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Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Endocrine System II. Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary B. Pineal Gland C. Thyroid Gland D. Parathyroid Glands E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Cortex b. Medulla F. Endocrine Pancreas IV. Summary Fig 20-1, Junqueira, 13th ed. Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction II. Keywords Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure Acidophils Parathyroid gland Adrenal cortex Pars distalis 2. Regions Adrenal gland Pars intermedia a. Anterior pituitary Adrenal medulla Pars nervosa b. Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Pineal gland B. Pineal Gland Basophils Pinealocytes C. Thyroid Gland Chromaffin cells Pituicytes D. Parathyroid Glands Chromophils Pituitary gland E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands Chromophobes Posterior pituitary 1. General structure Colloid Principal (chief) cell 2. Regions Corpora arenacea Rathke’s pouch a. Cortex Follicular cell Thyroid follicle b. Medulla Herring body Thyroid gland Islets of Langerhans Venous sinuses F. Endocrine Pancreas Oxyphil cell Zona fasciculata IV. Summary Pancreas Zona glomerulosa Parafollicular cell Zona reticularis Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Slide 192 (NW): Hypophysis, Trichrome Slide Overview I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary B. Pineal Gland C. Thyroid Gland D. Parathyroid Glands E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands optic hypothalamus chiasm 1. General structure 2. Regions sella a. Cortex turcica b. Medulla F. Endocrine Pancreas IV. Summary the above slide shows the pituitary gland (hypophysis) in situ, within the sella turcica (Lt. “Turkish saddle”) of the sphenoid bone, demonstrating its close proximity to the optic chiasm and its relationship to the hypothalamus of the brain; the hypothalamus is involved in controlling body homeostasis and is thus the chief regulator of the hormonal activities of the pituitary gland (the “master gland”) Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Slide 128: Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords infundibulum (pituitary stalk) III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary B. Pineal Gland C. Thyroid Gland anterior pars intermedia D. Parathyroid Glands pituitary with remnants of Rathke’s pouch E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands (dark-staining) (hypophyseal pouch) 1. General structure 2. Regions posterior a. Cortex pituitary b. Medulla (light-staining) F. Endocrine Pancreas IV. Summary the pituitary gland (hypophysis) is a compound gland composed of two embryologically, functionally, and histologically distinct regions: the anterior pituitary containing epithelium and the posterior pituitary containing nervous tissue; the two regions are separated by the pars intermedia (part of the anterior pituitary); the hypothalamus connects directly to the posterior pituitary via a short stalk of nervous tissue called the infundibulum, while it “connects” to the anterior pituitary via a vascular hypophyseal portal system Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Slide 191 (NW): Hypophysis, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland anterior posterior 1. General structure pituitary pituitary 2. Regions pars infundibulum a. Anterior pituitary tuberalis (pituitary stalk) b. Posterior pituitary B. Pineal Gland pars C. Thyroid Gland distalis D. Parathyroid Glands pars E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands intermedia 1. General structure pars nervosa 2. Regions a. Cortex b. Medulla F. Endocrine Pancreas IV. Summary the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) consists of three subdivisions: the pars distalis (anterior lobe) which composes the majority of the tissue, the pars tuberalis which surrounds the infundibulum, and the pars intermedia which is adjacent to the pars nervosa (posterior pituitary) and is characterized by multiple colloid- filled follicles of unknown significance; the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) consists of the pars nervosa (posterior lobe) and the infundibulum which connects to the hypothalamus Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Slide 103: Anterior Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary B. Pineal Gland C. Thyroid Gland D. Parathyroid Glands pars E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands nervosa pars 1. General structure pars distalis 2. Regions distalis pars a. Cortex intermedia b. Medulla F. Endocrine Pancreas pars IV. Summary distalis Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Slide 122: Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure acidophil (type of chromophil) 2. Regions a. Anterior pituitary basophil b. Posterior pituitary (type of chromophil) B. Pineal Gland C. Thyroid Gland chromophobe D. Parathyroid Glands E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Cortex b. Medulla F. Endocrine Pancreas IV. Summary cells of the anterior pituitary (pars distalis shown above) are classified according to their cytoplasmic affinity for stains: acidophils have strongly-staining acidophilic (eosinophilic) cytoplasm; different types of acidophils secrete growth hormone and prolactin; basophils (less numerous) have strongly-staining basophilic cytoplasm; different types secrete ACTH, FSH/LH, and TSH; chromophobes are identified by their pale-staining cytoplasm and absence of secretory granules; they represent several different types of cells, including stem cells and degranulated cells Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Slide 128: Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure 2. Regions capillary a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary B. Pineal Gland pituicyte C. Thyroid Gland D. Parathyroid Glands E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands unmyelinated axons 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Cortex b. Medulla Herring body F. Endocrine Pancreas IV. Summary the pars nervosa (posterior lobe) is composed primarily of unmyelinated axons – not collagenous CT – which are part of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract; the cell bodies of the axons are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus where they synthesize ADH and oxytocin which are then transported down the axons into the pars nervosa to their neurosecretory terminal ends called Herring bodies to await release into the blood (nothing is synthesized in the posterior pituitary); pituicytes, a type of glial cell, are the majority of nuclei seen above and function to support the axons Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Slide 200 (NW): Pineal, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Anterior pituitary parenchyma composed b. Posterior pituitary mainly of pinealocytes B. Pineal Gland C. Thyroid Gland corpora arenacea D. Parathyroid Glands (brain sand) E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Cortex b. Medulla F. Endocrine Pancreas IV. Summary the pineal gland is located along the posterior wall of the third ventricle in the brain; it is a photosensitive gland that regulates body rhythms chiefly through the release of melatonin (in the absence of light) from pinealocytes, the principal cells of the gland Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Slide 106: Pineal, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure 2. Regions corpora arenacea a. Anterior pituitary (brain sand) b. Posterior pituitary B. Pineal Gland C. Thyroid Gland D. Parathyroid Glands neuropil E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands (not collagenous CT) 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Cortex b. Medulla F. Endocrine Pancreas pinealocyte IV. Summary pinealocytes are the principal cells of the pineal gland; they are arranged in clumps of cells and have large rounded – or indented – nuclei usually with prominent nucleoli; the cytoplasm is slightly basophilic and contains lipid droplets; corpora arenacea (Lt. “sandy bodies”) are a readily identifiable characteristic of the pineal gland – they do not serve a known physiologic function but are useful radiographic markers Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Slide 2: Trachea and Thyroid, Trichrome I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary B. Pineal Gland respiratory epithelium C. Thyroid Gland lining lumen of trachea D. Parathyroid Glands E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands tracheal ring 1. General structure (hyaline cartilage) 2. Regions a. Cortex b. Medulla look here for the F. Endocrine Pancreas thyroid gland IV. Summary the thyroid gland is a bi-lobed gland surrounding the anterolateral portions of the trachea; it is characterized and easily recognized by the presence of numerous tightly-packed, colloid-filled follicles; it secretes thyroid hormones (T4/T3) which regulate metabolism and calcitonin which decreases serum calcium levels Lab 19 – Endocrine System IUSM – 2016 Slide 194 (NW): Thyroid, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Pituitary Gland 1. General structure 2. Regions a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary blood vessel B. Pineal Gland C. Thyroid Gland D. Parathyroid Glands E. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands colloid-filled follicle 1. General structure lined by follicular cells 2. Regions a. Cortex b. Medulla blood vessel F. Endocrine Pancreas IV. Summary the thyroid gland
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