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Part XII: Foreign and Intrnational Media. INSTITUTION Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication

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Part XII: Foreign and Intrnational Media. INSTITUTION Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication DOCUMENT RESUME ED 362 924 CS 508 358 TITLE Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (76th, Kansas City, Missouri, August 11-14, 1993). Part XII: Foreign and Intrnational Media. INSTITUTION Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. PUB DATE Aug 93 NOTE 829p.; For other sections of these proceedings, see CS 508 347-362. For 1992 proceedings, see ED 349 608-623. PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MF05/PC34 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Audience Awareness; Audience Response; *Developing Nations; Fewinism; *Foreign Countries; *Global Approach; *Mass Media Role; Media Research; Racial Bias; Stereotypes IDENTIFIERS Historical Background; *International Broadcasting; International Trends; Media-Analysis; *Transnational Corporations ABSTRACT The Foreign and International Media section of this collection of conference presentations contains the following 27 papers: "Cultural Orientation in Turkey: Are The Theorists Right about the Effects of Imported Cultural Products?" (Christine Ogan); "The Role of Mass Media in a Newly Emerging Democracy: The Latvian Case Study" (Bruce J. Evensen); "Global TV News in Developing Countries: CNN's Expansion to Egypt" (Joe S. Foote and Hussein Amin); "West German and U.S. Journalists: Similarities and Differences in the 1990s" (David Weaver and others); "The Price Was Right--Or Was It? The 1991 British Commercial Broadcasting Franchise Auction and the New ITV" (Susan Q. Johnson and Joe S. Foote); "Goodbye to the Global Village: Entertainment TV Patterns in 50 Countries" (Anne Cooper-Chen); "U.S. Communication Policies Regarding Foreign Ownership of Media Outlets and Producers" (Xuejun Yu); "Historic Images of Disability: Indian and European Comic Art Traditions" (Aruna Rao and Beth Haller); "'Newstrack'-Video News in India: Elite 'Westernized Popular Culture' and the Representational Poli"cs of Class" (Pauline Chakravartty); "Class, Race and Poverty: Constructing a 'Third World' Other in Popular Films" (Pauline Chakravartty); "How Local Editors View Their Changing Communities: A Study of the Attitudes of British Weekly Editors" (Garrett W. Ray); "Constructing the Post-Colonial Woman in Kenya: A Textual Analysis of Nairobi's 'Daily Nation" (Nancy Worthington); "National Sovereignty Reconsidered: The Human Rights to Communicate and Intrusive International Broadcasting" (Tim Gallimore); "Telecommunications Development in China: Recent Changes and Policy Implications" (Zhaoxu Yan); "Interpersonally Rich and Media Poor: A Descriptive Study of the Mass Media Use of 'Occupationally Elite' Mexicans" (Dennis W. Jeffers and others); "Journalism Frustration: Caught between the Two Masters--A Study of Critical Reporting in China" (Yanmin Yu); "Think Global, Act Local: India's Bangalore Technopolis" (Debashis Aikat and Arvind Singhal); "The Rise and Fall of the 'World Economic Herald,' 1980-1989" (Jinguo Shen); "Broadcast News in Japan: NHK and NTV" (Jay K. Miller); "Colonial Broadcasting: Philosophies in British Africa 1924-1968" (Paul R. van der Veur); "Reflections of Cultural Values: A Content Analysis of Chinese Magazine Ads from 1982 and 1992" (Hong Cneng); "Emergence of a Private Press in Socialist Tanzania: A Study of Media Worker Perceptions" (Paul Grosswiler); "Telecommunications Policymaking in Japan: A Case Study in Elite Power Group Conflict and Comprise" (Roya Akhavan-Majid); "A Crisis of the South Korean Media: The Rise of Civil Society and Democratic Transition" (Jae-kyoung Lee); "Press and Political Liberalization in Taiwan" (Kuldip R. Rampal); "The Sinking of La Cing, France's First General Commercial Network" (Alvi McWilliams); and "Australian Journalists, Confidentxal Sources and the Court Room: Toward an Evidentiary Privilege for Reporters" (Mark Pearson). (NH) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION IN JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION (76TH, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, AUGUST 11-14, 1993). PART XII: FOREIGN AND INTERNATIONAL MEDIA, -PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF Eouc-,TION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY ort.te ot Educzfional Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from tne person or organaation originating it I ' Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Ponts of view or opinions stated ill the docu ment do not nocessamy represent official INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." OE RI posifinn or policy 2 