitinous theca about themselves. After hatching, the embryos (c) grow into polyps that reproduce asexually by budding (d), until environmental conditions again trigger sexual reproducti on Colonial Hydrozoa

A. A thecate hydroid colony. The blastostyles produce either sporosacs or medusae

B. A typical leptomedusa Life cycle of Obelia, a colonial Hydrozoa Hydrozoa: & Classification

O. Hydroida S.O Anthomedusae, ex: Hydra, Hydractinia S.O Leptomedusae, ex: Obelia, Sertularia O. Trachylina, ex: Rhopalonema, Polypodium O. Sip honop hora, ex: AliApolemia, Physali a O. Chondrophora, ex: Porpita, Velella O. Actinulida, ex: Halammohydra, Otohydra

Physalia physalis (Portuguese man of war) Class 2: SCYPHOZOA

Medusoid stage predominates; polypoid individuals (scyphistomae) are small and inconspicuous but often long-lived

polyps produce medusae by asexual budding (strobilation)

coelenteron divided by four longitudinal (oral–aboral) mesenterie

medusae acrasped ot e (withou t a ve lum ), typ ica lly with a thic k mesogleal (or collenchymal) layer, distinct pigmentation, filiform or capitate tentacles, and marginal notches producing lappets

mouth may or may not be on a manubrium; usually without a ring canal SCYPHOZOAN bauplan Life cycle of Aurelia. TheThe fertilizedfertilized egg (b) is released to develop into a planula larva (c), which settles to ggpyp,row into a polyp, the scyphistoma (d). The scyphistoma either buds off new polyps (()e) or produces ephyrae by strobilation (f); ephyra (g) grows into an adult medusae Some of Scyphozoa

A. Chrysaora

B. Rhopilema

C. Aurelia

D. Mastigias Scyphozoa: Taxonomy & Classification

Stauromedusae, ex: Halyclistis

Coronatae, ex: Atolla

Semaeostomeae, ex: Cyanea

Rhizostomeae, ex: Cassiopea Class 3: Cubozoa

polyps each produce a siilngle medusa by complltete metamorphosis (strobilation does not occur)

medusa bell nearlyyq square in cross section

hollow interradial tentacle(s) hang from bladelike pedalia, one at each corner of umbrella

unfrilled bell margin drawn inward to form a velum-like structure (the velarium) into which diverticula of the gut extend Comparison between a cubomedusae (A) and scyphomedusae (B) Some of Cubozoa

Chiropsalmus

Carybdea Fact sheet

Chironex fleckerii has been described as "the most lethal jellyfish in the world", with at least 63 known deaths in Austra lia from 1884 to 1996 Class 4:

solitary or colonial; without a medusoid stage

Coelenteron divided by longitudinal (oral–aboral) mesenteries, the free edges of which form thick, cordlike mesenterial filaments

tentacles usually number 8 or occur in multiples of 6 and contain extensions of the coelenteron

polyps may reproduce both sexually and asexually Anthozoan bauplan

Anatomy of a soft polyp Anthozoan bauplan

Anatomy of a hard coral polyp Anthozoan life cycle

A typical anthozoan sexual life cycle: the adult ppypolyp releases gametes which fuse externally, or fertilized eggs are released, and zygotes develop into a planula larvae; the larvae settle and transform directly into young polyps Anthozoa: Taxonomy & Classification

Subclass Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) Order Alcyonacea; Alcyonium, Anthomastus Order Gastraxonacea; Pseudogorgia OdOrder Gorgonacea; Cora llium, Eugorg ia, Eun ice lla Order Helioporacea; Heliopora, Epiphaxum Order Pennatulacea; Anthoptilum, Balticina Order Protoalcyonacea; Haimea, Hartea Order Stolonifera; Tubipora, Clavularia OdOrder TTlelestacea; Coe logorg ia, Para tlttelesto

Subclass Hexacorallia (Zoantharia)

Subclass Ceriantipatharia Anthozoa: Taxonomy & Classification

Subclass Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) Order Actiniaria; Actinia, Stichodactyla, Aiptasia Order ; Acropora, Porites, Oculina Order Zoanthidea; Palythoa, Epizoanthus, Zoanthus OdOrder Coralli morp har ia; Amplexidiscus, Rhodactis

Subclass Ceriantipatharia Order Antipatharia; Antipathes Order Ceriantharia; Cerianthus, Arachnanthus Terms in identifyyging hard coral (1)

Corallum Æ entire skeleton of a scleractinian coral,,g regardless of whether the is solitary or colonial

Corallite Æ the skeleton of a single polyp

Calyx Æ concave depression that houses the polyp (pl: calices)

Theca Æ outer wall of the corallite

Septum Æ skeletal plates that radiate into the calyx from the wall (sometimes called scleroseptum); which project inward and support the mesenteries of the ppyp(polyp (pl: sep p)ta)

Coenosteum Æ skeletal material between walls of adjacent corallites

Costa Æ extensions of the septa outside the wall of the corallite (pl: costae) Terms in identifyyging hard coral (2)

Columella Æ central structure of the calyx formed by fusion of the lower elements of the septa

Tuberculae Æ larger-than-polyp bumps occurring in the coenosteum

Verrucae Æ larger-than-polyp bumps composed of several corallites

Papillae Æ smaller-than-polyp, nipple-like bumps on the surface of the skeleton Skeleton of hard coral (Scleractinia)

A general anatomy of skeleton of hard coral

The arrangement of corallite (1)

Solitary

Cerioid

Phacelloid

Hydnophorid

Ploco id

Dendroid

Meandroid

Flabello-meandroid The arrangement of corallite (2)

Phaceloid Æ koralit memanjang membentuk tabung dan juga mempunyai koralit dengan dinding masing-masing Ex. Galaxea fascicularis

Solitary Ex. Fungia horrida The arrangement of corallite (3)

CerioidÆ apabila dinding koralit saling menyatu dan membentuk permukaan yang datar Ex. Leptastrea purpurea

Plocoid Æ tiap koralit memiliki dindingnya masing-masing yang terhubung oleh coenosteum Ex. The arrangement of corallite (4)

DendroidÆ koloni hampir menyerupai pohon yang dijumpai cabang-cabang dan di ujung cabang biasanya dijumpai calix utama Ex. Tubastrea micrantha

MeandroidÆ koloni mempunyai koralit yang membentuk lembah dan koralit disatukan oleh dinding-dinding yang saling menyatu dan membentuk alur-alur seperti sungai Ex. Pavona varians The arrangement of corallite (5)

HydnophoridÆ koralit terbentuk seperti bukit tersebar pada seluruh permukaan sehingga sangat mudah untuk dikenal Ex. Hyypdnophora ri gida

Flabello-MeandroidÆ seperti meandroid, membentuk lembah-lembah memanjang, namun koralit tidak memiliki dinding bersama Ex. Symphillia

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