Appendix C: Kingman Travel Management Plan

BLM Kingman Field Office TMP EA August 2018

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

KINGMAN TRAVEL MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN DRAFT

August 2018

Kingman Field Office 2755 Mission Blvd Kingman, AZ 86401 KINGMAN TRAVEL MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

Signature Page

Approved by: ______Amanda Dodson Date Field Manager Kingman Field Office Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1. Overview of the TMP Area ...... 1 1.2. Areas of Special Emphasis ...... 4 1.3. Background of Travel and Transportation Management ...... 4 2 Travel Management Planning Process ...... 5 2.1. Route Inventory Process ...... 5 2.2. Route Evaluation Process ...... 5 3 Travel Management Decisions ...... 6 3.1. Plan Purpose and Conformance ...... 6 3.1.1. Arizona BLM Statewide OHV Regulations and Travel Management Policies ...... 7 3.2. BLM Administrative Determination on R.S. 2477 ...... 7 3.3. Desired Outcomes ...... 8 3.3.1. Goals, Objectives and Guidelines for General Management Areas ...... 8 3.3.2. Goals, Objectives and Guidelines for Areas Requiring Special Management ...... 8 3.4. Route Designations ...... 9 3.5. Publication of the Travel Network ...... 10 4 Implementation ...... 10 4.1. Implementation Decisions Made in the TMP ...... 10 4.2. Special Designated Areas ...... 12 4.3. Trails, Byways and Designated Touring Routes...... 12 4.4. Education Component ...... 13 4.5. Sign Component ...... 14 4.5.1. Scope of Signing ...... 14 4.5.2. Designated Route Markers ...... 15 4.5.3. Proposed Sign Locations ...... 17 4.5.4. Maintenance and Monitoring of Travel Management Signs ...... 17 4.6. Enforcement Component ...... 18 5 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 19 5.1. Restoration and Rehabilitation ...... 19 5.2. Monitoring ...... 20 5.3. Adaptive Management ...... 21 5.4. TMP Revision and Amendment ...... 22 5.5. Reroutes and New Disturbance ...... 23 5.6. Temporary Routes ...... 24 5.7. Necessary Access on Private and State Lands ...... 24 5.8. Emergency Closures ...... 25 5.9. Prioritization ...... 25

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 i Figures

Figure 1. TMP Area Overview ...... 3 Figure 2. Identification, Navigation and Regulatory signs ...... 15 Figure 3. Route Markers ...... 16 Figure 4. Examples of Area and Route Signs ...... 17

Tables

Table 1. Land Ownership within KFO ...... 1 Table 2. Route Information within the Planning Area, by Use Level ...... 2 Table 3. Route Information within the Planning Area, by Route Type ...... 2 Table 4. Route Designations ...... 10 Table 5. Maintenance Intensity Levels ...... 11 Table 6. Management Of Transportation Facilities ...... 25

Appendices

Appendix A. Acronyms, Glossary, and References Appendix B. Resource Management Objective

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 ii 1 Introduction

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Kingman Field Office (KFO) Travel Management Plan (TMP) has been prepared considering extensive public and agency input. The intent of the plan is to establish a comprehensive travel network and develop action plans while protecting resources and meeting both current and future access needs to the public lands in this area while minimizing conflict among users of the travel network. The plan identifies a system of roads, primitive roads and trails, and the terms for their use and maintenance. Additionally, it outlines facilities to be developed in support of recreational use through creation of a limited amount of new routes and closure of other routes. The travel network identified in this TMP is comprised of both motorized and non-motorized trails.

Federal agencies are directed to manage motorized vehicle use on public lands through Executive Order (EO) 11644 and EO 11989, which have been incorporated into the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), under 43 CFR 8342.1. The 1995 Kingman Record of Decision (ROD) and Resource Management Plan (RMP) (BLM 1995) as well as the Lower Gila North Management Framework Plan (MFP) (BLM 1981) and subsequent Approved Amendment to the Lower Gila North MFP (herein referred to as the “Approved Amendment”) (BLM 2005) provide management guidance for the approximately 2,471,810 acres of BLM-administered land located within the KFO planning area (planning area). This guidance must be considered in any travel management planning decisions. Surface management within the Kingman Travel Management Areas (TMAs) includes BLM, National Park Service, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Tribal Lands, Bureau of Reclamation, State, county, local, and private lands. Table 1 presents the distribution of land ownership within the planning area.

Table 1. Land Ownership within KFO Other Federal BLM Land Tribal Land Land State Land Private Land Total (acres) (Acres) (acres) (acres) (acres) (acres) 2,471,810 445,422 487,172 829,629 1,481,273 5,715,306

The Kingman ROD and RMP (BLM 1995), as well as the Lower Gila North MFP (BLM 1981) and Approved Amendment (BLM 2005), designated 418,887 acres as closed to vehicle use per the Arizona Desert Wilderness Act of 1990, which designated nine wilderness areas within the planning area. The Wilderness Act of 1964 and subsequent Arizona Desert Wilderness Act of 1990 closed wilderness areas to motorized and mechanical transport (e.g., use of vehicles, bicycles, game carts, etc.). The RMP also designated the majority of public lands in the planning area as “limited to existing roads, trails, and navigable washes.”

1.1. Overview of the TMP Area

The KFO manages over 2.4 million acres of public land in northwestern Arizona (Figure 1). It is located east and southeast of the Colorado River and much of the area is interspersed with other land ownerships. The planning area is comprised of nine TMAs: Bagdad, Black Mountains, Cerbat Mountains, Crozier, Goodwin Mesa, Hualapai, Music Mountains, Poachies, and White Hills.

Important resources include:  The 42-mile Route 66 National Backcounty Byway;  Nine wilderness areas;  Twelve Areas of Critical Environmental Concern (ACECs);  Five river segments eligible for Wild and Scenic River designation;

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 1  The Grapevine Mesa/Joshua Tree Forest National Natural Landmark; and  One property listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Due to its close proximity to Grand Canyon-West, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, and Lake Havasu City; as well as the communities of Las Vegas, Kingman, Bullhead City, and to a lesser extent Phoenix, the planning area receives a continuous amount of recreational use and population influx annually. The wide variety of resources and recreational experiences available to the public in the KFO attracts a diverse group of users and requires multiple-use management in order to minimize conflicts.

A total of 17,415 existing routes, totaling approximately 5,503 miles, were identified and evaluated for the TMP EA. Tables 2 and 3 describe the route information collected during the inventory process (explained in Section 2.1), by the route use level and the type of route present, respectively.

Table 2. Route Information within the Planning Area, by Use Level Number of Use Level Routes Total Mileage Heavy 4,784 1,722.29 Light 10,194 3,020.60 Moderate 1 0.16 Non-Existent 385 75.26 Undetermined 2,051 683.64

Table 3. Route Information within the Planning Area, by Route Type Number of Route Type Routes Total Mileage Primary Road Paved 74 74.57 Primary Road Unpaved 65 48.02 Reclaiming 603 158.20 Secondary Road Paved 54 10.66 Secondary Road Unpaved 815 370.78 Single Track 259 71.81 Tertiary Road Unpaved 15,545 4,767.89

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 2

Figure 1. TMP Area Overview

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 3 1.2. Areas of Special Emphasis

The special designations and areas of special management emphasis within the TMP area include:  Arrastra Mountain Wilderness Area  Aubrey Peak Wilderness Area  Mount Nutt Wilderness Area  Mount Tipton Wilderness Area  Mount Wilson Wilderness Area  Tres Alamos Mountains Wilderness Area  Upper Burro Creek Wilderness Area  Wabayuma Peak Wilderness Area  Warm Springs Wilderness Area

The ACECs within the TMP area include.  Aubrey Peak Bighorn Sheep Habitat ACEC  Black Mountains Ecosystem Management ACEC  Burro Creek Riparian and Cultural ACEC  Carrow-Stephens Ranches ACEC  Clay Hills Research Natural Area ACEC  Hualapai Mountain Research Natural Area ACEC  Joshua Tree Forest – Grand Wash Cliffs ACEC  McCracken Desert Tortoise Habitat ACEC  Poachie Desert Tortoise Habitat ACEC  Three Rivers Riparian ACEC  White-margined Penstemon Reserve ACEC  Wright-Cottonwood Creeks Riparian and Cultural ACEC

1.3. Background of Travel and Transportation Management

In the 1980s, in response to Presidential EOs 11644 and 1989, the BLM began to address public concerns regarding the proliferation of unplanned roads and trails and their impact on public land resources and uses. This involved designating all public lands as either "open," "limited," or "closed" to off-highway vehicle (OHV) use in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulations, under 43 CFR 8342.1.

