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Home , Agaricomycetes, Boletaceae, Boletales, Boletellus, Boletus, Boletus edulis

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 1694-1713

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.201

Distribution of Boleteceous in , Some New Records from Sal Forest of Central India

R. K. Verma and Vimal Pandro*

Forest Protection Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur - 482 021, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

An account of Boleteceous mushrooms reported from different part of India is given. Total K e yw or ds 84 of were compiled from literature with records of habitat, distribution and references. spp. are the most common (37 species) followed by , (9 species), (7 species), (6 species), (5 species), (3 , , distribution, species), , and (2 species each), Australoboletus, Borofutus, , , . , , Retiboletus, ecto-, edible , , (one species each). Among Indian states, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim represent the most mushroom (16 species each) followed, Article Info Meghalaya (13), West Bengal (11), Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand (7 each), Jammu &

Accepted: Kashmir (5) Chhattisgarh and Kerala (4) and rest of states showed 3 or less number of 18 May 2018 species. Six speci es of boletes namely: Boletellus ananas, B. chrysenteroides, B. dissiliens, Available Online: B. pseudochrysenteroides, B. corneri and were recorded for the first time 10 June 2018 from sal forest of central India (Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh). These fungi are

known to ectomycorrizal association with sal . Introduction confused with deadly mushrooms, like various , which are the most Basidiomycetes places in Boletaceae poisonous mushrooms in the world. Due to are mushrooms which are primarily absence of gills boletes can be easily characterized by developing their in distinguished from gilled mushrooms. These small pores, instead of gills, as are found in are also easily recognized having colorful agarics. Among these mushrooms, Boletus caps, pores and thick stems. Most species in edulis which is also known as the king Boletaceae produce large fleshy mushrooms mushroom is of high demand by mushroom with a central . In most of species, flesh hunters. Typical members of the family are that is bruised or cut turned blue as a result of generally known as boletes. These are a the oxidation of derivatives relatively safe group of mushrooms for human (Nelson, 2010). Boletes were first described consumption, as none of these are known to be by the French botanist François Fulgis deadly poisonous to adults. These are little Chevallier in 1826 in a family, distinct from

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Agaricaceae. According to the Dictionary of and Chhattisgarh states in rainy seasons from the Fungi (Kirk et al., 2008), 35 genera are forest floor under sal trees. Some parts of recognized in boletaceae, which collectively collected samples were preserved in 70% contain 787 species. In the comprehensive alcohol just after collection for microscopic work of (Wu et al., 2014), seven major study. The fruit bodies of fungi were dried at subfamily level and 59 generic lineages under the sun or in the wooden box lighted were uncovered, including four new with 100W electric bulb. Microscopic slides subfamilies (Austroboletoideae, were prepared by using stain, mountant, Chalciporoideae, Leccinoideae, and clearing and softening chemicals. Micro slides Zangioideae) and 22 new potential genera were observed under advanced research have been described. Boletes are found microscope (Leica, Germany) using 5x, 10x, worldwide, on every continent except 20x, 40x objectives and 10x and 15x Antarctica. These fungi are well-known eyepieces. Observations under phase contrast reported from temperate regions of northern and dark field were also made whenever hemisphere; newer research has also shown required. Photomicrography was done with the significant diversity in tropical and southern help of a digital camera (make, Leica) hemisphere regions as well. A large number of attached to the advanced microscope. boletes are delicious or at least edible. On the Identification of fungi have been done with other hand poisonous or inedible species also the help of published literature, monographs, exist, however, such as the unpalatable bitter books, keys, etc. (Ahmad 1950; Berkeley species, for example Boletus calopus and 1851a; b; 1852a; b; 1854a; Bhavanidevi and (bitter ). Some orange- Nair 1983; Chaouhan et al., 2010; capped species of Leccinum are also inedible. Cunningham, 1942; Dar et al., 2010; De, Several guidebooks recommend avoiding all 2006; Harsh and Bisht, 1983, 1985; Kumar red-pored boletes, but both B. erythropus and Sharma, 2011; Lakhanpal and Sagar, ( luridiformis) and Suillellus 1989; Lakhanpal, 1996; Murrill, 1909; Pyasi luridus are edible when well-cooked. Some of et al., 2011; Shajahan and Samajpati, 1995; the boletes genera were separated based on Sharma et al., 1978; Sharma and Lakhanpal, morphology, for example 1988; Singer and Singh, 1971; Singer, 1948; Boletellus have olive brown elongate to fusoid Singer and Singh, 1971; Tiwari et al., 2013; with longitudinally grooves and winged Verma et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2014, 2015; basidiospores (almond like) while Boletus Zang et al., 2001). have smooth spores (Pegler and Young, 1981). Results and Discussion The present article reports distribution of 84 boletaceous mushroom in different states of Taxonomic description India. Six boletes (Boletellus ananas, B. chrysenteroides, B. dissiliens, B. Boletellus ananas (M.A. Curtis) Murrill pseudochrysenteroides, B. corneri and Boletus (Figure 1-6) edulis) were also reported for the first time from sal forest of central India. ≡Boletus ananas M.A. Curtis

Materials and Methods Pileus, convexo-plane, dry, dull crimson to rose red, often fading to pale fawn drab, finely Specimens of bolete mushrooms were tomentose, cracking in to large floccose collected from sal forest of Madhya Pradesh squamules, 60-75mm in diameter and 22 mm

