Ancient Portraits in the J. Paul Getty Museum Vol. 1, OPA 1

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Ancient Portraits in the J. Paul Getty Museum Vol. 1, OPA 1 Occasional Papers on Antiquities, 4 Ancient Portraits in the J. Paul Getty Museum Volume 1 MALIBU, CALIFORNIA 1987 Jiří Frel, former Curator of Antiquities; Arthur Houghton, Acting Curator of Antiquities; and Marion True, Curator of Antiquities, Editors Sandra Knudsen Morgan, Managing Editor Benedicte Gilman, Manuscript Editor Karen Schmidt, Production Coordinator Elizabeth Burke, Photograph Coordinator Patrick Dooley, Designer Patricia Inglis, Assistant Designer Kathe Flynn, Production Artist Donald Hull, Penelope Potter, Photographers, The J. Paul Getty Museum Typography by Andresen's Tucson Typographic Service, Tucson Printed by Alan Lithograph Inc. Photographs reproduced in this book have been provided by the institution that owns the object unless otherwise specified. © 1987 The J. Paul Getty Museum 17985 Pacific Coast Highway Malibu, California 90265-5799 (213) 459-7611 Information about other Getty Museum publica­ tions may be obtained by writing to the Bookstore, The J. Paul Getty Museum, P.O. Box 2112, Santa Monica, California 90406. Cover: Portrait of Caligula. White marble. Malibu, The J. Paul Getty Museum 72.AA.155 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Ancient portraits in the J. Paul Getty Museum. (Occasional papers on antiquities ; 4- ) English and German. Includes bibliographies. 1. Portrait sculpture, Greek—Catalogs. 2. Por­ trait sculpture, Roman—Catalogs. 3. Portrait sculp­ ture, Ancient—Greece—Catalogs. 4. Portrait sculpture, Ancient—Rome—Catalogs. 5. Portrait sculpture—California—Malibu—Catalogs. 6. J. Paul Getty Museum—Catalogs. I. Frel, Jiří. II. Houghton, Arthur Amory. III. True, Marion. IV. J. Paul Getty Museum. V. Series: Occasional papers on antiquities ; no. 4, etc. NB1296.3.A53 1987 733'074'019493 87-5647 ISBN 0-89236-071-2 (v. 1) Contents Non traditus vultus: Bildnis eines griechischen Philosophen im Getty Museum 5 Joachim Raeder The Portraits in Marble of Gaius Julius Caesar: A Review 17 Flemming S. Johansen The Portrait of Brutus the Tyrannicide 41 Sheldon Nodelman The Sculpted Portraits of Caligula 87 Flemming S. Johansen Ein antoninischer Frauenkopf aus Palmyra in Malibu 107 Klaus Parlasca Child-Emperors and Heirs to Power in Third- Century Portraiture 115 Susan Wood Two Female Portraits from the Early Gallienic Period 137 Siri Sande This page intentionally left blank Non traditus vultus Bildnis eines griechischen Philosophen im Getty Museum Joachim Raeder Die Satire des Juvenal (Sat. 2,4f.) hat bis heute nicht bildnissen. Trotz der individuell scheinenden physio- ihre Scharfe verloren. Entlarvt sie doch die Bildnisga- gnomischen Merkmale sind diese Bildnisse nicht als rea- lerien und Sammlungen von Originalmanuskripten listisch im Sinn der personlichen Ahnlichkeit zu be- griechischer GeistesgroBen in den Villen romischer No- zeichnen. Vielmehr handelt es sich um Charakterbilder biles als sinnentleerte Reprasentationsobjekte, die zu der oder Spiegelbilder der philosophischen Lehren und lite- tatsachlichen Kulturbeflissenheit der Besitzer im krassen rarischen Werke der dargestellten Personlichkeit—um die