National BLM policy requires State and Field Offices to develop travel and transportation management plans using a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to integrating travel and transportation management with land use planning and resource management programs in a process called Travel and Transportation Management or Comprehensive Travel and Transportation Management (CTTM; see BLM Handbook 8342, Travel and Transportation Handbook and BLM Manual 1626, Travel and Transportation Management Manual). This planning process addresses all resource values and uses (recreational, traditional, commercial, authorized, and other); and includes all modes of access (e.g., motorized, mechanized, non-motorized, and non-mechanized) and conditions of travel on the public lands.

CTTM goals are to:  Provide and improve sustainable access for public needs and experiences;  Protect natural and cultural resources and settings;

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 4  Promote the safety of public land users; and  Minimize conflicts among the various users of public lands.

2 Travel Management Planning Process 2.1. Route Inventory Process

The BLM began conducting route inventories within the planning area in 2004 utilizing existing maps, available aerial photography, and satellite images. BLM field crews and contractors then utilized four-wheel drive vehicles, motorcycles, horses, mountain bikes, or pedestrian means to travel all identified roads, primitive roads, and trails to collect route inventory data. Data was also gathered for any additional routes that were observed in the field, but had not been previously identified in the 2004 inventory process.

BLM field crews and contractors tracked the inventory using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The GPS not only recorded spatial data (the route on the map), but also qualitative data regarding the character of the linear feature (road, primitive road, or trail). Qualitative data was collected, including:  Route type (e.g., tertiary road unpaved);  Route width (e.g., 2.5 meters);  Whether the route is located within a wash;  Primary route surface (e.g., gravel or natural);  Secondary route surface (e.g., bedrock);  Primary route use (e.g., OHV);  Secondary route use (e.g., all-terrain vehicle [ATV]);  Tertiary route use (e.g., bicycle)  Route use level (e.g., heavy);  Road number (e.g., 7717);  Road name (e.g., Big Wash Road); and  Current maintenance (e.g., regular grading).

In addition to the data collected regarding the linear character of the route, a series of point features were collected, including:  Hazards (e.g., erosion, overhanging vegetation, etc.);  Point site (e.g., abandoned building, campsite, corral, etc.);  Photograph points (e.g., historic maintenance); and  Generic points (e.g., pipeline crossing).

BLM then applied all of the linear and point data to populate a database for routes within the planning area. This database or ground transportation linear feature (GTLF) informed the Interdisciplinary Team (IDT) for route evaluations.

2.2. Route Evaluation Process

A comprehensive route evaluation process was conducted prior to initiation of this TMP. The route evaluation criteria utilized direction from the BLM national standards related to travel and transportation management, aforementioned inventory data, public comments received during the scoping period, the goals and objectives for each TMA, and IDT collaboration (Appendix F of the EA).

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 5 The methodology used in the evaluation process documented current uses and resources and identified potential risks and benefits of each route on various resources in the KFO. The route evaluation process led to the development of four travel network alternatives, each emphasizing various levels of access and resource management.

Code of Federal Regulations, under 43 CFR 8342.1 states that all route designations shall be based on the protection of the resources of the public lands, the promotion of the safety of all users of public lands, the minimization of conflicts among various uses of public lands; and in accordance with the following criteria:  Areas and trails shall be located to minimize damage to soil, watershed, vegetation, air, or other resources of the public lands, and to prevent impairment of wilderness suitability.  Areas and trails shall be located to minimize harassment of wildlife or significant disruption of wildlife habitats. Special attention will be given to protect endangered or threatened species and their habitats.  Areas and trails shall be located to minimize conflicts between off-road vehicle use and other existing or proposed recreational uses of the same or neighboring public lands, and to ensure the compatibility of such uses with existing conditions in populated areas, taking into account noise and other factors.  Areas and trails shall not be located in officially designated wilderness areas or primitive areas. Areas and trails shall be located in natural areas only if the Authorized Officer determines that off-road vehicle use in such locations will not adversely affect their natural, esthetic, scenic, or other values for which such areas are established.

During the route evaluation process, each segment was proposed designated as open, limited, or closed based on 43 CFR 8342.1 and the aforementioned evaluation criteria.

3 Travel Management Decisions 3.1. Plan Purpose and Conformance

The BLM currently manages a majority of the TMAs under the Kingman ROD and RMP (BLM 1995). The 1995 RMP provides long-term goals specific to the planning area’s resources and uses. The RMP currently limits travel in areas to six different categories including (1) existing roads, (2) existing trails, (3) existing washes, (4) designated roads, (5) designated trails, and (6) designated washes. The Travel and Transportation Management Manual (BLM 2016) provides clarification on the RMP-level decisions for allocation of acres designated OHV- limited versus the TMP implementation-level decisions. The manual describes on page 4-2, Section 4.2 “The type of limitations applied in an OHV limited area is an implementation-level decision…the planning document supporting these decisions will describe the conditions under which the limitation will apply and the rationale for why the limitation was selected.” Therefore, the TMP serves to adjust the implementation of the RMP allocations by shifting from an existing route network to a designated route network.

A portion of the Poachies TMA is managed under the Lower Gila North MFP (BLM 1981) and Approved Amendment (BLM 2005). The Approved Amendment (BLM 2005) provides management decisions regarding the designation of OHVs on page 15, specifically RR-9, which limits travel to existing and/or designated roads and vehicle routes. Therefore, the TMP for the Poachies TMA serves to adjust the Approved Amendment allocation by shifting from an existing route network to a designated route network. National goals, regulations, and polices are established by the following documents:  Travel and Transportation Handbook (BLM 2012a);  Travel and Transportation Manual (BLM 2016);  National Management Strategy for Motorized OHV Use on Public Lands (BLM 2001);

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 6  Land Use Planning Handbook (BLM 2005);  BLM Instruction Memorandum 2012-067 Clarification of Cultural Resource Considerations for OHV Designations and Travel Management; and  EOs 11644/11989 – Off-Road Vehicle Management Policies.

The TMP is considered an implementation or action plan. It specifies the measurable management objectives and actions that will be taken to produce or maintain the desired future conditions described in Section 3.3.

3.1.1. Arizona BLM Statewide OHV Regulations and Travel Management Policies

The statewide OHV regulations are presented in the BLM State Director’s Guidance for Arizona Land Use Planning Efforts (Instruction Memorandum AZ-2005-007), BLM Instruction Memorandum AZ-2009-017 State Specific Guidance for Implementation of the Arizona OHV Law, and include the following:  Permittees (e.g., for hunting, wood gathering, livestock operators) must comply with TMP route designations. Exceptions may be made by the Authorized Officer.  There shall be no motorized access to harvested game cross country or off of a route designated open to the public, although use of a mechanized game carrier off of an open route is permitted outside of designated wilderness areas.  It is unlawful for a person to camp within one-fourth mile of a natural water hole containing water or a man-made watering facility containing water in such a place that wildlife or domestic stock will be denied access to the only reasonably available water.  Use of motorized or mechanized vehicles off of the designated route for the purpose of working livestock is prohibited.  State vehicle laws apply to motor vehicle use.  There are no posted speed limits on BLM roads, primitive roads or trails.  BLM will not develop, endorse or publish road or trail ratings. BLM may describe physical characteristics of a route.  Vehicles are allowed to pull 100 feet off of either side of designated routes. Where pulling off a vehicle 100 feet from a route’s centerline is allowed, impacts to natural and cultural resources shall be monitored on a continuing basis as staffing permits. When monitoring results show effects that exceed limits of acceptable change, motorized vehicles will not be allowed to pull off 100 feet from any designated route on either side of the centerline within the impacted area.