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 1694-1713 thick. Margin far exceeding the pores and reticulation; yellowish to brownish at first, covering them as a false veil, then splitting becoming reddish to purplish red in the mid- radially and stellately, appendiculate. Stem, portion with age. Pore surface: bright to dull central, 120 x12 mm, subcylindric, base often yellow, becoming olive yellow; bruising enlarged and villous with thick white slowly blue and eventually brown; pore 1-2/ , tomentose, tan buff or buff-white, mm round to angular, tubes up to about 1cm base and apex of pinkish shade. Flesh, 10mm deep. Flesh pale yellow to whitish, or with age thick at the centre of the pileus, 4-5 mm reddish in the mid-portion of the stem and halfway to the margin, creamish white with around damaged areas; changing to bluish or patches con-colorous with the pileus patches, blue when sliced. soft to touch. KOH reaction, black on cap, brownish on , yellow, pores 1/mm, angular, pore flesh, salts olive on flesh. print, tube 12mm long, yellow. Basidiospores, olive-brown. Basidiospores 10-17 x 5-8µm; vinaceous chocolate brown, boletoid, longitudinally twisted-grooved; ellipsoid; longitudinally striate in the hyaline exospores, yellow in KOH. a trichoderm; slightly curved, oblique main striae terminal elements often cystidioid, with sub- disappearing at the ends of the spore apiculate, terminal elements sometimes somewhat 17.0-21.0 x 7.5-9.0µm. Basidia, long clavate, inflated. 41.5-53.0 x 12.5-15.0µm, sterigmata 3.5- 5.5µm. Cystidia, ventricose with obtuse wide Collection examined apex, some with a subcylindric appendage, thin walled, hyaline. Tramal hyphae, hyaline On soil surface in sal forest of Chada, Dindori, thick-walled septate, 5.0-7.5µm wide. Madhya Pradesh, 25/07/2017, Tropical Forest Research Institute, TF 4041. Collections examined Boletellus corneri Klofac & Krisai (Figures In humus of Shorea robusta, Nagadand forest, 11-15) Sarguja, Chhattisgarh, 22/9/2011, Tropical Forest Research Institute TF 3196. =Boletellus fallax (Corner) Watling

Boletellus chrysenteroides (Snell) Snell Pileus convex, pale rose red to pinkish brown, (Figures 7-10) bearing rough angular cracks on its dorsal surface exposing white creamy flesh, bearing =Boletus chrysenteroides Snell yellow angular pore tubes 3-5 mm long. Stalk long 9-15 x 1-1.5cm, hard, characteristically Cap 4-11cm, convex to broadly convex with bent, red rose to faint pink may be pinkish age, dry, finely velvety to nearly bald; yellow with white mycelial tufts base. Spores sometimes becoming cracked with age; dark 12.5-20 x 5-10µm, boletoid, round to brown to nearly black at first, becoming elongate, oblong with small apicules, medium brown or eventually pale brown. longitudinally striated with slender ridges 7-10 Stem, 2-10cm long; up to 1.5cm thick; more in side view. Basidia 27.5-40 x 8.75-12.5µm, or less equal, at first punctuated by brownish, sterigmata 4, (2.5-3.5µm long). Cystidia 45- Leccinum-like scabers that later become 160 x 12.5-15.5µm ventrucose with prolong aggregated into hairy or sub-scaly clusters that base 3.5-6.0µm wide and a projecting neck sometimes approximate the appearance of with obtuse to sub capitate apex 3-9µm wide.

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Collection examined dry; soft; felty to velvety, becoming cracked, dark brick red, fading to pinkish brick red. On forest floor of sal, Amarkantak, Madhya Pore surface, yellowish at first, becoming Pradesh, 23/08/2011, Herbarium, olive, pores angular, 2-3 mm wide; pore-tubes Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur up to 0.6-1.2 cm deep. Stem: 14 -16 cm long; TF 2649. 1.6-1.8cm thick; more or less equal; dry; solid; finely hairy; colored like the cap or paler, Boletellus dissiliens (Corner) Pegler & yellow at the apex; basal mycelium dense and T.W.K. Young (Figures 16-21) whitish to yellowish. Flesh pale to bright yellow in the cap. Basidia, clavate, hyaline, 4- ≡Boletus dissiliens Corner sterigmate, rounded in sterigmatal part, measuring 17.5-26 x 14-16.5µm, sterigmata Pileus: 45 mm pale pinkish buff cap, yellow 2.5-3.7µm. Spore-print, brown to dark olive cyanescent flesh, yellow, dull pinkish tan, sub- brown. Basidiospores, 17.5-22.5 x 7-15µm; tomentose, dry, cracking into large flag longitudinally striate, with 5-9 ridges, patches, margin at first greatly extending the ellipsoid or nearly so, golden brown in KOH. pores, covering them as a veil, splitting Diagnostic characters: The distinctive cap is radically, stellately. Stem: 70 mm long, solid brick red and soon prominently cracked up. and 8 mm wide near the apex, 12 mm at base, The spores are ribbed or lined, which is at the thickened base villose with the white characteristic of Boletellus. Similar mycelium, hard, concolourous with the pileus, species include reddish forms of Xerocomellus apex pallid. Pore tube: 5 mm long, sinuato chrysenteron and Xerocomellus rubellus, adnate, ventricose, golden yellow then Boletus chrysenteron, Boletellus brownish ochraceous, cyanescent: pore chrysenteroides and Boletellus intermedius. angular, concolours, cyanescent. Flesh: 6 mm thick in the centre of the pileus. 3-4 mm Collection examined halfway to the margin, white, pale yellowish over the tube. Basidia 40-41 x 9-14.5µm, Growing under Shorea robusta , pyriform, sterigmata, 5.0-5.25µm. Cystidia: Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, 25/07/2017, 41.5 x 17.68µm Basidiospores: olive brown in Tropical Forest Research Institute TF 3986. mass, ellipsoid boletoid, almond shape, rather coarsely striate with ridges, 13.5-17.5 x 5.5 - Boletus edulis Bull. (Figures 29-30) 8.5µm. =Leccinum edule (Bulliard) Gray =Dictyopus Collection examined edulis (Bulliard) Forquignon

