Benedict XV a Pope in the World of the ‘Useless Slaughter’ (1914–1918)

Benedict XV A Pope in the World of the ‘Useless Slaughter’ (1914–1918)

BENEDICT XV A POPE IN THE WORLD OF THE ‘USELESS SLAUGHTER’ (1914–1918)

Volume 1

Directed by Alberto Melloni

Edited by Giovanni Cavagnini and Giulia Grossi

F Translated from Italian by Susan Dawson Vásquez & David Dawson Vásquez.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.

2 volumes D/2020/0095/225 ISBN 978-2-503-58289-4 eISBN 978-2-503-58290-0 DOI 10.1484/M.STR-EB.5.116417

Printed in the EU on acid-free paper. Table of Contents

Volume 1

Abbreviations 15

Foreword Cardinal Pietro Parolin 19

Introduction Alberto Melloni 27

Part One Stages

Origins and Formation

Genoa: A Capital between Savoyard Annexation and the Risorgimento Nicla Buonasorte 35

The Genoese Aristocracy from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries: Traces of the Della Chiesa Family Federica Meloni 53

The Migliorati and the Ancestry of Innocent VII Anna Falcioni 69

Giacomo Raggi of Genoa, Capuchin Friar, and the Vocation of Giacomo Della Chiesa Aldo Gorini 81

Formation and Studies at the Archiepiscopal Seminary of Genoa Nicla Buonasorte 93

The Students of the Almo Collegio Capranica at the Time of Rector Francesco Vinciguerra Maurilio Guasco 103 6 table of contents

A Diplomat of Leo XIII

From Minutante to Sostituto in the Papal Secretariat of State Klaus Unterburger 111

Controversies at the Top: Merry del Val, Della Chiesa, Pius X (1883–1907) Annibale Zambarbieri 121

Rampolla, Della Chiesa, Benedict XV Jean-Marc Ticchi 147

The Bologna Episcopate

Giacomo Della Chiesa’s First Pastoral Letter to Bologna Giovanni Turbanti 165

Culture and Catholic Associations in Bologna in the Pre-War Period (1908–14) Marcello Malpensa 185

Archbishop Giacomo Della Chiesa Facing the Italo-Turkish War (1911–12) Alessandro Santagata 207

The Beginning of the Pontificate

The Conclave of Benedict XV (1914) Alberto Melloni 225

The First Encyclical: Ad beatissimi Caterina Ciriello 243

Ideas of War, Ideas of Peace

Churches in War, Faith under Fire Frédéric Gugelot 263

Religion in War and the Legitimization of Violence Lucia Ceci 285

Italian Military Chaplains and the ‘Useless Slaughter’ Andrea Crescenzi 303

Pope Benedict XV and Pacifism: ‘An Invincible Phalanx for Peace?’ Gearóid Barry 319 table of contents 7

Interventionism and Neutrality in Italy

The Extremist Neutrality of Guido Miglioli Claudia Baldoli 339

Italian Foreign Politics at the Dawn of Benedict XV’s Pontificate Michele Marchi 355

‘In pro della pace’: Benedict XV’s Diplomatic Steps to Prevent Italy’s Intervention in the Great War Maurizio Cau 373

Catholic Interventionism Guido Formigoni 391

Diplomacy through Aid

Benedict XV: Aid to Belgium Jan De Volder 407

Benedict XV and the Armenian Question Georges-Henri Ruyssen 417

Aid to the Syrians (1916–17): A Failure Florence Hellot-Bellier 439

The International Committee of the Red Cross, the Vatican and Prisoners of War Mara Dissegna 459

Neutral Switzerland: The Hospitalization of the Wounded and the Credit Owed to Carlo Santucci Stefano Picciaredda 479

The Note of 1917

The Papal Peace Note of 1917: Proposals for Armaments, Arbitration, Sanctions and Damages Alfredo Canavero 501

Reshaping Borders: Europe and the Colonies in Pope Benedict XV’s 1917 Peace Note Patrick J. Houlihan 523 8 table of contents

The Italian and French Bishops Dealing with the Note of 1917 Giovanni Cavagnini 533

The Note of 1 August 1917 and Its Failure Xavier Boniface 555

Part Two Problems

The Missions

Cardinal Willem van Rossum, Benedict XV and the Centralization of the Pontifical Missionary Works in Rome (1918–22) Vefie Poels and Hans de Valk 575

The Roncalli–Drehmanns Mission to the French and German Offices for Missionary Work (1921) Stefano Trinchese 591

Maximum illud, a Missionary Turning Point? Claude Prudhomme 609

The ‘Chinese’ Missionary Policy of the Holy See before Costantini Giuseppe Butturini 629

The Re-Dimensioning of Anti-Modernism

‘A Kind of Freemasonry in the Church’: The Dissolution of the Sodalitium Pianum Alejandro Mario Dieguez 653

Transformations of Integralist Catholicism under Benedict XV: Benigni’s Network after the Dissolution of La Sapinière Nina Valbousquet 673

Modernism during the Pontificate of Benedict XV: Between Rehabilitation and Condemnation Giovanni Vian 691

Benedict XV and Modernism in Germany Klaus Unterburger 707 table of contents 9

Votes for Women and ‘Catholic Feminism’ during the Pontificate of Benedict XV Liviana Gazzetta 717

