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  • Squid Giant Axon (Glia/Neurons/Secretion)
    Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 1188-1192, April 1974 Transfer of Newly Synthesized Proteins from Schwann Cells to the Squid Giant Axon (glia/neurons/secretion) R. J. LASEK*, H. GAINERt, AND R. J. PRZYBYLSKI* Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Communicated by Walle J. H. Nauta, November 28, 1973 ABSTRACT The squid giant axon is presented as a teins synthesized in the Schwann cells surrounding the axon model for the study of macromolecular interaction be- tween cells in the nervous system. When the isolated giant are subsequently transferred into the axoplasm. axon was incubated in sea water containing [3Hjleucine MATERIALS AND METHODS for 0.5-5 hr, newly synthesized proteins appeared in the sheath and axoplasm as demonstrated by: (i) radioautogra- Protein synthesis was studied in squid giant axons obtained phy, (ii) separation of the -sheath and axoplasm by extru- from live squid which were kept in a sea tank and used within sion, and (iii) perfusion of electrically excitable axons. hr of obtained The absence of ribosomal RNA in the axoplasm [Lasek, 48 capture. The giant axons were by decapitat- R. J. et al. (1973) Nature 244, 162-165] coupled with other ing the squid and dissecting the axons under a stream of run- evidence indicates that the labeled proteins that are found ning sea water. The axons, 4-6 cm long, were tied with thread in the axoplasm originate in the Schwann cells surrounding at both ends, removed from the mantle, and cleaned of ad- the axon. Approximately 50%70 of the newly synthesized hering connective tissue in a petri dish filled with sea water Schwann cell proteins are transferred to the giant axon.
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  • Effects of Temperature on Escape Jetting in the Squid Loligo Opalescens
    The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 547–557 (2000) 547 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 JEB2451 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ESCAPE JETTING IN THE SQUID LOLIGO OPALESCENS H. NEUMEISTER*,§, B. RIPLEY*, T. PREUSS§ AND W. F. GILLY‡ Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Department of Biological Science, 120 Ocean View Boulevard, Pacific Grove, 93950 CA, USA *Authors have contributed equally ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) §Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Accepted 19 November 1999; published on WWW 17 January 2000 Summary In Loligo opalescens, a sudden visual stimulus (flash) giant and non-giant motor axons in isolated nerve–muscle elicits a stereotyped, short-latency escape response that is preparations failed to show the effects seen in vivo, i.e. controlled primarily by the giant axon system at 15 °C. We increased peak force and increased neural activity at low used this startle response as an assay to examine the effects temperature. Taken together, these results suggest that of acute temperature changes down to 6 °C on behavioral L. opalescens is able to compensate escape jetting and physiological aspects of escape jetting. In free- performance for the effects of acute temperature reduction. swimming squid, latency, distance traveled and peak A major portion of this compensation appears to occur in velocity for single escape jets all increased as temperature the central nervous system and involves alterations in the decreased. In restrained squid, intra-mantle pressure recruitment pattern of both the giant and non-giant axon transients during escape jets increased in latency, duration systems.
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  • Effect of Fmrfamide on Voltage-Dependent Currents In
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.29.318691; this version posted October 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. A. Chrachri 1 Effect of FMRFamide on voltage-dependent currents in identified centrifugal 2 neurons of the optic lobe of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis 3 4 Abdesslam Chrachri 5 University of Plymouth, Dept of Biological Sciences, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 6 8AA, UK and the Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth 7 PL1 2PB, UK 8 Phone: 07931150796 9 Email: [email protected] 10 11 Running title: Membrane currents in centrifugal neurons 12 13 Key words: cephalopod, voltage-clamp, potassium current, calcium currents, sodium 14 current, FMRFamide. 15 16 Summary: FMRFamide modulate the ionic currents in identified centrifugal neurons 17 in the optic lobe of cuttlefish: thus, FMRFamide could play a key role in visual 18 processing of these animals. 19 - 1 - bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.29.318691; this version posted October 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. A. Chrachri 20 Abstract 21 Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from identified centrifugal neurons of the optic 22 lobe in a slice preparation allowed the characterization of five voltage-dependent 23 currents; two outward and three inward currents. The outward currents were; the 4- 24 aminopyridine-sensitive transient potassium or A-current (IA), the TEA-sensitive 25 sustained current or delayed rectifier (IK).
