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La France En Grèce: Étude De La Politique Culturelle Française En La France en Grèce : étude de la politique culturelle française en territoire hellène du début des années 1930 à 1981 Mathilde Cheze To cite this version: Mathilde Cheze. La France en Grèce : étude de la politique culturelle française en territoire hellène du début des années 1930 à 1981. Histoire. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O’, 2013. Français. NNT : 2013INAL0011. tel-00966630 HAL Id: tel-00966630 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00966630 Submitted on 27 Mar 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales École doctorale N°265 Langues, littératures et sociétés du monde Centre de Recherches Europe-Asie (CREE) THÈSE présentée par : Mathilde CHEZE soutenue le : 26 juin 2013 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’INALCO Discipline : Histoire, sociétés et civilisations LA FRANCE EN GRECE Etude de la politique culturelle française en territoire hellène du début des années 1930 à 1981 Thèse dirigée par : Mme DALEGRE Joëlle Maître de conférences (HDR), INALCO RAPPORTEURS : Monsieur BOUNEAU Christophe Professeur, Université Bordeaux III Monsieur MARTIN Laurent Chargé de recherches (HDR), Institut d’études politiques de Paris MEMBRES DU JURY : Madame ANASTASSIADOU Méropi Professeur, INALCO Madame BALTA Athanassia Professeur, Hellenic Open University Monsieur BOUNEAU Christophe Professeur, Université Bordeaux III Madame DALEGRE Joëlle Maître de conférences (HDR), INALCO Monsieur MARTIN Laurent Chargé de recherches (HDR), Institut d’études politiques de Paris Remerciements La réalisation de cette thèse aurait été impossible sans le soutien et l'affection de mes parents qui ont traversé avec moi toutes les difficultés survenues pendant ces six ans et n’ont jamais failli. Je tiens à remercier Mme Joëlle DALEGRE qui a dirigé ce travail, pour son aide, ses encouragements et ses conseils. J’espère que le présent travail sera à la hauteur de ses attentes. J’adresse aussi mes remerciements les plus sincères à Mme Katherine NAZLOGLOU pour son amitié et ses conseils bienveillants tout au long de ces années de recherche et de travail. Je dois aussi remercier l’ensemble des personnels des services d’archives consultées qui m’ont toujours accueillie dans les meilleures conditions. Il me faut enfin remercier tous ceux qui m’ont offert leur aide précieuse et plus spécialement François pour ses relectures attentives et Cécile pour sa grande maîtrise de la cartographie. Plus largement, je remercie mes amis qui m’ont « supportée » patiemment pendant ce long exercice. 3 Table des matières INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 14 PREMIERE PARTIE : DE LA « GRANDE POLITIQUE » AUX PREMICES D’UNE POLITIQUE CULTURELLE : LA PRESENCE FRANÇAISE EN GRECE DANS L’ENTRE-DEUX-GUERRES (1930-1939) ....................................................................... 24 CHAPITRE I : LA PRESENCE CULTURELLE DE LA FRANCE AU DEBUT DES ANNEES 1930 ...................................................................................................................... 25 I. LA PLACE SPECIFIQUE DE LA FRANCE EN GRECE DANS L’ENTRE-DEUX-GUERRES ....... 25 A. Une implantation ancienne....................................................................................... 25 1/ Une présence française essentiellement culturelle.............................................................................. 25 2/ Les agents fondateurs de la présence française en Grèce ................................................................... 26 B. Le rôle clé de l’archéologie pour la présence française en Grèce .......................... 28 1/ L’Ecole française d’Athènes ou la volonté de pérenniser l’implantation française en territoire hellène ................................................................................................................................................................. 28 2/ L’archéologie, théâtre de luttes d’influences entre nations européennes ........................................... 30 C. L’élargissement de la présence française ................................................................ 33 1/ L’Institut français d’Athènes : une émanation de l’Ecole française d’Athènes ................................. 33 2/ La langue, outil du rayonnement politique français ........................................................................... 35 II. L’ETAT DE LA PRESENCE FRANCAISE EN GRECE A LA FIN DES ANNES 1920................ 39 A. Le rôle pivot de l’Institut français d’Athènes ........................................................... 39 1/ Le succès de l’Institut ......................................................................................................................... 39 2/ L’affinement des objectifs de l’Institut............................................................................................... 41 B. Le philhellénisme ou l’idée de convergence spirituelle entre la France et la Grèce42 1/ Une perception renouvelée de la Grèce .............................................................................................. 42 2/ Le regard des Grecs sur la présence française .................................................................................... 46 C. Le pouvoir du français ............................................................................................. 48 1/ Le rôle du français dans la vie des Grecs............................................................................................ 48 2/ Une présence culturelle française multiple ? ...................................................................................... 51 III. LA MONTEE EN PUISSANCE DES CONCURRENCES, MIROIR DES LACUNES FRANCAISES .......................................................................................................................................... 55 A. Une incontestable primauté de la France en Grèce................................................. 55 1/ Les ingrédients de la réussite française............................................................................................... 55 2/ Les faiblesses des concurrents ............................................................................................................ 57 B. Une France aux pieds d’argile ?.............................................................................. 60 1/ Une présence française trop humaniste ?............................................................................................ 60 2/ Les limites de la politique « à la française »....................................................................................... 64 4 CHAPITRE II : MISE EN CAUSE DE LA PREDOMINANCE FRANCAISE EN GRECE ET PREMIERE REACTION FRANCAISE (PREMIERE MOITIE DES ANNEES 1930)......................................................................................................................67 I. LE REFROIDISSEMENT DES RELATIONS FRANCO-GRECQUES AU TOURNANT DES ANNEES 1930 ...................................................................................................................................67 A. L’ affirmation de l’Etat grec ou le temps du désamour avec la France....................67 1/ Un contexte politique intérieur grec peu favorable à la France .......................................................... 67 2/ La mise en cause de la prééminence culturelle française : la nouvelle politique éducative grecque.. 68 B. Réagir plutôt qu’agir.................................................................................................72 1/ Défendre le statut de la France en Grèce ............................................................................................ 72 2/ La situation des écoles françaises au tournant des années 1930......................................................... 74 II. LES PREMIERS PAS VERS LA DEFINITION D’UNE POLITIQUE CULTURELLE EN GRECE (1931-1935) .......................................................................................................................80 A. Repenser la présence française.................................................................................80 1/ Une « Grande Politique » obsolète ?................................................................................................... 80 2/ Vers la mise en œuvre d’une politique culturelle ............................................................................... 81 B. Réorganiser et moderniser les outils de la présence française en Grèce .................83 1/ Vers un élargissement de la présence culturelle ................................................................................. 83 2/ Un programme d’action ...................................................................................................................... 85 III. BILAN DE LA PREMIERE REACTION ..............................................................................90 A. Une primauté française conservée ? .........................................................................90
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