On ground near base of Shorea robusta tree, small to medium sized. Pilus 5- Nagadand forest, Sarguja, Chhattisgarh, 3cm. diam., convex when young, broadly 22/9/2011, Tropical Forest Research Institute convex with age; surface dry, viscid when TF 3198. wet, glabrous, smooth, uneven colour brown, margin regular, smooth, incurved when young. Boletellus pseudochrysenteroides A.H. Sm. Tubes 4-9 mm deep, adnexed but depressed & Thiers (Figures 22-28) around the stipe, violaceous grey when young. Pores minute, round, stuffed when young, Growing alone, scattered, or gregariously. Cap pinkish brown to pale brown in age, convex, becoming broadly convex, 5-6cm; unchanging on bruising.

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Fig.1-6 Boletellus ananas (1-2) Habit, fruitbody near sal tree (3) cystidia (4) hyphae (5) basidia with developing basidiospores on sterigmata (6) basidiospores

1 2 3

4 5 6

Fig.7-10 Boletellus chrysenteroides (7) habit, (8) sporophore showing pore surface, stipe and volva (9) basidiospores and hyphae and (10) basidiospores

7 8

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9 10

Fig.11-15 Boletellus corneri (11) fruitbody under sal tree (12) fruitbody pore surface, stioe and vulva (13) basidia with developing basidiospores (14) cystidia (15) basidiospores

11 12

13 14 15

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Fig.16-21 Boletellus dissiliens (16) habit (17-18) sporphores under sal tree (19) hyphae (20) basidia with developing basidiospores (21) basidiospores

16 17 18

19 20 21

Fig.22-28 Boletellus pseudochrysenteroides. (22-24) habit (showing pileus, stem and pore surface covered with veil) (25) (26) basidium attached with developing basidiospores and cystedia (27-28) basidiospores

22 23 24

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25 26

27 28

Fig.29-30 Boletus edulis (28) sporophore and (29) basidiospores

29 30

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Fig.31 Distribution of Boletaceous mushroom fungi in India

Table.1 Distribution of Boletaceous mushrooms in India

S.N. Species Habitat Distribution Reference 1. On soil associated with Sikkim Das and Dentinger olivaceoglutinosus K. Das & dumosa (2015) Dentinger 2. Boletellus ananas (M.A. In humus of sal forest Nagadand, Sarguja, This article Curtis) Murrill and on base of Chhattisgarh and Holigarna arnottiana Thiruvananthapuram, Vrinda, Pradeep (2014) Kerala 3. Boletellus chrysenteroides On soil surface in sal Chada, Dindori, This article (Snell) Snell forest Madhya Pradesh 4. Boletellus corneri Klofac & On forest floor of sal Amarkantak, Madhya This article Krisai Pradesh 5. Boletellus dissiliens (Corner) On ground near base of Nagadand, Sarguja, This article Pegler & T.W.K. Young sal tree Chhattisgarh 6. Boletellus emodensis (Berk.) On forest soil Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1851a,b; 1852; Singer ≡Boletus emodensis Meghalaya; 1854) Berk. Darjeeling. West Bengal and Sikkim 7. Boletellus Growing under Shorea Amarkantak, Madhya This article pseudochrysenteroides A.H. robusta tree Pradesh Sm. & Thiers 8. Boletus aestivalis Fr. On ground in forest Himachal Pradesh Lakhanpal and Sagar

