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Transnational Islamism and Political Moderation: a Comparative Analysis of Egypt and Morocco

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Transnational Islamism and Political Moderation: a Comparative Analysis of Egypt and Morocco TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMISM AND POLITICAL MODERATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EGYPT AND MOROCCO by Yasmin Salem A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida May 2015 ! Copyright 2015 by Yasmin Salem ii! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my father, even though he is not here with us, I always felt his presence pushing me to be a better person. In addition, I would like to sincerely thank my daughter, Zayna, and my mother, Somaya, for all their love, enduring support and understanding. I also wish to thank my love, my inspiration for all his support in this dissertation. I also want to thank Dr. Renat Shaykhutdinov, Dr. Noemi Marin and Dr. Dukhong Kim for their time, patience, understanding, and guidance. I also want to express my great appreciation for Dr. Michael Horswell for all his support. iv ABSTRACT Author: Yasmin Salem Title: Transnational Islamism and Political Moderation: A Comparative Analysis of Egypt and Morocco Institution: Florida Atlantic University Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Renat Shaykhutdinov Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Year: 2015 This dissertation examines how transnationalism can affect Islamists’ moderation in both Egypt and Morocco. In this dissertation, I do an in-depth comparative case study analysis to assess the prospects of moderation of two Islamists political entities, the Muslim Brotherhood as a transnational social movement and the Morocco Party of Justice and Development (JDP), which has no transnational ties. Both the Muslim Brotherhood and PJD came to power after the Arab uprising in 2011 and were key players in the democratic transitions in both countries; however, the entities are not related. Further, the dissertation will explore the moderation level of the Muslim Brotherhood and PJD. Current literature on Islamists and moderation theory focuses on political inclusion, political learning and repression as factors that would affect the moderation of an Islamist group. Looking at Islamists as a transnational social movement is a new aspect in the study of Islamism. Recently, scholars have addressed the v transnational aspect of Islamist social movements; however, these studies focused on radical Islamist groups such as Al Qaeda. To date, there has been no study to assess how transnationalism can affect the moderation level of Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood. This dissertation attempts to fill that gap by assessing the moderation level of the transnational Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and the Justice and Development Party in Morocco. Furthermore, extant studies have ignored transnational identity in conceptualizing “Transnationalism”. My dissertation corrects this gap by bringing this new element into consideration. In addition, most of the research conducted on the Muslim Brotherhood stops at 2012. My dissertation gives in-depth examination of the development of events up until February, 2015. vi DEDICATION To my father, I did it for you. To the love of my life, to my beautiful Zayna and to my mother, Somaya. Thank you. vii! TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMISM AND POLITICAL MODERATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EGYPT AND MOROCCO CHAPTER ONE: TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMISM AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORY ............................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 The Purpose of the Dissertation .......................................................................................... 6 Importance of the Dissertaion ............................................................................................ 6 Dissertation Overview ........................................................................................................ 7 Transnational Islamism and Social Movement Theory ...................................................... 8 Definition of Transnational Movements ........................................................................... 14 Islamists as a Transnational Social Network .................................................................... 16 The Muslim Brotherhood: a Transnational Social Network ............................................. 20 An International Organization or a Global Network ........................................................ 22 The Muslim Brotherhood in Britain ................................................................................. 26 The Muslim Brotherhood in Germany .............................................................................. 34 Islam, Democracy and Moderation ................................................................................... 40 Inclusion - Moderation ...................................................................................................... 42 Repression and Moderation .............................................................................................. 47 CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................ 52 Type of Research .............................................................................................................. 52 viii Case Selection (MSSD) .................................................................................................... 52 Purpose of the Research .................................................................................................... 53 Research Question ............................................................................................................ 55 Hypothesis ......................................................................................................................... 56 Assessment Criteria of Moderation .................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER THREE: CASE STUDY EGYPT .................................................................. 59 The Muslim Brotherhood in Opposition ........................................................................... 59 Hassan el-Banna and the Muslim Brotherhood (1928-1952) ........................................... 59 The Muslim Brotherhood under Nasser and Sadat (1952-1981) ...................................... 64 The Muslim Brotherhood and Electoral Politics under Mubarak (1982-2010) ................ 69 The Muslim Brotherhood in Power (2011-2013) ............................................................. 86 The Muslim Brotherhood Between Democracy and the Call for Allah ........................... 86 Freedom and Justice Party: the Political Arm of the Muslim Brotherhood ...................... 90 The Muslim Brotherhood in Parliament ........................................................................... 90 The Fight for the Constitution ........................................................................................... 94 Presidential Elections ....................................................................................................... 96 The Muslim Brotherhood in Power .................................................................................. 97 The Fall of the Muslim Brotherhood (2013-present) ...................................................... 130 Muslim Brotherhood and International Reactions .......................................................... 134 CHAPTER FOUR: CASE STUDY MOROCCO ........................................................... 156 Party of Justice and Development (PJD) in Opposition ................................................. 157 Party of Justice and Development (PJD) in Power: Accommodation and Continuation ................................................................................. 167 ! ix! CHAPTER FIVE: TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMISTS AND MODERATION ............. 169 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 186 ! x! CHAPTER ONE TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMISM AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORY Introduction Late in January 2015, the United States hosted a delegation of the Muslim Brotherhood to discuss the Brotherhood’s ongoing efforts to oppose the Egyptian government and its new president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. The event did not get a lot of coverage in the media until one of the delegation members posed in front of the United States flag and the State department logo. There he displayed the Brotherhood’s four finger Rabaa symbol, which was associated with the Brotherhood fight against the Egyptian regime but interestingly, Ragab Tayeb Erdogan, President of Turkey, was the first to use the Rabaa symbol. Waleed Sharaby, the Brotherhood-aligned judge, wrote on his Facebook page, “Now in the U.S. State Department. Your Steadfastness impresses everyone” (Kredo 2015). Faced with a lot of criticism for not announcing the meeting with the delegation, the United States State Department responded, “Well, State Department officials meet – recently met with a group of visiting Egyptian former parliamentarians whose visit to the United States was organized and funded by Georgetown University. Such meetings are fairly routine at the State Department, where we regularly meet with political party leaders from across the world. The Georgetown group included former members of the Freedom and Justice Party (Muslim Brotherhood), among others. So this was a meeting – we meet
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