3.2. BLM Administrative Determination on R.S. 2477

A TMP is not intended to provide evidence, bearing on, or address the validity of any Revised Statute (R.S.) 2477 assertions. R.S. 2477 rights are determined through a process that is entirely independent of the BLM's planning process. Consequently, this TMP did not take into consideration R.S. 2477 evidence. The BLM bases travel management planning on purpose and need related to resource uses and associated access to public lands and waters given consideration to the relevant resources. At such time as a decision is made on R.S. 2477 assertions, the BLM will adjust its travel routes accordingly.

The BLM will continue to consider granting Right-of-Ways (ROWs) for or including vehicular use. ROWs will be processed under project specific NEPA analysis and be subject to any requirements stemming from said analysis. Upon granting of ROWs including roads or vehicular ways, these will automatically be incorporated into this TMP on a case-by-case basis.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 7 3.3. Desired Outcomes

Desired outcomes (or goals and objectives) provide overarching direction for BLM actions in meeting the agency’s legal, regulatory, policy, and strategic requirements. Goals are broad statements of desired outcome, but generally are not quantifiable. Objectives are more specific statements of a desired condition that may include a measurable component. Desired outcomes are expressed in the Kingman ROD and RMP (BLM 1995), as well as the Lower Gila North MFP (BLM 1981) and Approved Amendment (BLM 2005) as desired future conditions (DFCs), and represent land or resource conditions that are expected to result if planning goals and objectives are fully achieved.

3.3.1. Goals, Objectives and Guidelines for General Management Areas

Management guidelines for these areas will remain similar to current management practices, except for the designation of OHV use. Existing laws, regulations, policies and procedures will be followed. The following management goals, objectives and guidelines will apply.  Provide essential motorized access to non-Federal lands, across BLM-administered lands, and recognize prior existing access rights.  Reduce unauthorized proliferation of travel routes and minimize impacts to identified resource values from routes that provide non-essential access.  Continue to provide adequate access for the maintenance and management of wildlife, livestock grazing, minerals, realty, fire, cultural resources, and a multitude of recreational activities and experiences.  Designate OHV use as open or limited to existing roads, trails and washes.  Provide for semi-primitive motorized and non-motorized recreation.  Designated routes will be signed and mapped for public use in a manner consistent with other Federal land management agencies and BLM national policy.  Designated routes will provide for a wide variety of trail-based recreational opportunities in a manner that will reduce existing or future user conflicts.

3.3.2. Goals, Objectives and Guidelines for Areas Requiring Special Management

Management guidelines for these areas of public lands (e.g., ACECs) will focus on managing sensitive resources while allowing for multiple use. The BLM will manage authorized uses and prepare management prescriptions to protect unique resources. The following management guidelines will apply.  Minimize surface disturbance.  Develop educational materials and interpretive sites to increase the public’s understanding of sensitive resources.  Develop low impact recreation opportunities.  Limit the use of OHVs to designated roads, trails, and washes.  Limit OHV use in riparian areas to designated roads and trails.  Close and rehabilitate roads where there is no public or administrative need to keep them open.  Designate OHV use as limited or closed.  Provide for semi-primitive motorized and non-motorized recreation.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 8 3.4. Route Designations

The actions listed below are meant to implement the goals and objectives of this TMP, as well as incorporate travel management actions as required by the Kingman ROD and RMP (BLM 1995), as well as the Lower Gila North MFP (BLM 1995) and Approved Amendment (BLM 2005).

As stated in Section 3.1, the TMP serves to adjust the implementation of the RMP allocations by shifting from an existing route network to a designated route network. The primary action of this plan is to designate the travel network. The proposed route system has been designed to provide access and to enhance recreation while protecting resources. The route designation type describes the kind of user that can utilize the route, how the use can occur, and when access to the route is allowed: Open: Routes where all types of motorized and mechanized vehicle use is permitted at all times, and subject to the operating regulations and vehicle standards set forth in 43 CFR 8341 and 8342. Limited: Limitation may be based on number or types of vehicles, size, season of use, or users with special authorization. Seasonal Closure: Routes that are closed to public motorized and mechanized use during certain seasons or times. OHV Width: Routes that are restricted to use by non-motorized, motorcycle, or OHVs with a width of 50 inches or less. Authorized Users: These routes are available to the public for non-motorized travel only. Routes designated for authorized motorized use only, often termed “administrative access,” are for motorized travel for purposes specifically related to completing BLM work or specific work completed by a permittee associated with an approved BLM ROW, permit, or lease. Authorizations may be granted on a case-by-case basis with written approval from the BLM Authorized Officer, with the exception of valid existing rights including ROWs, and current easements. Routes designated as authorized use only are also subject to seasonal closures, vehicle size class restrictions and ongoing monitoring. Non-motorized: Routes limited to non-motorized uses, such as bicycle, horseback, or hiking. Non-mechanized: Routes limited to hikers and equestrian travel. Closed: Routes closed to motorized and mechanized use due to resource concerns or conflicts. The routes may be available for foot and equestrian travel. These routes may involve physical closure structures with the ultimate goal of being restored to a vegetated condition. Four different route types are used to describe the intended use designation: road, primitive road, temporary route, and trail (BLM 2006). These terms are defined in detail below: Road: A linear route declared a road by the owner, managed for use by low-clearance vehicles having four or more wheels, and maintained for regular and continuous use. Primitive Road: A linear route managed for use by four-wheel drive or high-clearance vehicles. These routes do not customarily meet any BLM road design standards. Temporary Route: Temporary routes are defined as short-term overland roads, primitive roads or trails; authorized or acquired for the development, construction or staging of a project or event that has a finite lifespan.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 9 Trail: Linear routes managed for human-powered, stock, or off-road vehicle forms of transportation or for historical or heritage values. Trails are not generally managed for use by four-wheel drive or high-clearance vehicles. Table 4 below describes the mileage of each route designation type in the proposed route system.

Table 4. Route Designations Route Designations Mileage Percentage Closed 1,630.75 30 Limited (Administrative and Authorized Users) 399.26 7 Limited (Administrative and Seasonal) 64.55 1 Limited (Non-Motorized) 52.93 1 Limited (OHV Width) 37.57 1 Open 3,317.68 60 Total 5,502.74 100

The route type is the description of the physical conditions of the route, and relates to the extent of physical and/or vehicular access that each route type may support, as well as lending guidance to maintenance requirements. Route nomenclature is consistent with current BLM guidance (BLM Roads and Trails Terminology Report 2006), utilizing the terms road (formerly two-wheel drive road); primitive road (formerly four-wheel drive road and four- wheel drive technical road); and trail, (formerly called an ATV route or restricted access).

3.5. Publication of the Travel Network

Travel network mapping may include both traditional hard copy maps that are provided through BLM, non-BLM outlets, partners, or electronic media versions. These will include downloadable maps that could be utilized by an electronic device, web-downloadable maps, and interactive maps. BLM and non-BLM sites provide information on such features as specific destination, trailheads, campsites, and other items of importance and interest to the public.

After assigning a route identification number, the BLM will publish maps (hard copy, online, interactive, etc.) that depicts travel routes and their respective number labels. Travel routes that are designated as “Limited (Administrative)” will not be shown on publicly available maps. Non-motorized Routes open to hiking, bicycling, and horseback riding will be included on these maps. A general information campaign will be conducted to announce availability of maps. Part of this campaign will include contacting public mapping sources and agencies to request information updates that could improve the maps. Draft maps printed by the BLM will be provided to groups, agencies, or individuals upon request.