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(1989) 9. Boletus alexandri Sagar & On ground in forest Himachal Pradesh Lakhanpal (1996) T.N. Lakh. 10. Boletus alutaceus Morgan On brunt soil, and on Simla, Himachal Lakhanpal (1996) =Boletus alutaceus var. forest ground; Pradesh ; simlensis T.N. Lakh. & Sagar ectomycorrhizal with Goa Kamat et al., (2009) Ficus benghalensis 11. Boletus areolatus Berk. Open pastures. Kala-Panee, Khasi Berkeley (1852a) Hills, Meghalaya 12. Boletus chrysenteron Fries Ecto-mycorrhizal with Thiruvananthapuram, Vrinda, Pradeep (2014) Holigarna arnotiana Kerala 13. Boletus cinerascens Schwein., On open places of earth Darjeeling, West Berkeley (1851b) =Boletus cyanescens Bull. Bengal = cyanescens (Bull.) Quél. 14. Boletus craspedius Massee On soil under forest Kumaon, Uttarakhand Harsh and Bisht, (1982b) 15. Boletus delphinus Hook.f. On soil Darjeeling, West Berkeley (1851a) =Boletus delphinus Berk. Bengal 16. Boletus dissiliens Corner On soil under oak forest Kumaon, Uttarakhand Harsh and Bisht, (1982b) 17. Boletus edulis Bull. Mycorrhizal on sal, Amarkantak- This article growing on humicolous Achanakmar, Madhya soil in coniferous forest Pradesh and Kumar and Sharma and under Syzygium Chhattisgarh and (2011b) cuminii; Chishoti, Kishtwar, coniferous forest; on J&K; Srivastava et al., (2012) dead wood logs forest of Khunti, Ao et al., (2016) Jharkhand ; Sarma et al., (2010) Nagaland; Assam 18. Boletus emodensis Berk. On the ground Darjeeling, West Berkeley (1851a) Bengal 19. Boletus fallax Corner On forest floor of sal Amarkantak- Pyasi et al., (2012) forest Achanakmar, Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh 20. Bolet us formosus Corner Growing in coniferous Dugga, Bhadarwah, Kumar and Sharma mixed and broad leaved Jammu & Kashmir (2011b) forest 21. Boletus frostii J.L. Russell On soil in pasture and Chail, Simla, Sharma et al., (1978) deodar tree Himachal Pradesh 22. Bo letus furfuraceus Berk. On clay-banks Moflong, Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1852a) Meghalaya 23. Boletus gigas Berk. On soil and copses of Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1852a); Horak Andromeda and Meghalaya and (1980) Lachen river, Sikkim 24. Boletus gracilis Peck. On soil rich in humus Chambaghat, Solan, Sharma et al., (1978) mixed forest Himachal Pradesh 25. Boletus granulatus L. Growing on Dugga, Bhadarwah, Kumar and Sharma humicolous soil in Jammu & Kashmir (2011b) scattered coniferous forest 26. Boletus griseus Frost On soil Kandaghat, Solan, Sharma et al., (1978) Himachal Pradesh 27. Boletus hongoi T.N. Lakh. & On ground in forest Himachal Pradesh Lakhanpal (1996) Sagar

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28. Boletus illudens Peck On grassland West Bengal De (2006b) 29. Boletus lakhanpalii K. Das, D. On soil, associated with Sikkim Das et al., (2015) Chakr., Baghela, Sanjay K. Larix griffithiana Singh & Dentinger 30. Boletus luridus Schaeff Growing on Bhadarwah, Jammu & Kumar and Sharma humicolous soil in Kashmir (2011b) scattered mixed forest 31. Boletu s niveus Jullien ex Vill. On soil, mixed forest Kandaghat, Solan, Sharma et al., (1978) Himachal Pradesh 32. Boletus parvulus (Paulet) Lév. On soil rich in humus Chambaghat, Solan, Sharma et al., (1978) mixed forest Himachal Pradesh 33. Boletus pusillus Berk. ≡Suillus On ground Moflong, Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1854a) pusillus Kuntze Meghalaya 34. Boletus rhodoxanthes From moist humus soil Gulmarg, Kashmir Dar et al., (2010) (Krombh) Kallenb. under dominated forest 35. Boletus rubripes Thiers Growing under North district, Das (2013a) Picea spinulosa Dombang valley, Forest Sikkim, 36. Boletus scaber Bull. On soil Himachal Pradesh Sharma et al., (1978) 37. Boletus scrobiculatus Berk. On soil in open places Moflong, Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1852a) Horak and rotten wood Meghalaya, (1980) Darjeeling, West Bengal 38. Boletus squamatus Berk. In woods Myrung, Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1852a) =Boletellus squamatus (Berk.) Meghalaya Singer 39. Boletus subaestivalis Sagar & Growing among Himachal Pradesh Lakhanpal (1996) T.N. Lakh. debris 40. Boletus thiersii T.N. Lakh. & On clear soil Himachal Pradesh Lakhanpal (1996) Sagar 41. Boletus ustalis Berk. On rotten tree trunk Darjeeling, West Berkeley (1851a) Bengal 42. Peck Growing solitary or Shimla, Himachal Lakhanpal and Sagar =Boletus variipes var. variipes gregariously in Pradesh (1989) Peck angiosperms forest soil 43. Boletus vermiculosus var. Associated with Himachal Pradesh Lakhanpal (1996) thindii T.N. Lakh. & Sagar Quercus sp. 44. Boletus verrucarius Berk. On ground Sikkim Berkeley (1854a) =Boletellus verrucarius (Berk.) Singer 45. Boletus spp. On ground and Namakkal, Tamil Raja et al., (2011) and in moist Nadu; Shimoga, Swapna et al., (2008) forest Karnataka 46. Borofutus dhakanus Hosen & Under sal and Koderma, Jharkhand Parihar et al., (2014) Zhu L. Yang deciduous forest 47. (Bull.) Ectomycorrhizal on sal, Balibhasa, West Shajahan and Samajpati Bataille ≡Boletus piperatus growing solitary in sal Bengal (1995) Bull., forest 48. Chalciporus rubinellus (Peck) growing gregariously Mandi, Himachal Lakhanpal and Sagar Singer ≡Boletus rubinellus on ground in coniferous Pradesh and Jodhpur, (1989); Peck forests and amongst Rajasthan grasses under tree, Chaouhan et al., (2010) 49. Hemileccinum subglabripes On soil Moflong, Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1854a)