CEST COPYAVAILABLE CULTURAL ORIENTATION IN TURKEY: ARE THE THEORISTS RIGHT ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF IMPORTED CULTURAL PRODUCTS? Christine Ogan School of Journalism Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405 Presented at the annual conference of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, International Division, August 1993, Kansas City 3 Cultural Orientation in Turkey: Are the Theorists Right About the Effects of Imported Products? Abstract Scholars of cultural imperialism have long claimed that the transfer of cultural products from the West to developing countries has devastating effects on indigenous cultures. But there is little empirical evidence to prove this assertion. This study, based on in-depth surveys of 192 families living in urban Istanbul and asmall town outside the capital of Ankara explores the basis for some residents being oriented outside their culture and others having little attraction to foreign cultures. The data for this study were both qualitative and quantitative, and the qualitative findings somewhat conflicted with the quantitative findings. The quantitative analysis of the data show that there are relationships between certain attitudes held about domestic and foreign cultures and the economic and social status of the respondents. Other relationships between the consumption of mass media products and those attitudes were also established. The time spent outside Turkey and the frequency of cinema attendance were primary predictors of the level of foreign film consumption, as measured by respondents' preference for native films; dubbed, subtitled or original format in foreign films. However, none of the demographic variables and no pattern of media use variablespredicted a foreign cultural orientation. About 14% of the youth in the study who completed a set of more extensive questions say they have plans to live their lives in a foreign country. Evidence from the qualitative data indicate that these respondents prefer foreign film stars, prefer foreign- made clothes and shoes, choose pizza and hamburgers over native foods and read Stephen King more than any other author. 4 1 Cultural Orientation in Turkey: Are the Theorists Right About the Effects of Imported Cultural Products? Since the fall of communism in most parts of the world, the discussion of a new world order in communications has been less related to the demands articulated by the New World Information Order that came out of the 1970s, and more to tha opening of new market economies that will reap profits for U.S. and Western European communication industries.The change in focus of the world order has also meant the fading of the discussion of cultural imperialism so central to the calls for a restructuring of the control of the cultural industries. But the collapse of one of the world's superpowers has not altered the plight of a great number of struggling economies in what has been known as the Third World-- economies that may have given up attempts to fight off the cultural effects of a Western invasion, and instead focused on the p that can be had from hosting a multinational company within their borders. So the queston of cultural imperialism by the West becomes more important to explore in the era of a more monolithic culture being spread by Western multinationals. And this Western culture may now be less specifically identified as U.S. culture, and more as the culture of the global corporation. The problem with determining how citizens of one country might be affected in the process of consuming cultural products from other countries remains unsolved in spite of some limited empirical studies to explore the impact of Dallas on groups of Israeli Arabs, 5 2 immigrants to Israel from Morocco and Russia, and Israeli Kibbutz members 1Though Tomlinson says that such research has shown that audiences are "more active and critical, their responses more complex and reflective, and their cultural values more resistant to manipulation and 'invasion' than many critical media theorists have assumed,"2 he also notes that it may be impossible to ultimately prove or disprove the cultural imperialism argument with empirical evidence3. The evidence Katz and Liebes produced came out of focus group discussions with small numbers of respondents following the viewing of particular episodes of Dallas. Although the sample size could be increased and the study expanded to more television programs, it would never be possible to generalize about the impact of texts produced in the United States on viewers in other countries. And of course the cultural imperialism effects are much broader based than the effects of a number of television or film texts on a group of individuals. Sorting out the effects of one or more
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