Widerspruch stehen. Seit dem spaten Hellenismus ge- Visualisierung des geistigen Wesens der Person. Diese horten Dichter-, Philosophen- und Politikerbildnisse interpretierende Gestaltungsweise setzt natiirlich ein zur Ausstattung offentlicher Bildungszentren sowie pri- festgelegtes physiognomisches Typenrepertoire voraus, vater Villen und Palaste.1 GroB war der Bedarf an diesen durch dessen allgemein bekannte Bildzeichen dem imagines illustrium, die das philosophische Weltbild, die Betrachter die Aussage des Bildnisses verstandlich Belesenheit und Bildung des Villenbesitzers oder Stif- wurde.7 Es sei in diesem Zusammenhang nur auf die ters herausstellen sollten.2 In der Regel hat man bei der literarischen Versuche solcher Typenbildung hinge- Zusammenstellung einer Bildnisgalerie3 Kopien nach wiesen: auf die Gestalten der Neuen Komodie oder auf vorhandenen Bildnisstatuen verwendet, die von alters die Charaktere des Theophrast. her als Ehren-, Weihe- oder Grabstatuen in den Akade- Auch in der Bildniskunst war dem antiken Betrachter mien und Heiligtumern oder auf den offentlichen die Typisierung etwa des Philosophenbildnisses, die z.B. 4 Platzen standen. Nicht selten jedoch diirften dem Bild- den Kyniker allein durch die auBere Erscheinung klar hauer alte Vorlagen fur ein Bildnis gefehlt haben. Fiir von dem Stoiker unterscheidet, bis in die Spatantike diesen Fall weiB Plinius der Altere (N.H. 35,9) von wohl vertraut. In der mittleren Kaiserzeit beschreibt Al- folgender Praxis zu berichten: "Quin immo etiam, quae kiphron (Ep. 19 [III 55]) fiinf Philosophen so pragnant, non sunt, finguntur, pariuntque desideria non traditos daB man versucht ist, wenn es einen Sinn ergabe, vultus, sicut in Homero evenit" (Sind keine Bildnisse entsprechende Portrats unter dem erhaltenen Denkma- vorhanden, so werden solche sogar erdacht und er- lerbestand zu suchen. So wird der Epikureer als eitler wecken das Verlangen nach nicht iiberlieferten Gesichts- Mann mit gepflegten Haaren und machtigem Vollbart ziigen, wie es bei Homer der Fall ist). Die Bildnisse oder der Pythagoraer mit bleicher Gesichtsfarbe, langen 5 6 des Homer und der Sieben Weisen geben uns eine Haarstrahnen, die vom Scheitel bis auf die Brust fallen, Vorstellung von derartigen postumen Rekonstruktions- mit langem, spitzem Bart, mit einer Hakennase und Abkiirzungen: othek von Pergamon mit Portrats von Dichtern und Historikern: Raeder J. Raeder, Die statuarische Ausstattung der Villa Lorenz (a.O., Anm. 1), 3f., 35. Hadriana bei Tivoli (Frankfurt, 1983). 4. Vgl. H. Wrede, AM 97 (1982), 235ff. Richter G. Richter, The Portraits of the Greeks, Bd. 1—3 5. Richter 1, 45ff. (London, 1965). 6. Richter 1, 81ff.; H. v. Heintze, Gymnasium 84 (1977), 437f£; 1. Einen Uberblick bietet hierzu: Th. Lorenz, Galerien von dieselbe, in Festschrift F. Brommer, Hrsg. U. Hockmann und A. Krug griechischen Philosophen- und Dichterbildnissen bei den R'omern (Mainz, (Mainz, 1977), 163ff.; allgemein zu Darstellungen der Sieben Weisen s. 1965); vgl. vor allem die Ausstattung der Villa dei Papiri: D. Pander- zuletzt: K. Gaiser, Das Philosophenmosaik in Neapel. Abhandlungen der malis, AM 86 (1971), 173ff. Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften (1980). 2. Ein erbarmliches Versatzstiick war z.B. das Menander(?)