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(Peck) Meghalaya Halling=Pulveroboletus flavipes (Berk.) E. Horak ≡Boletus flavipes Peck 50. Hortiboletus indorubellus K. On ground in forest, Sikkim Das, et al., (2016) Das, D. Chakr., Baghela, S.K. under Betula alnoides Singh & Dentinger 51. Leccinum ustale (Berk.) E. On soil Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1851a,b); Horak ≡Boletus ustalis Berk. Meghalaya and Horak (1980) Sikkim 52. Octaviania longiana S. On ground amongst Rohtak, Haryana Ahmad (1950) Ahmad grasses 53. Phylloporus septocystidiatus In tropical forest under Palode, Trivandrum, In Pradeep et al., (2015) C.K. Pradeep & K.B. Vrinda Hopea parviflora and Kerala Xanthophyllum arnottianum 54. Pulveroboletus fragicolor From mountain Nunklow, Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1852a) Horak (Berk.) Singer Meghalaya (1980) =Phaeogyroporus fragicolor (Berk.) E. Horak ≡Boletus fragicolor Berk. 55. Pulveroboletus shoreae Singer Ectomycorrhizal on sal, Dehradun, Singer and Singh, 1971; & B. Singh growing solitary in sal Uttarakhand and Shajahan and Samajpati forest, Gidhani West Bengal (1995) 56. Retiboletus kauffmanii Under sp., East Distr., Maenam Chakraborty et al., (2017) (Lohwag) N.K. Zeng & Zhu broadleaf forest Top, alt. 2315m, L. Yang ≡Boletus kauffmanii Sikkim Lohwag 57. Retiboletu s ornatipus (Peck) On ground North West of Sikkim Das (2013b) Manfr. Binder & Bresinsky 58. Rhodactina himalayensis on soil under litter, Uttar Pradesh Pegler and Young (1989) Pegler & T.W.K. Young in association with roots of sal 59. Strobilomyces echinocephalus Growing in Quercus Jammu and Kashmir, Kour et al., (2013) Gelardi & Vizzini semecarpifolia and wild Poonch, Haveli, Punica granatum forest Kanuyian 60. Strobilomyces floccopus (Fr.) On broad-leaved or Thiruvananthapuram, Vrinda, Pradeep (2014) Karsten coniferous woods Kerala 61. Strobilomyces kalimpongensis On dead wood Kolkata, West Bengal Bose (1946) Bose 62. Strobilomyces mollis Corner Growing on Jammu & Kashmir, Kour et al., (2013); humicolous soil under Poonch, Haveli, Lakhanpal (1996) Pinus roxburghii and P. Krishna Ghati wallichiana. 63. Strobilomyces montosus Berk. On soil Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1851a,b) Meghalaya 64. Strobilomyces nigricans Berk. On soil Darjeeling, West (Berkeley, 1852) Bengal and Khasi Hills, Meghalaya 65. Strobilomyces polypyramis On rotten wood and soil Darjeeling, West Horak (1980) Hook. f. Bengal and Sikkim 66. Strobilomyces strobilaceus Grows in association Nagaland Ao et al., (2016) (Scop.) Berk. with coniferous trees 67. Strobilomyces velutipes On ground From Mussoorie, Lloyd (1925)

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Cooke & Massee Uttarakhand and =Strobilomyces indicus Lloyd Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh 68. (Schaeff.) Growing in leaf litter Southern Rajasthan Doshi and Mohammad Murrill ≡Boletus luridus (2015) Schaeff. 69. Suillus furfuraceus (Berk.) E. On ground under Lachen, Sikkim and Berkeley, 1852); (Horak, Horak ≡Boletus furfuraceus Andromeda (Pieris sp.) Meghalaya 1980) Berk. and Betula 70. (L.) Roussel On elephant dung Assam Sarma et al., (2010) ≡Boletus luteus L. 71. Suillus spraguei (Berk. & On ground, semi Amarkantak, Madhya Dwivedi et al., (2012) M.A. Curtis) Kuntze ≡Boletus evergreen and moist Pradesh spraguei Berk. & M.A. Curtis deciduous forest 72. Tylopilus areolatus (Berk.) Growing in open Kala-Panee, Khasi Berkeley (1852b); Henn. ≡Boletus areolatus pasture Hills, Meghalaya Manjula (1983) Berk. 73. Tylopilus chromapes (Frost) Growing on grassland West Bengal De (2006b) A.H. Sm. & Thiers ≡Boletus chromapes Frost 74. Tylopilus himalayanus D. Under Pinus sp. in East District, Upper Chakraborty et al., (2018) Chakr., K. Das & Vizzini mixed forest and under Chandmari, Sikkim Cedrus deodara in and Champawat and coniferous forest Pauri, Uttarakhand 75. (Peck) Growing on soil under Kumaon, Uttaralhand Harsh and Bisht, (1982b) Murrill oak forest 76. Tylopilus neofelleus Hongo Under Castanopsis sp. East district, Chakraborty et al., (2018) in temperate broadleaf Fambonglo WLS, forest Sikkim 77. Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus On ground in a pasture Kullu, Himachal Sharma and Lakhanpal (Snell & E.A. Dick) Snell & surrounded by Cedrus Pradesh (1988) E.A. Dick ≡Boletus deodara forest plumbeoviolaceus Snell & E.A. Dick 78. Tylopilus pseudoballoui K. Under Quercus spp. South District, Chakraborty et al., (2018) Das, D. Chakr & Vizzini Maenam WLS, Sikkim 79. Xerocomellus chrysenteron On ground, semi Amarkantak, Madhya (Dwivedi et al., 2012) (Bull.) Šutara =Xerocomus evergreen and moist Pradesh chrysenteron (Bull.) Quél. deciduous forest; sub- Nagaland Ao et al., (2016) tropical semi-evergreen forests 80. Xerocomus bakshii Singer & On soil connected with Dehradun, Singer and Singh, (1971) B. Singh roots of Pinus Uttarakhand roxburghii 81. Xerocomus delphinus (Hook. On open places of earth Darjeeling, West Berkeley (1951b); f.) Manjula Bengal Manjula (1983) 82. Xerocomus doodhcha K. Das, On ground in broadleaf Sikkim Das, et al., (2016) D. Chakr., Baghela, S.K. forest, of Lithocarpus Singh & Dentinger pachyphyllus 83. Xerocomus indicus Singer - from India Butler and Bisby (1960); Singer (1948) 84. Xerocomus longistipitatus K. On soil under under Rabangla, alt. 1985m, Chakraborty et al., (2017) Das, A. Parihar, D. Chakr. & Lithocarpus sp., Sikkim A. Baghela broadleaf forest