4 Implementation 4.1. Implementation Decisions Made in the TMP

Routes will be maintained as funding allows in accordance with TMP guidance and BLM policy. The standards for design, construction, and maintenance of roads and trails within the route system are outlined in the following BLM manuals:  BLM Manual 9113 Roads;  BLM Manual 9114 Trails;  H-9113-1 Road Design;

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 10  H 9113-2 Roads National Inventory and Condition Assessment Guidance & Instruction;  H-9113-1 Primitive Roads Design; and  H-9115-2 Primitive Roads Inventory and Condition Assessment Guidance & Instructions.

In accordance with the policy outlined above, routes have been assigned maintenance levels. Routes will be managed in accordance with assigned maintenance levels and in consideration of resource issues. The conditions and use levels of routes can determine what maintenance intensities they receive. Travel route conditions, design standards, and guidelines are based on average daily traffic, functional classifications, and terrain type. Physical characteristics of routes help determine what types of use routes receive, and types of route use indicate which vehicles are capable of traveling on particular routes. Based on resource management needs and functional classifications, designated routes have been assigned maintenance intensity levels, as presented in the BLM Roads Manual (BLM 2015). Average Daily Traffic (ADT) of routes will be monitored throughout the life of this plan and subsequent adjustments could be made to the maintenance intensity of a given route subject to site-specific analysis and consultation.

Table 5 below describes the maintenance intensity levels under each alternative.

Table 5. Maintenance Intensity Levels Maintenance Descriptions of Routes Under Each Intensity Alternative Alternative Alternative Alternative Intensity Level A (miles) B (miles) C (miles) D (miles) Level 0 Existing routes that will no longer be 0 2,720.85 1,628.48 829.85 maintained or declared as routes. Routes identified for removal from the Transportation System entirely. Level 1 Routes where minimal (low-intensity) 4,009.32 1,623.45 2,541.74 3,262.51 maintenance is required to protect adjacent lands and resource values. These roads may be impassable for extended periods of time. Level 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (Reserved for future use) Level 3 Routes requiring moderate maintenance due to 762.00 442.05 602.08 679.47 low volume use (for example, seasonally or year-round for commercial, recreational, or administrative access). Maintenance intensities may not provide year-round access but are intended to generally provide resources appropriate to keep the route in use for the majority of the year. Level 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (Reserved for future use) Level 5 Routes for high (maximum) maintenance 692.38 677.35 691.40 691.88 because of year-round needs, high-volume traffic, or significant use. Also may include routes identified through management objectives as requiring high intensities of maintenance or to be maintained open year- round.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 11 4.2. Special Designated Areas

BLM may construct or re-route transportation assets within special designated areas (Special Recreation Management Areas [SRMA], Extensive Recreation Management Areas [ERMAs], or ACECs,) contained in the Kingman ROD and RMP (BLM 1995), as well as the Lower Gila North MFP (BLM, 1981) and Approved Amendment (BLM 2005) to control access and prevent damage to cultural and natural resources. These proposed transportation assets will be evaluated, designated, and incorporated into this TMP. Parking areas and trailhead facilities may be constructed within these special designated areas to accommodate this use.

Motorized use will remain within the footprint of the route with a reasonable use of the shoulder and immediate roadside for vehicle passage, parking, overnight camping, and in emergencies. Along boundaries of wilderness areas, driving or parking a vehicle off the tread surface, except for reasonable use of the immediate road shoulder, will be prohibited. Bicycles, wheeled game carts or any other mechanized vehicles are not allowed in wilderness areas.

4.3. Trails, Byways and Designated Touring Routes

BLM currently manages 54 designated National Back Country Byways, totaling approximately 2,952 miles in 11 western states. In addition to the BLM National Back Country Byways, approximately 60 National Scenic Byways or State-designated scenic byways, totaling nearly 2,500 miles, traverse BLM lands in seven states. Back Country Byways are designated by the type of road and vehicle needed to safely travel the byway.  Type I—Roads are paved or have an all-weather surface and have grades that are negotiable by a normal touring car. These roads are usually narrow, slow speed, secondary roads.  Type II—Roads require high-clearance vehicles such as trucks or four-wheel drive vehicles. These roads are usually not paved, but may have some type of surfacing. Grades, curves, and road surface are such that they can be negotiated with a two-wheel drive high clearance vehicle without undue difficulty.  Type III— Roads require four-wheel drive vehicles or other specialized vehicles such as dirt bikes, ATVs, etc. These roads are usually not surfaced, but are managed to provide for safety considerations and resource protection needs. They have grades, tread surfaces, and other characteristics that will require specialized vehicles to negotiate.  Type IV—Trails that are managed specifically to accommodate dirt bike, mountain bike, snowmobile, or ATV use. These are usually single track trails.

Creating and adopting identified backcountry OHV touring trails with appropriate interpretive or education displays will be permissible over the life of this plan. This use will occur on designated open routes or along other routes identified by external entities and in conjunction with KFO staff. Potential conflicts with natural, cultural, or visual resources and administrative concerns will be evaluated prior to any designations.

Through collaboration with local OHV clubs, the BLM will provide and install signage, as specified in Phase II of this TMP, as described in Table 6 (refer to Section 5.9). Signage and subsequent maps will be created to advise the public of the designated routes that are associated with the Arizona Peace Trail, Sun Corridor Trail, or other interconnected non-motorized or motorized trail initiatives. Potential hiking and equestrian trails may be developed and incorporated into this TMP using the evaluation process.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 12 4.4. Education Component

An outreach and education program will be developed as a tool to facilitate the public education effort and enlist public support and assistance in maintaining the route network. The desired outcomes of the education aspect of implementation are:  Increased understanding of travel management decisions;  Widespread adoption of safe, responsible motorized and non-motorized use; and  Promotion of citizen stewardship.

Benefits of these outcomes include increased compliance with route and area designations, decreased vandalism, fewer inadvertent violations, enhanced protection of natural and cultural resources, improved etiquette among visitors, and enhanced safe and responsible recreation experiences. A driving factor for a strong education effort is the resultant reduction in enforcement actions and in resources needed for long-term sustainability.

The educational and outreach program may be developed in collaboration with Federal, State, county, established and emerging organizations, and the public, and may include area-specific elements. Sustainable partnerships are essential to the successful implementation of the TMP. These partnerships require coordination, and include organizations that contribute various interests and resources. Potential partners include non-profit and other private groups, governmental jurisdictions and organizations, educational groups, users and user organizations, local law enforcement, utilities, and private businesses. Financial resources for programs could be identified and pooled with other partners. To ensure sustainability, programs must be prioritized, with assigned responsibilities. To the extent possible, the BLM will seek to create alliances with local and regional groups and various government entities.

Additionally, the BLM will utilize seven target messages/themes for this educational effort:  Tread Lightly (www.treadlightly.org);  Leave No Trace (www.lnt.org);  Share the Trail (www.imba.com/resources/risk-management/shared-trails);  Respect the rights of private landowners and other users of public land;  Prevent the spread of invasive species;  Prevent wildland fires; and  Ensure OHV safety.

Key messages will be developed that reflect the sensitivity of resources in the area, the recreational opportunities the area offers, and important land ethics including:  ACECs (12 within KFO);  SRMAs (6 within KFO);  Heard Management Areas (HMA) (5 within KFO);  Grazing allotments (85 within KFO); and  Wilderness areas (9 within KFO).

The BLM will use emerging technology and current communication methods to convey information and to secure public participation and stewardship for route management and ongoing evaluation of the TMP. As time and funding permit, the BLM will establish websites that include downloadable items such as maps, land use ethics, rules, fire prevention restrictions, and emergency announcements. Information will also be available at offices and high-use areas and BLM staff will have consistent talking points.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 13 4.5. Sign Component

Travel management signage is an important way of communicating with public land users. Signing of travel and transportation networks is necessary for adequate management of public lands. Route users want to know what modes of travel are allowed on routes they will like to use. Directional and informational signs (and the placement of these signs) are critical for the safety and enjoyment of public lands, for compliance with rules and regulations, and for protection of resources. Proper signing can improve visitor experiences by providing the necessary information to ensure that they are aware of regulations, safety, and allowable uses.