- 7. Zu diesem wichtigen Problem vgl.: E. Voutiras, Studien zu In­ Bildnis im Peristyl der Casa degli Amorini dorati: Richter 2, 230£, Nr. terpretation und Stil griechischer Portrats des 5. und frtihen 4. Jhs. (Bonn, 14, Abb. 1561-1563; s. dazu P. ZankerJ<//94 (1979), 492f. 1980), 19f£; L. Giuliani, Gnomon 54 (1982), 51ff. 3. Die alteste iiberlieferte Bildnisgalerie befand sich in der Bibli- 6 Raeder Abb. la. Bildnis ernes Philosophen. Malibu, The J. Paul Getty Museum 71. AA.284. Bildnis eines griechischen Philosophen 7 Abb. lb. Seitenansicht des Philosophen in Abb. la. Abb. lc. Seitenansicht des Philosophen in Abb. la. zusammengekniffenen Lippen beschrieben. Ahnliche Charakterbilder geben Lukian und bereits 500 Jahre zuvor Theokrit.8 Das festgelegte Schema der physiognomischen Zeichensprache gilt es bei der Beurteilung jedes grie­ chischen Bildnisses im Auge zu behalten, zumal die Typisierung sich nicht allein auf die postumen Rekon- struktionsbildnisse beschrankte. So ist es bei der Inter­ pretation eines Bildnisses wenig sinnvoll, nach indivi- duellen Ztigen zu suchen. Dennoch beherrscht die Erforschung des griechischen Portrats fast allein die Frage nach der Identitat des Dargestellten und nach der Bildnistreue. Die kunsthistorische Einordnung eines griechischen Bildnisses blieb daher weithin ungeklart (oder war von der Benennung abhangig); Probleme der Bildnisaussage beachtete man kaum. Mit enzylopadi- schen Werken wie Gisela Richters The Portraits of the Greeks war beabsichtigt, dem aus historischen Quellen bekannten Lebenslauf der GroBen des Altertums moglichst jeweils das 'Gesicht' der Personlichkeit gegeniiberzustellen.9 Unbenannte Bildnisse finden fol- gerichtig in diesem System keinen Platz. Doch erlauben 8. Lukian, Timon 54; Theokrit, Eidyllia 14,5; vgl. auch Athen. IV Abb. Id. Riickansicht des Philosophen in Abb. la. 163e-164a. 9. S. Richter 1, S. X; dieses Werk hat jiingst einen Nachfolger in Taschenbuchformat gefunden: G. Hafner, Prominente der Antike (Dus- 8 Raeder gerade die nicht benannten Bildnisse einen un- Oberlid in einem unorganisch steilen Bogen von der befangenen, nicht mit einem groBen Namen belasteten Tranenkarunkel auf; es (iberschneidet am auBeren Blick auf die ktinstlerische Form des plastischen Werkes Augenwinkel das Unterlid, das zur Wange hin leichte und auf die typisierten physiognomischen Chiffren, Tranensacke bildet. Die Innenzeichnung der Augen durch die der Dargestellte charakterisiert ist. bilden ein groBerer und ein kleinerer Halbkreis, die un­ Das J. Paul Getty Museum erwarb 1971 aus dem New ter dem Rand des Oberlids sitzen, wobei aber auch der Yorker Kunsthandel (friiher romischer Kunsthandel) die groBere den Rand des unteren Lids nicht bertihrt. Die etwa lebensgrofie Bildnisbiiste eines Marines (Abb. lineare Fiihrung der Lider und Brauen, das dekorativ- la—d), die von einem machtigen Vollbart und iippigen ornamentale Schema ihrer Anlage, die UmriBzeichnung Haupthaar beherrscht wird.10 Wie zu einem Kranz der Iris und der Pupille und der ziellose, leicht kon- aufgebauscht, umschreiben die Haare das breite Gesicht. vergierende Blick datieren die Neugestaltung des Uber der Stirn, an den Schlafen und im Nacken ist das Gesichtes
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