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Stipe central 4-6 x 1-2cm across, bulbous at (Cunningham, 1942; Ahmad, 1950). base or almost parallel, pale greyish violet in Pulveroboletus shoreae, an ectomycorrhizal apical part, whitish brown at base, reticulate bolete with sal, was reported from Dehradun, in the upper half, base sub-radiating, flesh Uttarakhand and Gidhani, West Bengal firm, white unchanging. Basidia 26-28 x 5- (Singer and Singh, 1971; Shajahan and 7µm clavate, 4-spored, hyaline. Pleurocystidia Samajpati, 1995) and Rhodactina scattered 36-42 x 6-9µm, narrowly fusoid himalayensis from Uttar Pradesh (Pegler and ventricose, smooth, thin walled; Young, 1989). Tylopilus areolatus, and cheilocystidia similar to pleurocystidia. Tylopilus chromapes were reported from Hyphae 7-10µm wide; subcutis composed of Meghalaya (Berkeley, 1852b; Manjula, 1983) interwoven hyphae, stipe cuticle of loosely and West Bengal (De, 2006b) while Tylopilus interwoven clavate to ventricose, thin-walled, indecisus and Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus clamp-connection absent. Basidiospores olive were reported from Uttaralhand (Harsh and brown, 5-2.5 x 2-1.2µm, ellipsoid, Bisht, 1982b) and Himachal Praedesh subfusiform, smooth walled, hilum distinct. (Sharma and Lakhanpal, 1988). Xerocomus bakshii, X. delphinus and X. indicus were also Collection examined reported from India (Berkeley, 1951b; Butler and Bisby, 1960; Singer, 1948; Singer and Mycorrhizal on sal, Amarkantak-Achanakmar Singh, 1971; Manjula, 1983). Biosphere Reserve, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, 24/07/2012, Mycology There is no record of occurrence of bolataceae Herbarium, Tropical Forest Research in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Institute, Jabalpur TF 2786. Karnataka but local communities in these states and also of Goa, Kerala and Tamil Total 84 species of family boletaceae reported Nadu cultivate popular edible mushrooms from India were compiled and presented in including Boletaceae which are safe for Table 1 including 37 species of Boletus human consumption (www.maria-online.com excluding two unidentified species. The next (Boletus). Along with other popular edible common genus is Strobilomyces represented mushrooms the ectomycorrhizhal boletes also by 9 species followed by Tylopilus (7 reported from Western Ghats (Maharashtra, species), Boletellus (6 species), Xerocomus (5 Karnataka, Goa, Kerala and Tamil Nadu) species each), and Suillus (3 species) (www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?). Chalciporus and Pulveroboletus (2 species each). Austroboletus malacensis var Fungi accommodated in family Boletaceae autroboletus was reported from Quercus sp., were reported from different places of India, a Pinus wallichiana and Cedrus deodara forest, list of 82 species is presented in Table 1. Jammu & Kashmir (Kumar and Sharma, Boletaceous mushroom fungi were distributed 2011b); Chalciporus piperatus, an ecto- in Himachal Pradesh followed by Meghalaya, mycorrhizal from sal forest, West West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Bengal (Shajahan and Samajpati, 1995) while Chhattisgarh, Sikkim, Jammu and Kashmir, Chalciporus rubinellus was reported from Kerala, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and coniferous forests of Mandi, Himachal Rajasthan (Figure 31). Boletellus ananas Pradesh (Lakhanpal and Sagar, 1989) and reported from Kerala growing under Jodhpur, Rajasthan (Chaouhan et al., 2010). Holigarna arnottiana (Vrinda and Pradeep, Octaviania asterosperma and Octaviania 2014) for the first time it is being reported longiana were reported from Rohtak from sal forest of CG. This species is earlier

