30/08/2015 Android (operating system) ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Android (operating system) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel and currently developed by Google. Android With a user interface based on direct manipulation, Android is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, with specialized user interfaces for televisions (Android TV), cars (Android Auto), and wrist watches (Android Wear). The OS uses touch inputs that loosely correspond to real­world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on­screen objects, and a virtual keyboard. Despite being primarily designed for touchscreen input, it has also been used in game consoles, digital cameras, regular PCs, and other electronics. As of 2015, Android has the largest installed base of all operating systems.[11] As of July 2013, the Google Play store has had over one million Android applications ("apps") published, and over 50 billion applications downloaded.[12] An April–May 2013 survey of mobile application developers found that 71% of them create applications for Android;[13] another 2015 survey found that 40% of full­time professional developers see Android as the "priority" target platform, which is more than iOS (37%) or other platforms.[14] At Google I/O 2014, the company revealed that there were over one billion active monthly Android users, up from 538 million in June 2013.[15] Android's source code is released by Google under open source licenses, although most Android devices ultimately ship with a combination of open source and proprietary software, including proprietary software Android 5.0 home screen developed and licensed by Google.[3] Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google bought in Developer Google 2005,[16] Android was unveiled in 2007, along with the Open Handset Alliance founding of the Open Handset Alliance – a consortium Written in C (core), C++, Java (UI)[1] of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for OS family Unix­like mobile devices.[17] Working state Current Source model Open source[2] and in most https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system) 1/39 30/08/2015 Android (operating system) ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Android is popular with technology companies which devices with proprietary require a ready­made, low­cost and customizable components[3] operating system for high­tech devices.[18] Android's open nature has encouraged a large community of Initial release September 23, 2008[4] developers and enthusiasts to use the open­source code Latest release 5.1.1 "Lollipop" / April 21, as a foundation for community­driven projects, which 2015 add new features for advanced users[19] or bring Android to devices which were officially released Latest preview 6.0 "Marshmallow" running other operating systems. The operating (developer preview 3) / system's success has made it a target for patent August 17, 2015 litigation as part of the so­called "smartphone wars" Marketing target Smartphones, tablet between technology companies.[20][21] computers, TVs, cars and wearable devices Available in 70 languages[a] Contents Package manager Google Play, APK 1 History Platforms 32­ and 64­bit: ARM 2 Features architectures, x86,[5] x86­64, 2.1 Interface [6] and [b] 2.2 Applications MIPS MIPS64 2.3 Memory management Kernel type Monolithic (modified Linux 3 Hardware kernel) 4 Development 4.1 Update schedule Userland Bionic libc,[7] mksh shell,[8] 4.2 Linux kernel native core utilities with a few 4.3 Software stack from NetBSD[9] 4.4 Open­source community 5 Security and privacy Default user interface Graphical (Multi­touch) 6 Licensing License Apache License 2.0 6.1 Leverage over manufacturers GNU GPL v2 for the Linux 7 Reception 7.1 Market share kernel modifications[10] 7.2 Adoption on tablets Official website www.android.com 7.3 Platform usage (https://www.android.com/) 7.4 Application piracy 8 Legal issues 9 Use outside of smartphones and tablets 9.1 Desktops and laptops 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History See also: Android version history https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system) 2/39 30/08/2015 Android (operating system) ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co­founder of Danger),[22] Rich Miner (co­founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),[23] Nick Sears (once VP at T­ Mobile),[24] and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV[16]) to develop, in Rubin's words, "smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences".[16] The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras. Though, when it was realized that the market for the devices was not large enough, the company diverted its efforts toward producing a smartphone operating system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile.[25] Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only that it was working on software for mobile phones.[16] That same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.[26] In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million, whose key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, stayed at the company after the acquisition.[11][16] Not much was known about Android Inc. at the time, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market with this move.[16] At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[27][28][29] Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006.[30] An earlier prototype codenamed "Sooner" had a closer resemblance to a BlackBerry phone, with no touchscreen, and a physical, QWERTY keyboard, but was later re­engineered to support a touchscreen, to compete with other announced devices such as the 2006 LG Prada and 2007 Apple iPhone.[31][32] In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[33][34] On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T­Mobile, and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop open standards for mobile devices.[17] That day, Android was unveiled as its first product, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.25.[17][35] The first commercially available smartphone running Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin and Hugo Android was the HTC Dream, released on October 22, 2008.[36] Barra at a 2012 press conference, announcing the Google's Nexus 7 In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices – a line of tablet smartphones and tablets running the Android operating system, and built by manufacturing partners. HTC collaborated with Google to release the first Nexus smartphone,[37] the Nexus One. Google has since updated the series with newer devices, such as the Nexus 5 phone (made by LG) and the Nexus 7 tablet (made by Asus). Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as their flagship Android devices, demonstrating Android's latest software and hardware features. Until January https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system) 3/39 30/08/2015 Android (operating system) ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2015, Google offered several Google Play Edition devices over Google Play, as Google­customized Android phones and tablets that, while not carrying the Google Nexus branding, run an unmodified version of Android. On March 13, 2013, Larry Page announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on new projects at Google.[38] He was replaced by Sundar Pichai, who also continues his role as the head of Google's Chrome division,[39] which develops Chrome OS. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat; for example, version 1.5 "Cupcake" was followed by 1.6 "Donut". Version 4.4.4 "KitKat" appeared as a security­only update; it was released on June 19, 2014, shortly after 4.4.3 was released.[40][41] Android 5.0 "Lollipop" was released on November 14, 2014, introducing "material design" as a new design language and one of its key new features; it was followed by two bugfix releases (5.0.1 and 5.0.2).[42] In 2014, Google launched Android One, a standardized smartphone, mainly targeting customers in the developing world. Android One smartphones running the latest version of Android (e.g. the latest Android 5.1) close to the stock version of the operating system. As of March 3, 2015, the newest version of the Android operating system, 5.1, is available for selected devices including the Android One series, the Nexus 6 phablet, and the Nexus 9 tablet.[43] From 2010 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson, representing Android at both press conferences and Google I/O, Google’s annual developer­focused conference.