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  • NEUROMECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION of BRAIN DAMAGE in RESPONSE to HEAD IMPACT and PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES Zolochevsky O
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  • Squid Fishing: from Hook to Plate
    FROM HOOK TO PLATE ver the past few years, squid fishing has become less of an oddity and more of a summertime staple on New Hampshire’s coast. Their documented range extends up to Newfoundland, but until recently, the major concentrations of squid stayed south of Cape Cod. Anglers anticipate the arrival of squid in the Piscataqua River in early summer, and they are fished for as far north as mid-coast Maine. Squid jigs can be found in most seacoast New Hampshire tackle shops during the summer. These are as odd looking as the squid themselves, with upward-turned metal pins at the end of the jig in the place of hooks. Squid are fascinating creatures; let’s explore their unique traits and life history a bit before we go fishing. Camouflage, Communication and Courtship The longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) is a fast growing, short lived molluscan inverte- brate. It is a cephalopod (meaning “head foot”), closely related to the octopus and cuttlefish. These creatures all have their feeding and major sensory organs on the part of their bodies to which the tentacles attach. While this peculiar body structure may be the first thing you notice about a squid, the second is likely to be its dazzling ability to camouflage. Squid have “chromatophores,” which are cells dense in pigment. Nerves and muscles control the contraction or dilation of these pigmented sacs, resulting in a change in color or pattern on the creature. This can be done at a very high speed, resulting in what looks like flashing. This behavior serves several purposes, including camouflage, communica- tion and courtship.
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  • An Appraisal of the Effects of Clinical Anesthetics on Gastropod and Cephalopod Molluscs As a Step to Improved Welfare of Cephalopods
    fphys-09-01147 August 23, 2018 Time: 9:4 # 1 REVIEW published: 24 August 2018 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01147 Sense and Insensibility – An Appraisal of the Effects of Clinical Anesthetics on Gastropod and Cephalopod Molluscs as a Step to Improved Welfare of Cephalopods William Winlow1,2,3*, Gianluca Polese1, Hadi-Fathi Moghadam4, Ibrahim A. Ahmed5 and Anna Di Cosmo1* 1 Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy, 2 Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 3 NPC Newton, Preston, United Kingdom, 4 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, 5 Faculty of Medicine, University of Garden City, Khartoum, Sudan Recent progress in animal welfare legislation stresses the need to treat cephalopod molluscs, such as Octopus vulgaris, humanely, to have regard for their wellbeing and to reduce their pain and suffering resulting from experimental procedures. Thus, Edited by: appropriate measures for their sedation and analgesia are being introduced. Clinical Pung P. Hwang, anesthetics are renowned for their ability to produce unconsciousness in vertebrate Academia Sinica, Taiwan species, but their exact mechanisms of action still elude investigators. In vertebrates Reviewed by: Robyn J. Crook, it can prove difficult to specify the differences of response of particular neuron types San Francisco State University, given the multiplicity of neurons in the CNS. However, gastropod molluscs such as United States Tibor Kiss, Aplysia, Lymnaea, or Helix, with their large uniquely identifiable nerve cells, make studies Institute of Ecology Research Center on the cellular, subcellular, network and behavioral actions of anesthetics much more (MTA), Hungary feasible, particularly as identified cells may also be studied in culture, isolated from *Correspondence: the rest of the nervous system.
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  • Squid Dissection
    SQUID DISSECTION FOR THE TEACHER Discipline Biological Science Theme Scale and Structure Key Concept The investigation of the structure and function of an open ocean animal like the squid can be used to study adaptations for a completely pelagic existence. Synopsis Students work in pairs to dissect a squid and investigate its structure and how all the parts function together to allow the squid to survive and thrive in its open ocean environment. The squid is then honored as the students participate in a Squid Feast. Science Process Skills observing, communicating, comparing, classifying, relating Social Skill Checking for Understanding Vocabulary benthic, cephalopod, invertebrate, mollusc, pelagic, planktonic MATERIALS For INTO the Activities: Monterey Bay Aquarium Video Collection, "Seasons of the Squid" segment (Available for check-out from the MARE library or for purchase from Monterey Bay Aquarium) Squid Dissection 82 ©2001 The Regents of the University of California Anticipatory Chart #1 and #2 (see charts below) copied on large flip chart paper or on the board: Squid Dissection 83 ©2001 The Regents of the University of California For THROUGH the Activities: For each pair of students and one for yourself: One Squid. Available in grocery stores frozen in 3 lb. boxes for about $1 - $1.50/lb. There are about 32-35 squid per box or enough for two classes. Squid are also available fresh in fish markets. Frozen squid are the number one choice, but if only fresh are available, choose the largest and freshest ones and make sure they haven't been cleaned. Keep them in the freezer until the morning you are going to use them.