Sign plans are the primary components in BLM signage efforts and are required components of TMPs. According to the BLM Sign Guidebook, a sign plan provides for the systematic and uniform development and maintenance of a sign system for a given area (BLM 2016). A sign plan is necessary to ensure that signs are consistent with all applicable laws, regulations, and policies, including land use/planning documents. Sign plans also ensure that signs will adhere to consistent themes. Signing is a key element for implementing comprehensive travel and transportation plans. The 2017 KFO Sign Plan was completed to comply with the BLM National Sign Guidebook and is a document that requires continual maintenance and is adaptable over time to emerging issues dealing with signage. The TMP strategy conforms to the policy that all open routes will be signed and additional user information will be provided.

4.5.1. Scope of Signing

Under this TMP, various types of signs and markers will be installed according to current BLM policies and guidance such as the BLM National Sign Guidebook and Guidelines for a Quality Built Environment. Signs will be placed along roads, primitive roads, and trails. A variety of signs will be placed in the KFO, including:  Area and public land identification signs based on cadastral surveys;  Entry kiosks and informational kiosks;  Bulletin boards;  Signs for routes’ identification numbers and designation statuses; and  Area map boards.

Signing will be installed as necessary for visitor management and assistance. Signing will also be used as a tool for resource protection and regulatory and informational purposes. Initially, all designated open routes will be signed at intersections. Then, in situations that necessitate route clarification, signs will be placed every one mile beyond intersections. Signing will also occur at other points where following a primitive road or trail might be difficult or confusing to visitors. If necessary, signing or barricades for closures will be placed at reasonable intervals to ensure that users understand where closures exist. Signage and/or barricading of closed routes will be subject on a case-by-case basis to site-specific NEPA analysis and subsequent consultation. Signing will be designed to provide the public with clear and correct information to avoid off-network travel, damage to sensitive resources and areas, to prevent use conflict, and to direct the public to popular destinations.

Through monitoring and ongoing public input, strategies will be developed to constantly improve signing effectiveness. Maintenance procedures and schedules will be developed for signs and markers. Such procedures and schedules will include anticipated replacement needs. A sign inventory and database will be created to facilitate tracking of sign locations and sign maintenance. It is expected that during the first few years following implementation of this TMP, many signs will be removed or destroyed and will be replaced or updated with a new communication or engineering technique.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 14 Specific sign or communication/engineering will include:  “Designated” routes will be marked with brown flexible markers or u-channel posts with flexible brown markers and standard decals or aluminum signage where appropriate.  “Open” routes will be marked with route identification letters and numbers, arrow decals at intersections, and along the route as necessary to indicate routes that are “open” for vehicle travel.  “Non-Motorized Use Only” and “Non-Mechanized Use Only” routes will be marked with standard symbol decals indicating what mode of transportation is allowed.  “Limited Use Only” routes will be marked with a specific limitation symbol and/or other appropriate information indicating the type of restriction for that route. For example, if the route is available to specified vehicles or that the route is available for limited season of use.

4.5.2. Designated Route Markers

Each travel route will have an identifying number. KFO has the 7000 series of numbers in the State. The route identifying numbers will be maintained in the KFO Facility Asset Management System (FAMS) database to allow historical tracking of routes from the inventory stage through the implementation stage. A consistent BLM numeric system will be applied to the route network. Long distance routes, touring loops, or routes to specific destinations may have a route name or symbol, in addition to a number. Local input will be requested when naming loops and trails. The numbering system will be flexible, and numbers may not always follow in numeric order. Routes that travel between field offices or planning areas will use the navigation number that was assigned in the jurisdiction or area that had the earliest designation date. The majority of primitive roads and trails will be marked with fiberglass markers. These markers could also be placed on metal U-channel posts with tamper-proof fasteners. Aluminum signage mounted on metal U-channel posts could also be utilized for route numbers where fiberglass markers may not easily be installed in the ground. Figure 2 presents signs and markers that could be used on routes.

Figure 2. Identification, Navigation and Regulatory signs

4.5.2.1. Open and Limited Travel Routes

Markers for travel routes that are Open and/or Limited to OHV travel will follow the basic layout depicted at the far left of Figure 3. Each marker post will contain an arrow, route number, symbols of allowed uses (Open to) and prohibited uses (Closed to), and the BLM logo. Markers may also have a decal with GPS coordinates marked at strategic locations. Markers for travel routes where OHV vehicle travel is allowed but Limited (with various restrictions) could use the sign depicted in the far right image of Figure 3.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 15

Figure 3. Route Markers

4.5.2.2. Limited (Administrative or Non-Motorized Travel Routes

Markers for travel routes where OHV travel is limited to administrative or non-motorized use only will use the middle sign in Figure 3.

4.5.2.3. Closed and Decommissioned Travel Routes Markers for travel routes that are closed to all forms of OHV travel (including administrative use) will also use the middle sign in Figure 3. Markers for travel routes that are closed to all forms of OHV travel and are scheduled to be decommissioned will also use the middle sign in Figure 3. Once a route has been decommissioned or has reclaimed naturally, these signs will be removed to prevent attracting attention to the fact that a travel route once existed in a particular location.

4.5.2.4. Additional Sign Examples

In addition to portal/entry signs, designated route marker signs, and closure/limitation signs, the signs depicted in Figure 4 may be used.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 16

Figure 4. Examples of Area and Route Signs

4.5.3. Proposed Sign Locations

Route markers will be placed (at a minimum) at each major intersection and as needed and noted in the BLM sign database. At each sign placement site, care will be taken to visually ensure that the message conveyed by a particular sign is generally positive (where possible), simple, and easy to read.

To limit the overall number of markers at each intersection, two routes may be identified on one post with arrow symbols. When adding a route name or where more than one or two international symbols are needed to convey a restriction or use, the BLM may develop unique decals that clearly identify needed messages or trail names. If a volunteer group adopts a route, they may be allowed to develop a decal to place on the route markers. On sign marker posts, trail names or “Trail Adopters” may be identified and labeled above route numbers. Not all route markers need to include a route name and numeric route identifier. Thus, some marker information could be used interchangeably on different markers. One route can have more than one identifier (e.g., name, number), and all route markers on a particular route will not be exactly the same.

4.5.4. Maintenance and Monitoring of Travel Management Signs

Generally, maintenance of travel management markers will be completed according to Chapter 8 of the BLM’s Sign Guidebook, which can be found at: https://www.blm.gov/documents/national-office/handbook-public-room/handbook/national-sign-handbook

A sign inventory (stored in a database) will be incorporated into the 2017 KFO sign plan and maintained as time and funding permit. Current markers and signs should be inventoried as soon as possible after acceptance of this TMP. The database of sign inventory details will include the following information for each sign:  Location/GPS coordinates  Installation date o On larger signs, installation dates should be written on the back of signs.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 17  Inventory date  Name of individual(s) who conducted installation/inventory  All language on the sign  Sign layout o Height o Length o Color o Shape (truncated, rectangle, square, marker)  Lettering o Size o Color o Font  Sign and post materials  Sign condition (good, fair, needs repair or replacement)  Number of times sign has been replaced (via ongoing count)  Photographs of signs

All photographs of signs should be linked to their GPS locations and maintained in the sign inventory database in subfolders labeled by year. All visitors should be encouraged to report missing or damaged signs. Volunteer efforts should be developed to help install, monitor, and replace route markers and signs. Cost of replacement signs should be a line item in annual budget projections. These costs should be identified through the sign inventory database.

