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Dynamics of Dalk Glacier in East Antarctica Derived from Multisource Satellite Observations Since 2000

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Dynamics of Dalk Glacier in East Antarctica Derived from Multisource Satellite Observations Since 2000 remote sensing Article Dynamics of Dalk Glacier in East Antarctica Derived from Multisource Satellite Observations Since 2000 Yiming Chen 1,2 , Chunxia Zhou 1,2,*, Songtao Ai 1,2 , Qi Liang 1,2, Lei Zheng 1,2, Ruixi Liu 1,2 and Haobo Lei 1,2 1 Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (Q.L.); [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (H.L.) 2 Key Laboratory of Polar Surveying and Mapping, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430079, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 April 2020; Accepted: 1 June 2020; Published: 3 June 2020 Abstract: Monitoring variability in outlet glaciers can improve the understanding of feedbacks associated with calving, ocean thermal forcing, and climate change. In this study, we present a remote-sensing investigation of Dalk Glacier in East Antarctica to analyze its dynamic changes. Terminus positions and surface ice velocities were estimated from Landsat and Sentinel-1 data, and the high-precision Worldview digital elevation model (DEM) was generated to determine the location of the potential ice rumple. We detected the cyclic behavior of glacier terminus changes and similar periodic increases in surface velocity since 2000. The terminus retreated in 2006, 2009, 2010, and 2016 and advanced in other years. The surface velocity of Dalk Glacier has a 5-year cycle with interannual speed-ups in 2007, 2012, and 2017. Our observations show the relationship between velocity changes and terminus variations, as well as the driving role of the ice rumple. Ice velocity often increases after calving events and continuous retreats. The loss of buttressing provided by an ice rumple may be a primary factor for increases in ice velocity. Given the restriction of the ice rumple, the surface velocity remains relatively stable when the glacier advances. The calving events may be linked to the unstable terminus caused by the ice rumple. Keywords: glacier dynamic; glacier velocity; terminus position; ice rumple; multisource satellite data; Dalk Glacier; Antarctica 1. Introduction The floating ice shelves, which cover over three-quarters of the periphery of Antarctica, play important mechanical roles in buttressing the outlet glaciers of the ice sheet [1,2]. These ice shelves are highly sensitive to a changing climate due to direct contact with the ocean [3–5]. Calving events or reductions in thickness of ice shelves have been observed to accelerate upstream tributary glaciers dramatically [6,7], contributing to mean global sea level rise [8,9]. In recent years, many floating ice shelves and outlet glaciers have changed rapidly. Flow acceleration and ice thinning of vast ice shelves have been observed in West Antarctica, much of which is a response to oceanic forcing [10–12]. On the Antarctic Peninsula, major ice shelves have collapsed catastrophically and retreated significantly due to warming oceans, rising atmospheric temperatures, and declining sea ice, thereby resulting in the acceleration and thinning of upstream glaciers [6,13–16]. In East Antarctica, thinning has also been reported in some large ice shelves [10,12,17], and the dynamic changes of several outlet glaciers were confirmed to be related to sea ice conditions, subglacial floods, or intense melting [18–21]. During the period of 2000–2012, outlet glaciers in Wilkes Land displayed Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1809; doi:10.3390/rs12111809 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1809 2 of 18 an anomalous signal of ice front retreat [18], which is linked to sea ice changes. The acceleration of Byrd Glacier in 2009 was observed during a lake drainage event [19]. The ice velocity of the Polar Remote Sens. 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 17 Record Glacier, which is sensitive to melt at both the surface and base, increased significantly during 2005–2015stable state [21 ].with Most irregular outlet temporal glaciers in variations East Antarctica (e.g., Totten are in Glacier) a relatively [22] or stable periodic state rebirth with irregular of ice temporaltongues variations (e.g., Mertz (e.g., Glacier) Totten [23]. Glacier) [22] or periodic rebirth of ice tongues (e.g., Mertz Glacier) [23]. StudyingStudying changes changes in outletin outlet glacier glacier dynamics dynamics and flowand regimesflow regimes of ice shelves of ice canshelves help understand,can help quantify,understand, and evaluate quantify, their and constrainingevaluate their e ffconstrainingects on upstream effects iceon flows.upstream Ice shelvesice flows. in Ice Antarctica shelves in lose massAntarctica mainly fromlose themass calving mainly of icebergs from the and calving basal melt, of andicebergs both areand of approximatelybasal melt, and equal both importance are of acrossapproximately the whole equal ice sheet importance [3,12]. Thinningacross the andwhole calving