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  • Action Potentials from Tropical and Temperate Squid Axons: Different Durations and Conduction Velocities Correlate with Ionic Conductance Levels Joshua J
    The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 1819–1830 (2002) 1819 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited JEB4001 A comparison of propagated action potentials from tropical and temperate squid axons: different durations and conduction velocities correlate with ionic conductance levels Joshua J. C. Rosenthal and Francisco Bezanilla* Departments of Physiology and Anesthesiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 5 April 2002 Summary To determine which physiological properties between the activation kinetics or voltage-dependence of contribute to temperature adaptation in the squid Na+ and K+ currents. Conductance levels, however, did + giant axon, action potentials were recorded from four vary. Maximum Na conductance (gNa) in S. sepiodea was species of squid whose habitats span a temperature range significantly less than in the Loligo species. K+ of 20 °C. The environments of these species can be conductance (gK) was highest in L. pealei, intermediate in ranked from coldest to warmest as follows: Loligo L. plei and smallest in S. sepiodea. The time course and opalescens>Loligo pealei>Loligo plei>Sepioteuthis magnitude of gK and gNa were measured directly during sepioidea. Action potential conduction velocities and rise membrane action potentials. These data reveal clear times, recorded at many temperatures, were equivalent species-dependent differences in the amount of gK and for all Loligo species, but significantly slower in S. gNa recruited during an action potential. sepioidea. By contrast, the action potential’s fall time differed among species and correlated well with the Key words: squid, giant axon, Loligo pealei, Loligo opalescens, thermal environment of the species (‘warmer’ species Loligo plei, Sepioteuthis sepioidea, temperature adaptation, action had slower decay times).
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  • Chapter 5: Physiological Uses of the Squid with Special Emphasis on The
    v. Physiological uses of the squid with special emphasis on the use of the Giant Axon The squid, Loligo pealei, is a valuable research animal with regard to several physiological problems, Many investigators have first become acquainted with the squid from studies performed on various parts of the nervous system and in par- ticular the giant axon, Several books have been written on the electrophysiology of the squid giant axon (Cole, 1968; Hodgkin, 1964; Katz, 1966; Tasaki, 1968), The lectures given for the Excitable Membrane Training Program (Adelman, 1971) at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, are also an ex- cellent source for recent studies on the giant axon. Because of their unusual size, the giant axons are an excellent tool for the measurement of bioelectric phenomena. In fact, the basic knowledge of how the individual nerve fiber or axon conducts im- pulses has been obtained from the squid, Originally, Wiliams (1909) noticed the giant axons in the squid, but their significance was lost until Young's accidental re- discovery of them in 1933 (Young, 1936, 1939), Cole (1968) and his collaborators opened a new era of nerve physiology at the MBL by inserting capilary electrodes longitudinally into these giant axons soon after Young reported on their large size. Later techniques were developed to remove the axoplasm and replace it with flowing artificial solutions (Baker, Hodgkin, and Shaw, 1962; Gilbert, 1971; Rosenberg, 1973; Tasaki, Watanabe, and Takenaka, 1962). Several investigators from laboratories around the world have given the diam- eters of the giant axons used in their studies, TABLE I: DIAMETERS OF SQUID AXONS DIAMETER SQUID SPECIES IN MICRONS REFERENCE Architeuthis dux 137-210 Steele and Aldrich, in press, Doryteuthis bleekeri 700-900 Tasaki, Watanabe, and Takenaka, 1962, Dor)iteuth is plei 290-394 Vilegas and Villegas, 1960.
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  • University*Of*Napoli*Federico*Ii! ! !
    UNIVERSITY*OF*NAPOLI*FEDERICO*II! ! ! ! ! Doctorate*Program* in** Computational*Biology*and*Bioinformatics* XXVII*cycle* * ! ! The*transcriptional*landscape*of*the*nervous*system*of** Octopus(vulgaris( * * * * Giuseppe*Petrosino* * Stazione*Zoologica*Anton*Dohrn* * * * * Naples,*2015* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Director!of!studies:!! Dr*Graziano*Fiorito* Biology*and*Evolution*of*Marine*Organisms** Stazione*Zoologica*Anton*Dohrn* Naples,*Italy* * * * Internal!supervisor:!! Dr*Remo*Sanges* Biology*and*Evolution*of*Marine*Organisms** Stazione*Zoologica*Anton*Dohrn* Naples,*Italy* * * * External!supervisor:!! Dr*Sandro*Banfi* Telethon*Institute*of*Genetics*and*Medicine*(TIGEM)* Naples,*Italy* * ! ! * ! Abstract( Cephalopoda,! a! class! of! the! phylum! Mollusca,! has! undergone! dramatic! evolutionary!changes!in!the!body!plan!and!in!the!morphology!of!the!nervous!system.! The! complexity! of! the! nervous! system! can! be! recognized! from! the! brain! size,! the! number!of!neuronal!cells!and!the!neuroanatomical!organization!and!it!is!comparable! to! that! of! vertebrates.! In! the! Octopus(vulgaris,! the! nervous! system! reaches! a! great! level!of!complexity!both!in!the!Central!nervous!system!(CNS)!and!Peripheral!nervous! system!(PNS).!The!aim!of!the!my!PhD!is!to!generate!the!reference!transcriptome!of! the! nervous! system! to! understand,! at! the! molecular! level,! its! organization,! development!and!evolution,!allowing!comparative!analysis!across!both!the!different! areas!as!well!as!multiple!animal!phyla.! The!Octopus(transcriptome!sequencing!allowed!me!to!show,!for!the!first!time,!an!
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  • The Innervation and Physiology of the Cardiac Tissue in Squid
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