4.6. Enforcement Component

The KFO is the primary Field Office that manages the law enforcement operation and will monitor the approximately 5,503-mile route network. Typical BLM Law Enforcement concerns related to public use in the KFO include traffic accidents, driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol and/or drugs, firearm violations, cross-country OHV use, illegal dumping, resource theft, and the creation of new travel routes by visitors. Law enforcement coverage in the KFO is provided by BLM. Enforcement actions typically occur in response to complaints, and patrols are conducted on a periodic basis, depending on other priorities. Other agencies also patrol the area, including Mohave, Yavapai, and La Paz County Sheriff’s Office Departments and Arizona Game and Fish Department (AZGFD).

In an effort to enforce the route network, interdisciplinary cooperation among staff is emphasized. As part of this IDT approach, law enforcement officers work closely with resource, recreation, and maintenance staff to capture information, statistics, and maintenance needs at specific locations. When trends or needs have been assessed, the Field Managers prioritize resources and direct additional KFO patrols in appropriate regions.

Law enforcement issues are documented in the law enforcement Incident Management Analysis and Reporting System (IMARS)” reporting system. The IMARS reporting system is a confidential law enforcement reporting system. Numerical data is obtained through IMARS to determine which resource violations/public safety concerns are most prevalent in specific areas. Such reports allow management and BLM Law Enforcement the frequency of patrol and types of incidents documented in order to collaboratively monitor and direct further patrol and law enforcement activities.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 18 To increase BLM presence, volunteers may be recruited to conduct patrols. These patrols will be focused on visitor services and travel management monitoring. Increased BLM presence and use of Trail Stewards will only occur if adequate funding is acquired. Additional funding will be requested through various BLM channels and through partnering to leverage grants or other available funding.

Goals for a successful enforcement plan include:  Improve information on the nature, timing, and location of resource and safety concerns to improve preventive strategies and result in more effective and timely law enforcement response.  Increase the presence of non-BLM law enforcement, including Mohave, Yavapai, La Paz County Sheriff’s Offices and AZGFD law enforcement, and volunteers.  Improve and expand interagency cooperation in the area.  Increase enforcement capacity, including the use of new technology, modelling, and specific strategies to be used by BLM law enforcement.  Encourage educational and monitoring efforts by volunteer user groups and citizen-based education groups, which can increase law enforcement educational efforts.  Staffing with personnel trained to answer the phones, speak to the public, and conduct on-site public outreach. Staff will be supplied with information regarding the TMP, implementation strategy, and implementation status. This information could include talking points regarding travel management decision-making so that visitors will receive consistent messages.

5 Monitoring and Evaluation

As required in 43 CFR §8342.3 (Designation changes): "The Authorized Officer shall monitor effects of the use of off-road vehicles. On the basis of information so obtained, and whenever the Authorized Officer deems it necessary to carry out the objectives of this part, designations may be amended, revised, revoked, or other actions taken pursuant to the regulations in this part."

In the broadest sense, monitoring helps to determine if adequate progress is being made toward management objectives. Among other things, this means that the monitoring program can be used for the following:  To determine if resource and resource use objectives are being met;  To determine visitor satisfaction;  To determine use patterns and volumes;  To determine the condition of roads and trails, the condition of public use areas, and compliance with route designations and use restrictions; and  To determine effectiveness of cross-jurisdictional enforcement.

If management objectives are not being met, management actions may be revised. This allows for the continual refinement and improvement of management prescriptions and practices. Please refer to Appendix B, Resource Management Objectives for additional information. In addition, Resource Management Objectives for each route are provided in the route reports completed as part of the evaluation process.

5.1. Restoration and Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation of transportation linear disturbances and disturbed areas will be accomplished in a phased fashion and will focus primarily on passive restoration techniques. A key factor in restoration (or decommissioning) is to visually obliterate obvious routes or tracks. Techniques to accomplish this include hand-raking and cutting track edges or berms to break up straight lines. Additional techniques include placing rocks on routes and vertical

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 19 mulching of routes with local vegetation or dead plant materials. The goal will be to blend the disturbed area into the landscape.

The work will be limited to existing surface disturbance. Rehabilitation could also require ground disturbing actions (such as re-sloping, removal of culverts, or restoring drainage patterns using heavy equipment). Vegetation growing in the path of new authorized primitive roads or trails could be salvaged and relocated to restored routes or other disturbed lands in the immediate area. Major or minor reclamation activities could require further environmental review on a case-by-case basis.

A travel route that has historical significance will not be subject to any surface disruption. Restoration will typically be limited to that portion of a closed or unauthorized travel route that is within line-of-sight from an authorized route. Each decommissioned route will be evaluated specifically, and the most appropriate method of restoration will be used based on geography, topography, soils, hydrology, and vegetation. Key techniques may include the following:  Removal of foreign debris and trash or other off-route attractants;  Raking or otherwise disguising the closed routes with materials at hand;  Placing native or dead vegetation on closed routes;  Broadcasting site-approved seed mixes to encourage native vegetation growth; and  Placing hardened barriers, fencing, or cables in the area to prevent impacts to the rehabilitation site.

5.2. Monitoring

Implementation monitoring determines whether the decisions achieve the anticipated desired outcomes. If implementation of land use plans does not achieve anticipated desired outcomes, adaptive management may be necessary. Although proposed management actions are based on the best scientific and commercial information available, conditions may change over time. Implemented management actions can be improved as new technology and information become available. It is also possible that changes in land use will require a different management action to protect the resources.

To address potentially changing conditions and provide management flexibility, TMP implementation will be monitored to determine the effectiveness of management actions. The monitoring and evaluation program will identify and address ongoing and emerging issues that may adversely impact the resource and/or visitor experience. Monitoring will also evaluate implementation progress and the effectiveness of the TMP in achieving desired outcomes and conditions. It will identify adaptive measures if adverse impacts or changing conditions are discovered. The monitoring program will evaluate:  Whether recreation objectives are being met;  Use patterns and general volumes of visitors;  Condition of routes and public use areas;  Compliance with planned designations and use restrictions;  Effectiveness of closure, signing, and rehabilitation efforts;  Priority/Special status species habitat conditions resulting from recreation or travel impacts;  Cultural site condition and vandalism resulting from recreation or travel impacts or access;  Riparian and soil condition trends resulting from recreation or travel impacts;  Watershed condition trends resulting from recreation or travel impacts; and  Visitor safety issues.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 20 The existing Kingman route evaluation data provides a baseline for monitoring and includes key data that can be evaluated in the future, including photographic documentation, damage, width, and notes from observers. This data could be used as a baseline against future monitoring data and subsequently compared in order to detect changes and implement more effective management. Future tasks planned to be completed as part of the management of transportation facilities in the KFO are presented in Table 6 in Section 5.9. Monitoring helps to determine whether management actions taken in accordance with this TMP were productive and, if so, how effective they were in achieving objectives. Monitoring can also help to quantify OHV user compliance and the effectiveness of implementation priorities.

5.3. Adaptive Management

Adaptive management is a system of management practices based on clearly identified outcomes; monitoring to determine if management actions are meeting outcomes; and, if not, facilitating management changes that will best ensure that outcomes are met; or to re-evaluate the outcomes. The Department of Interior (DOI) released an Adaptive Management Technical Guide that presents an operational definition of adaptive management, identifies the conditions in which adaptive management should be considered, and describes the process of using adaptive management for managing natural resources (DOI 2009). BLM will consider implementing adaptive management based on budget, personnel availability, and resource objectives. Monitoring, reports, documents, and timelines associated with the adaptive management process will be subject to FO budget and staffing constraints.

Priority tasks for the KFO under this TMP are listed in Table 6 (refer to Section 5.9). Unless otherwise specified, timeframes for objectives are discussed in the form of phases: Phase I (1-2 years), Phase II (3-5 years), and Phase III (5-10 years) and Ongoing.