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 1694-1713 reported growing beside old log of Pinus and sal, Syzygium cuminii and growing on dead in South Carolina (Murrill, 1909) and wood logs in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, also as forming ect0-mycorrhizal associations Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Nagaland and with eucalypts in Australia (Gardner and Assam (Kumar and Sharma, 2011b; Malajczuk 1988). Other places of distribution Srivastava et al., 2012; Ao et al., 2016; Sarma include Malaya, , , Kinabalu et al., 2010). The present article reports it for and Mesilau (Corner, 1972; Mayor et al., the first from sal forest of Madhya Pradesh 2008; McNabb, 1967; Yeh et al., 1982; and Chhattisgarh. Boletus lakhanpalii is Zhishu, 1993). Although this mushroom is recently reported from Sikkim (Das et al., used as a food in (Boa, 2004) but 2015). Besides sal, other known tree species another field guide listed it as inedible or not reported in literature under which this recommended for eating (Bessette et al., mushroom can grow and form ecto- 2007). mycorrhizal associations includes, Hopea ponga, H. parviflora, Vateria indica, and Boletellus chrysenteroides, probably ecto- Diospyros malabarica. B. edulis is distributed mycorrhizal and reported to be associated worldwide and also reported from moist with oaks and eastern hemlock and often deciduous forests of India as well as in the found growing near well decayed oak stumps, forests of (Adhikary et al., usually growing alone. This fungus is widely 1999). distributed in North Carolina, USA, Aylmer and Ontario in (Snell, 1936, 1941) Austroboletus olivaceoglutinosus forming and also for the first is being reported from ecto-mycorrhizal association with Tsuga Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. However, dumosa in forest of Sikkim (Das and Boletellus corneri was earlier reported as Dentinger, 2015), it is the only species of the Boletus fallax from sal forest of Amarkantaka, genus reported from India. Genus Madhya Pradesh (Pyasi et al., 2012). This Chalciporus is represented by two species in mushroom is reported to be distributed in India, C. piperatus which form Malaya (Singapore) (Corner, 1972). with sal in forest of West Boletellus dissiliens was reported growing on Bengal (Shajahan and Samajpati, 1995) and soil or ground near base of and the another species, C. rubinellus is reported and distributed in Singapore and growing gregariously in coniferous forests Australia (Corner, 1972). Boletellus and amongst grasses under tree from Mandi, pseudochrysenteroides is reported Himachal Pradesh and Jodhpur, Rajasthan mycorrhizal with hardwoods of and (Lakhanpal and Sagar, 1989; Chaouhan et al., oaks and distributed in USA (Illinois, 2010). Hemileccinum subglabripes is the only Michigan and ) (Smith and Thiers, species under this genus recorded from 1971). Moflong, Khasi Hills, Meghalaya (Berkeley, 1854a). The species was earlier known as Genus Boletus is very common amongst Pulveroboletus flavipes and Boletus flavipes. mushroom of family boletaceae and out of 50 One species of Leccinum, L. ustale was known species from world 37 species are reported from Khasi mountain, Meghalaya reported from India (Table 1). Boletus edulis and from Sikkim (Berkeley (1851a, b; Horak, was reported growing on humicolous soil in 1980) the species was earlier known as coniferous forest of Jammu & Kashmir Boletus ustalis. Octaviania longiana was the (Kumar and Sharma 2011b). It was reported only species of boletes reported from Rohtak, as forming ectomycorrhizal association with Haryana (Ahmad, 1950) while Phylloporus

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 1694-1713 septocystidiatus is reported from tropical reported growing in association with forest under Hopea parviflora and coniferous trees in Nagaland (Ao et al., Xanthophyllum arnottianum from Palode, 2016). S. velutipes was reported from Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala (in Pradeep et al., Mussoorie, Uttarakhand and Saharanpur, 2015). Two species of Pulveroboletus, Uttar Pradesh (Lloyd, 1925). namely P. fragicolor and P. shoreae were reported India. P. fragicolor is reported from Suillellus luridus, earlier known as Boletus Nunklow, mountain Khasi, Meghalaya luridus was reported growing in leaf litter in (Berkeley, 1852a; Horak, 1980). P. shoreae forest of Southern Rajasthan (Doshi and was reported to form ectomycorrhizal Mohammad, 2015). Three species of Suillus association with sal in forest at Dehradun, were reported from Sikkim, Meghalaya, Uttarakhand (Singer and Singh, 1971) and the Assam and Madhya Pradesh including S. species is growing solitary in sal forest of furfuraceus grew under Pieris and Betula, S. Gidhani, West Bengal (Shajahan and luteus on elephant dung and S. spraguei from Samajpati, 1995). Two species of Retiboletus, semi evergreen and moist deciduous forest R. kauffmanii earlier known as Boletus (Berkeley, 1852; Dwivedi et al., 2012; Horak, kauffmanii was reported from broadleaf forest 1980; Sarma et al., 2010). under Lithocarpus sp., from Maenam, Sikkim (Chakraborty et al., 2017) while second Seven species of genus Tylopilus were species was R. ornatipus which also occurred reported from northern and north eastern in Sikkim (Das, 2013b). One species, India these include: T. areolatus grew in open Rhodactina himalayensis was recorded pasture at Khasi Hills in Meghalaya growing in leaf litter and in association with (Berkeley, 1852b; Manjula, 1983), T. sal trees in a forest of Uttar Pradesh (Pegler chromapes from grassland of West Bengal and Young, 1989). (De, 2006b), T. himalayanus from Pinus sp. and Cedrus deodara forests of Sikkim and Strobilomyces species have wide distribution Uttarakhand; T. neofelleus grew under from north to southern India and nine species Castanopsis sp. and T. pseudoballoui under have been reported including some recent Quercus spp., Sikkim (Chakraborty et al., reports. S. echinocephalus occur under 2018). T. indecisus collected from soil surface Quercus semecarpifolia and wild Punica under oak forest of Kumaon, Uttarakhand granatum forest and S. mollis grew on (Harsh and Bisht, 1982b) and T. humicolous soil under Pinus roxburghii and plumbeoviolaceus from pasture surrounded by P. wallichiana in Jammu and Kashmir (Kour Cedrus deodara forest Himachal Pradesh was et al., 2013; Lakhanpal, 1996). S. floccopus reported (Sharma and Lakhanpal, 1988). was reported from broad-leaved forests or coniferous woods from Thiruvananthapuram, Xerocomellus chrysenteron was recorded Kerala (Vrinda and Pradeep, 2014). S. from semi evergreen and moist deciduous kalimpongensis occur on dead wood in forest of Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh and Kolkata, West Bengal (Bose, 1946). S. Nagaland (Dwivedi et al., 2012; Ao et al., montosus and S. nigricans were reported from 2016). X. bakshii was connected with roots of Khasi Hills, Meghalaya and Darjeeling, West Pinus roxburghii in forest at Dehradun, Bengal (Berkeley, 1851a, b; 1852). S. Uttarakhand (Singer and Singh, 1971). X. polypyramis was found on rotten wood and delphinus was recorded from open places of soil in Darjeeling, West Bengal and Sikkim earth from Darjeeling, West Bengal (Horak, 1980). S. strobilaceus was recently (Berkeley, 1951b; Manjula, 1983). Two