The View of the People of Israel

Benedict XV: The ‘Children of Israel’ and the ‘Members of Different Religious Confessions’ Raffaella Perin 739

The Birth of Vatican Policy on Palestine and the Holy Sites Paolo Zanini 763

Between Unionism and Ecumenism

An Indecisive Inter-Confessional Situation (1914–22) Étienne Fouilloux 779

A Parallel Diplomacy? Vladimir Ghika and Catholic-Orthodox Relations in Romania during World War I Clémence de Rouvray 789

Theological Questions and Devotional Practices

Religious Interpretations of War as Reflected in Prayers during World War I Maria Paiano 809

Benedict XV and the Nationalization of the Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus in France and Germany (1914–18) Claudia Schlager 827

‘…and yet does not touch us’: A Survey of European Theology during the Pontificate of Benedict XV Gianmaria Zamagni 837 10 table of contents

Volume 2

Abbreviations 867

Part Three Relations

France

‘Trop Petit?’ Benedict XV in Cardinal Alfred Baudrillart’s Journals and Writings Rodolfo Rossi 875

A Case of Oriental Wisdom: The second ralliement Fabrice Bouthillon 891

The Doulcet–Gasparri Agreement of 1920 and the Restoration of Diplomatic Relations between France and the Holy See Audrey Virot 903

The Appointment of Ambassador Jonnart and the Issue of Religious Associations Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers 913

Italy

The Reform of Catholic Action Liliana Ferrari 929

The Dissolution of the Taparellian Concept of Nationality during the Great War Cinzia Sulas 949

The Role of Gaspare Colosimo and the King in the Rejection of the Gasparri Draft Piero Doria 967

The Agony of the non expedit Saretta Marotta 983

Benedict XV and Proto-Fascism Alberto Guasco 1003 table of contents 11

Germany

Benedict XV and the German Episcopate Sascha Hinkel 1025

The German Reception of the Peace Note Claus Arnold 1041

The Legacy of Boniface: The Bavarian Episcopate and the In hac tanta Encyclical (December 1918–October 1919) Patrizio Foresta 1051

The In hac tanta Encyclical (1919) and Peace in Europe Letterio Mauro 1071

Russia and Ukraine

The Holy See’s Humanitarian Diplomacy towards the Russian World (1914–22) Laura Pettinaroli 1087

Benedict XV in Search of Peace for Ukraine Athanasius McVay 1105

Peace in Eastern Europe Nathalie Renoton-Beine 1131

Benedict XV and the Caucasus Simona Merlo 1147

The Other European Nations

Benedict XV, the Habsburg Empire and the First Republic of Austria Francesco Ferrari 1163

Benedict XV and the British Empire (1914–22) John F. Pollard 1181

Benedict XV and Czechoslovakia Ľuboslav Hromják 1201

Benedict XV and Poland Roberto Morozzo della Rocca 1219 12 table of contents

The Irish War of Independence Alberto Belletti 1235

Benedict XV and Yugoslavia (1914–22) Igor Salmič 1249

Finland and the Catholic Church during the Pontificate of Benedict XV Milla Bergström and Suvi Rytty 1265

The Non-European Countries

Appeals to Wilson to Avoid the United States’ Entry into War Liliosa Azara 1285

Benedict XV and the Mexican Revolution Paolo Valvo 1313

The Holy See’s Relations with Brazil (1917–19) Ítalo Domingos Santirocchi 1329

Japan on the Vatican’s Radar Olivier Sibre 1341

Part Four Legacy

Benedict XV’s Men

Benedict XV and the Cardinals Roberto Regoli 1361

Eugenio Pacelli: Benedict XV’s Man of Peace Philippe Chenaux 1377

A Papal Envoy on the International Stage: Edmund Aloysius Walsh, SJ Marisa Patulli Trythall 1395

Benedict XV, Father Gemelli and the Foundation of the Università Cattolica Maria Bocci 1413

Bonaventura Cerretti and the Impossible Missions Marialuisa Lucia Sergio 1433 table of contents 13

Europe for Peace and the Aftermath of Versailles

The Failure to Revise the Treaty of London (July 1918) Sergio Marchisio 1455

New Diplomatic Relations and New Agreements in Europe Stefan Samerski 1477

Post Mortem

The Death of the Pope in the Twentieth Century, Change and Continuity: The Example of Benedict XV Édouard Coquet 1491

The 1922 Conclave and the Return of Pope Pius Lorenza Lullini 1507

The Statue of Benedict XV in Istanbul: The East’s Gratitude to the Charitable Pope Rinaldo Marmara 1519

An Image-Building Failure: Biographies in the Era of Pius XI Giulia Grossi 1535

From Fernand Hayward’s Un Pape méconnu to the Spoleto Congress (1955–63) Federico Ruozzi 1557

Benedict XV and the Founding of the Pontifical Oriental Institute (1917): Foresight, Intuition, Hindsight Edward G. Farrugia 1581

Continuity and Discontinuity: Pius X, Benedict XV and Pius XI Annibale Zambarbieri 1599

Conclusions

The Benedict XV Moment Denis Pelletier 1615

Abstracts 1625

Name Index 1663