Monitoring is planned to determine whether adequate progress is being made toward achieving objectives. If progress is insufficient to achieve objectives in a realistic time period, management actions will be revised. In adaptive management, problems are assessed, designs are formulated to address problems, and those designs are implemented. Monitoring occurs during and after implementation. Data gathered during monitoring are evaluated, and management is adjusted based on these findings. However, new problems could arise or new approaches may be tried after management is adjusted, which will start the cycle over again.

Adaptive management focuses on changing conditions that could affect the route designations proposed in this plan. Through adaptive management, the BLM might change its travel management practices or incorporate new proposals into the existing TMP to respond to a variety of factors that could arise. Some examples of factors that might alter management include:  The need to create new roads to access private property, public utilities, or range improvements;  Natural disasters such as flood or wildfire that may lead to inaccessibility of a route;  User-created route proliferation;  Erosion, loss of vegetation, and soil disturbance;  Listing of additional special status plant and animal species;  Discovery of additional cultural or historical resources; and  Availability of funding.

Applying the process of adaptive management is an essential component of travel planning. Throughout the use of the TMP, the BLM will use adaptive management and rely on monitoring data to improve this plan. The route network identified in this TMP was developed through field inventories and an evaluation database that provides

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 21 a useful baseline for analysis and implementation of the adopted strategies and network. A designation determination was made on each segment in the inventory.

As additional information becomes available, the BLM will manage the designated routes for the protection of resources. As areas of resource conflicts are identified through monitoring and inventory activities, the BLM will continue to evaluate the designated road and trail network, to ensure it continues to meet the objectives of 43 CFR 8340, the applicable land use plan goals and objectives, and applicable laws and regulations. The network will be reviewed to assess its effectiveness at meeting current travel management objectives.

Adaptive management may include changes in the travel management system or measures to avoid direct and indirect effects on current and future land uses and important resources. These include: noise and air pollution, erodible soils, stream sedimentation, nonpoint source water pollution, listed and sensitive species habitats, newly identified critical habitat, historic and archeological sites, wildlife, special management areas, operation of grazing allotments, and recognition of property rights for adjacent landowners. Route designations or other actions in this plan could be modified based on monitoring results, or to accommodate land use proposals. All required clearances and analyses will precede needed modifications to the TMP.

5.4. TMP Revision and Amendment

Modifications to this TMP will be considered if monitoring indicates that management objectives are not being met. When necessary, adaptive management thresholds will trigger a review of this TMP and management actions may be adjusted accordingly.

This TMP will be in effect until rescinded or amended by a future management action. Adaptive management measures may be undertaken with plan maintenance actions and implementation progress. Any person, organization, or governmental body may propose that any current route designation be changed to another designation (open, limited, or closed). Requests to change route designations should be submitted in writing to the Kingman Field Manager. In the context of this TMP, that Field Manager is the Authorized Officer. The Authorized Officer has the authority to make final decisions on route changes.

Under this TMP, routes that were not included in the inventory or documented during the KFO travel management planning process would be considered on a case-by-case basis with written approval from the AO. Travel management designations would not affect valid existing rights for permitted uses, including ROWs, county or State roads, grazing authorizations, or current easements. Routes designated as Authorized and Administrative Use Only are also subject to seasonal closures, vehicle size class restrictions, and ongoing monitoring.

Authorizations for route uses that provide necessary access to authorized or permitted range improvement projects should be incorporated into the travel management network via administrative access during implementation and/or plan maintenance unless detrimental resource concerns need to be analyzed or cannot be mitigated. These projects should be documented in the Rangeland Improvement Project System (RIPS) and/or have a signed Cooperative Agreement, range improvement permit, or other documentation requiring maintenance. These routes, which may provide important access for required maintenance activities, are used occasionally and could have been missed during field inventories.

Any permittee or lessee may apply for a range improvement permit to install, use, maintain, and/or modify removable range improvements that are needed to achieve management objectives for the allotment. If maintenance is no longer possible, access could be necessary for the potential removal and abandonment of these

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 22 range improvement projects and to reclaim the area. Any new range improvement projects that are installed during the life of this TMP should have administrative access in order to maintain these investments. Any new projects would have site-specific NEPA analysis.

Under each of the action alternatives, the BLM would continue to consider granting ROWs for or including vehicular use. Upon granting of ROWs, including roads or vehicular ways, these would automatically be incorporated into the TMP on a case-by-case basis.

BLM would consult with the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) in order to fulfill the process required by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). The exact nature and extent of this consultation would be defined in the programmatic agreement (PA) regarding cultural resources, which is being developed in close consultation with the SHPO and other consulting parties. Designation of travel routes is a discretionary action and the Field Manager may determine whether or not proposals have merit and whether or not they constitute significant or minor modifications. If an application proposing a route designation change is rejected, a letter (stating reasons for refusal) will be sent to the applicant. If accepted, the request will be forwarded to appropriate KFO staff members. When accepting a proposal, the Authorized Officer should determine if the request will necessitate cost recovery based on applicable regulations pertinent to the request. A formal decision to accept or reject a specific request for a route change will only be issued after the occurrence of NEPA analysis and evaluation of a proposal’s effect on the total travel network. Any proposed change to the travel network in this plan will be documented and appended to this plan.

5.5. Reroutes and New Disturbance

Each of the action alternatives will include minor route adjustments to avoid sensitive resources that were identified during the inventory and evaluation process. Minor realignments of the route network will be considered to be Plan Maintenance actions, consistent with the BLM NEPA Handbook (BLM 2008). This could include a change of no more than 0.25 mile of a designated route. It could also include the opening of a separate existing route that serves the same access need as the route that is to be realigned. Plan maintenance will not include the construction of a new route involving new ground disturbance, except where new construction is necessary to avoid a cultural resource site, sensitive species, or other sensitive resources. The opening of an existing but previously “closed” route that serves the same access need as the “open” route that is to be “realigned”. In all cases the necessary clearances (e.g., NEPA, Section 106, Section 7) will need to be conducted.

Most reroutes focus on situations where new construction is necessary to avoid a cultural resource site, sensitive species, or other sensitive resources. Minor realignments include the following:  Minor realignments of a route where necessary to minimize effects on cultural resources;  Minor realignments of a route necessary to reduce impact on sensitive species or their habitats;  Minor realignments of a route that will substantially increase the quality of a recreational experience, while not affecting sensitive species or their habitat, or any other sensitive resource value; and  Opening or limited opening of a route where valid ROWs or easements of record were not accurately identified in the route designation process.

Minor realignments must be documented in the official record. The reason for the alignment change will be recorded and kept on file in the KFO. Any new routes or connectors will be located in the field and necessary clearances (e.g., NEPA, Section 106, Section 7) will be performed. All new routes constructed by BLM in the planning area, will meet the standards for design, construction, and maintenance found in the BLM Roads Design Handbook (BLM 2011) and Primitive Roads Design Handbook (BLM 2012b), except for roads not constructed or maintained by the BLM or on BLM’s behalf. Upgrading a road surface, width, or permanently raising the BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 23 maintenance intensity level on a specific route are considered to be changes to the network. Such changes will trigger the need to undergo the same evaluation process (e.g., NEPA, Section 106, Section 7) that occurs when new routes are added. New routes may be constructed on BLM-managed lands in association with a written authorization (e.g., permit, ROW, lease, contract). These routes will be constructed and maintained in accordance with the associated permit requirements and be subsequently incorporated into the TMP.

Reasonably foreseeable projects were addressed in the EA for this TMP. These projects are discussed below and will be incorporated into the TMP upon site-specific NEPA analysis and consultation (Section 106 and Section 7).

The Sun Corridor Trail is a conceptual interconnected non-motorized trail originating in Pinal County and continuing through Maricopa, Yavapai, Coconino, and ultimately into Mohave county and will rely in part on routes identified in this TMP. In addition to routes identified in this TMP, there may need to be subsequent non-motorized trail developments to facilitate use of this interconnected trail across public lands. Related to this project will be the identification of an emergency egress route from the Hualapai Mountain County Park in the area of Flag Mine that will serve as a non-motorized trail year-round, but could be used for utility vehicles (UTVs) in the event of a wildfire within the County Park.