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 1694-1713 species were recently described from Sikkim; Nagaland, India. Open Journal of X. doodhcha from broadleaf forest of Forestry 6: 404-419. Lithocarpus pachyphyllus and X. Berkeley MJ (1851a). Decades of fungi. longistipitatus from the soil under Decades XXXII, XXXIII. Sikkim Lithocarpus sp. (Das, et al., 2016; Himalaya fungi, collected by Dr. J.D. Chakraborty et al., 2017). Xerocomus indicus Hooker. Hooker’s Journal of Botany was also recorded from India (Butler and and Kew Garden Miscellany 3: 39-49. Bisby, 1960; Singer, 1948). Berkeley MJ (1851b). Decades of fungi. Decades XXXIV. Sikkim Himalaya Total 84 species of Boletaceae were recorded fungi, collected by Dr. J.D. Hooker. from India. Boletus species are the most Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew common followed by Strobilomyces, Garden Miscellany 3: 77-84. Tylopilus, Boletellus, Xerocomus, Suillus, Berkeley MJ (1852a). Decades of fungi. Chalciporus, Retiboletus and Pulveroboletus. Decades XXXVII-XXXVIII. Sikkim The most common bolete mushroom and Khassya fungi. Hooker’s Journal of representing state is Himachal Pradesh in Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 4: India followed by Sikkim, Meghalaya, West 97-107. Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Chhttisgarh and Berkeley MJ (1852b). Decades of fungi. Kerala. Boletellus ananas, B. chrysenteroides, Decades XXXIXI-XL. Sikkim and B. dissiliens, B. pseudochrysenteroides, B. Indian fungi. Hooker’s Journal of corneri and Boletus edulis were recorded for Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 4: the first time from Sal forest of Central India 130-142. (Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh). Berkeley MJ (1854a). Decades of fungi. Decades XLI- XLIII. Indian fungi. Acknowledgement Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 6: 129-143. The authors are thankful to Dr. G. Rajeshwar Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2007). Rao, Director, Tropical Forest Research Mushrooms of the Southeastern United Institute, Jabalpur for providing the research States. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse facilities. The work presented was conducted University Press. p. 208. under project ID No. 224/TFRI/2016/Patho- Bhavanidevi S, Nair MC (1983). Addition to 1(22) funded by Indian Council of Forestry Indian . In: Indian Mushroom Research & Education (ICFRE), Dehradun. Science-II (eds TN Kaul, BM Kapoor). CSIR, New Delhi, 271– 274. References Boa E. (2004). Wild edible fungi: A global overview of their use and importance to Adhikary RK, Baruah P, Kalita P, Bordoloi D people (Non-Wood Forest Products). (1999). Edible mushrooms growing in Food & Agriculture Organization of the forests of Arunachal Pradesh. Advances UN. pp. 118–19. in Horticulture and Forestry. 6: 119– Bose SR (1946). of Bengal XI. 23. Journal of the Departmental Science Ahmad S (1950). Studies on Gasteromycetes Calcutta University. 2: 53-87 V. Sydowia 4(1-6): 124-129. Butler EJ, Bisby GR (1960). The Fungi of Ao T, Seb J, Ajungla T, Deb CR (2016). India (revised by R.S. Vasudeva). Diversity of wild mushrooms in Page(s): 1-552

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Verma R. K. and Vimal Pandro. 2018. Distribution of Boleteceous Mushrooms in India, Some New Records from Sal Forest of Central India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(06): 1694-1713. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.201

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