ice sheet events [3,12]. have Thinning been widely and calving investigated events have along thebeen margins widely of Wilkesinvestigated Land [along11,18]. the In addition,margins of regional Wilkes outletLand glaciers[11,18]. mayIn addition, be susceptible regional to outlet coupled ocean-climateglaciers may forcing be susceptible and various to coupled local obstacles,ocean-climat suche forcing as ice risesand various or ice rumples local obstacles, [24,25]. such Ice rumplesas ice orrises pinning or ice points rumples are small-scale[24,25]. Ice rumples grounded or pinning features, points which are significantly small-scale impactgrounded the features, grounding-zone which dynamicssignificantly and impact stability the of grounding-zone ice shelves [26– dynamics28]. They and provide stability substantial of ice shelves sources [26-28]. of buttressing They provide to ice shelves,substantial but the sources process of andbuttressing evolution to remain ice shelve poorlys, but understood the process [24 ,and29]. evolution remain poorly understoodTo better understand[24,29]. the mechanisms of change in regional outlet glaciers, we use high temporal and spatialTo better resolution understand multisource the mechanisms satellite data of change to derive in regional 20-year outlet long glaciers, time series we ofuse terminus high temporal changes andand velocity spatial variationsresolution multisource for Dalk Glacier satellite in data East to Antarctica. derive 20-year Combining long time theseries high-resolution of terminus changes surface and velocity variations for Dalk Glacier in East Antarctica. Combining the high-resolution surface elevation from Worldview-1, we determine the location of the ice rumple that buttresses upstream ice elevation from Worldview-1, we determine the location of the ice rumple that buttresses upstream flow and affects glacier terminus stability. ice flow and affects glacier terminus stability. 2. Study Site 2. Study Site Dalk Glacier (69 25 S, 76 27 E), or Dålk Glacier, is a 15 km-long outlet glacier located in the Ingrid Dalk Glacier (69°25◦ 0 ′S, 76°27◦ 0′E), or Dålk Glacier, is a 15 km-long outlet glacier located in the Ingrid Christensen Coast, East Antarctica (Figure1). It drains into the southeast part of Prydz Bay between Christensen Coast, East Antarctica (Figure 1). It drains into the southeast part of Prydz Bay between the Larsemann Hills and Steinnes, forming a floating ice tongue that is approximately 8 km long and the Larsemann Hills and Steinnes, forming a floating ice tongue that is approximately 8 km long and 3 km3 km wide. wide. Figure 1. (a) and (b) show the location of Dalk Glacier along the Ingrid Christensen Coast, East Figure 1. (a) and (b) show the location of Dalk Glacier along the Ingrid Christensen Coast, East Antarctica. (c) An overview of Dalk Glacier. The background is a Worldview-2 image acquired on 2 January 2016. Blue lines indicate the location of the grounding line. Black dots are ICESat/GLAS Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1809 3 of 18 Antarctica. (c) An overview of Dalk Glacier. The background is a Worldview-2 image acquired on 2 January 2016. Blue lines indicate the location of the grounding line. Black dots are ICESat/GLAS altimeter data from 19 March 2008. Red triangle points are radio-echo sounding data acquired in 1990/91. Previous studies have focused on the morphology and ice velocity of Dalk Glacier [30–32], but research on the long-term dynamic changes and driving forces is limited. Landsat and Radarsat images were used to monitor the terminus locations in 1973–1997, and a frontal disintegration was discovered 1 in 1988. The average annual velocity for 1990–1997 was 190.55 m a− at the front of Dalk Glacier [30]. During the 21st and 24th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expeditions, several monitoring marks were placed on the surface of the glacier by helicopters. Surface velocities from 2007 to 2012 were evaluated based on the forward intersection method, and no obvious yearly ice-flow increases were found [32]. During this interval, seasonal velocity changes and ice-flow acceleration were observed in 2009 when an ice-calving event occurred [33]. Dalk Glacier showed alternating patterns between advance and retreat from 2000 to 2016 [31]. 3. Data We employed multisource satellite data to study the changes in terminus positions and surface ice velocities of Dalk Glacier in 2000–2019 (Table1). Images acquired by the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) mounted on Landsat 7 and the Operational Land Imager mounted on Landsat 8 were used to investigate the annual ice velocity of Dalk Glacier. All Landsat images were obtained during the austral summer and with cloud cover under 10%. The monthly surface velocities were measured from 20 scenes of Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired from August 2016 to September 2017. The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA) dataset [34] was used as the reference DEM for geocoding and coregistering the Sentinel-1 imagery employed in the intensity offset tracking technique.
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