The Arizona Peace Trail is an interconnected motorized trail originating in Bouse, AZ and continuing north through western Arizona to Bullhead City, AZ and heading south back to Bouse, AZ. Portions of this trail traverse through the Kingman Field Office along routes identified in this TMP. Ongoing planning for this trail is occurring concurrently to writing this TMP. Any changes needed in this trail alignment after this TMP is completed will be subject to the processes identified in Section 5.4.

Kingman Urban Trail System is an initiative be driven by local non-profit groups, local government, county government, and the BLM. Although planning of such a trail system is in its infancy, a current proposal has been submitted to the BLM by Mohave County Parks and Recreation Department that will provide an approximately 43-mile non-motorized trail traversing across public lands from the City of Kingman to the Hualapai Mountain County Park. In addition to this proposal, other opportunities to partner with local government or groups will be pursued to further increase and develop non-motorized trail opportunities in the Kingman area.

5.6. Temporary Routes

Temporary routes and their maintenance requirements may be key components of travel management in the planning area. Temporary routes could be constructed where necessary through approved written authorizations (e.g., permit, ROW, lease, contract). Temporary routes are not intended to be part of the permanent or designated transportation network system and must be reclaimed when their intended purpose has been fulfilled (BLM 2012a). A temporary route will be authorized or acquired for the time period and duration specified in the written authorization and will be scheduled and budgeted for maintenance and reclamation to prevent further vehicle use and soil erosion by providing adequate drainage and reclamation (BLM 2012a).

5.7. Necessary Access on Private and State Lands

Many routes in the KFO travel network traverse private and State lands. County roads provide access to some travel routes on BLM-administered land. This TMP does not designate existing routes over private or State property. Route designations only apply on BLM-administered land.

The BLM may seek agency and public easement agreements in order to maintain current access for popular routes, and seek additional site-specific opportunities to gain agency and public access to BLM-managed lands.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 24 As the travel network is developed, signs will be placed within the vicinity of non-BLM lands. Travelers will be instructed to respect private holdings.

Landowners with property adjacent to BLM-managed lands are entitled to the same access as any other user and must follow the designated travel network. If a private landowner or permitted user desires to change the type or amount of access on a network route, BLM procedures must be followed to gain that authority. If such use is authorized under a ROW, the holder will be required to seek an amendment if there is a substantial change in location or use per 43 CFR 2807.20. The lands and realty staff in the BLM KFO are available to clarify the legal access needs and appropriate procedures.

For routes accessed through Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) ROW, coordination with ADOT will be initiated to determine safe ingress and egress points. Some ingress and egress points on ADOT ROWs may not be available for use due to safety concerns.

5.8. Emergency Closures

In the event of an emergency situation as defined in the BLM NEPA Handbook (BLM 2008), immediate actions (e.g., closures or public land use restrictions) must be taken to prevent or reduce risks to public health or safety, property, or important resources. Emergencies are unforeseen events of such severity that they require immediate action to avoid dire consequences.

5.9. Prioritization

Past agency experience provides insight into effective implementation priorities. The successful implementation of this TMP is based on prioritization hierarchies and implementation should proceed as presented in Table 6. Monitoring, adaptive management, and budget limitations could change priorities and the timeline over the life of this TMP. The timeline in Table 6 starts one month after the Decision Record for this plan will be issued. The timeframes for these priorities can be considered in the form of phases: Phase I (1-2 years), Phase II (3-5 years), and Phase III (5-10 years). Ongoing tasks will apply to all phases and will be conducted for the duration of the plan.

Table 6. Management Of Transportation Facilities Timeline Task Description Phase I Assign a unique route number (7000 series) to Formal route numbers will be used for all mapping, signing, all roads, primitive roads and trails designated as and wayfinding purposes. Having a logical route numbering open or limited for identification and navigation system supports management, public, and commercial uses. purposes. Phase I Publish georeferenced online map of the KFO Provides the public with an easy way to navigate the area Travel Management Area route network. and follow route designation restrictions prior to signing. Provide hard copy maps at the KFO. Can be printed or used as a mobile application. Phase I Work with staff, cooperating agencies, counties, Utilizing the public mailing list, local newspapers, social and volunteer organizations to develop an media and events such as the county fair are good avenues outreach and education program that informs the to present this information. Provides an early opportunity public of the new route designations, regulations prior to signing and enforcing the route network. and importance of staying on designated routes.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 25 Timeline Task Description Phase I In cooperation with local OHV clubs, the Through collaboration with local OHV clubs, the BLM will proposed Arizona Peace Trail will be signed provide and install signage as specified in Phase II of this along routes designated routes under this TMP. TMP. Signage and subsequent maps will be created so as to advise regional and national users of the designated routes that are associated with the Arizona Peace Trail. Phase II Secure funding for signing, monitoring and See Section 4.6 Enforcement Component rehabilitating the route network. Develop priorities for signing if it is anticipated to take multiple fiscal years. Seek partnerships with other organizations. Phase II Sign the travel network and monitor the Allows users with an easy means of navigation and is the condition and use of routes designated as closed first step to enforcing the route designations. See Section to prioritize barriers or other means of 4.5.4 for guidance on recording data for installed signs. prevention if needed. Phase II Take actions to restore Restoration of the ‘Closed/Decommissioned’ routes will be ‘Closed/Decommissioned’ routes that continue achieved passively to avoid further disturbance and the to have evidence of travel. introduction of non-native species. However, if monitoring shows that certain route segments are continuing to be used actions can be taken to prevent further travel and facilitate rehabilitation (e.g., rocks/barriers in extreme circumstances or ‘entering restoration area’ signage’. Phase II Monitor and maintain the route sign network. Replacement may be needed for signs that have been removed or destroyed. Phase III Conduct clearance surveys and construct Construction and maintenance of approximately 43 miles of approximately 43 miles of non-motorized trail in non-motorized trail from Kingman to the Hualapai the Hualapai mountains. Mountain Park will be achieved through the establishment of a cooperative partnership between Mohave County, City of Kingman, BLM, and the Colorado River Area Trail Alliance. This project, while conceptually planned, may be subject to corridor changes based on cultural, biological, or design constraints. Development of this trail network will be completed in phases so that segments could be connected by various trailheads located on BLM-managed lands, Mohave County managed lands, or other land ownerships as permits and easements are obtained. Construction will be completed utilizing both non-mechanized and mechanized equipment as the terrain allows. In addition, as the project is phased, analysis as required under NEPA, Section 106, and Section 7 will be completed for each phase of the project. Phase III Conduct clearance surveys and construct Construction and maintenance of approximately 4 miles of approximately 4 miles of motorized route for an a multi-use trail from the Mohave County Park to Flag emergency egress. Mine Road will be achieved through the establishment of a cooperative partnership between Mohave County and BLM. This multi-use trail will be utilized partially as a motorized emergency egress for a Boy Scout camp located on Mohave County Park conveyed lands. The primary use of the trail will be non-motorized during the vast majority of the time to accommodate recreational uses. Development of this project will be subject to further analysis under NEPA, Section 106, and Section 7.

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 26 Timeline Task Description Phase III Work with interested parties to facilitate the Construction and/or signing of the conceptual Sun Corridor development of the Sun Corridor trail. This Trail. This will be achieved through the establishment of a could include the development of conceptual cooperative partnership between Maricopa County Parks plans, subsequent NEPA, and consultation under and Recreation Department, BLM, and several other local Section 106 and Section 7. agencies. Analysis as required under NEPA, for Section 106, and Section 7 will be completed for each phase of the project. Ongoing Enforce the route designations and travel Section 4.6 Enforcement Component network restrictions through BLM law enforcement patrol and public outreach. Ongoing Monitor resource conditions on and near open, Section 5.2 Monitoring limited, and closed routes to ensure Public Land Health Standards are met and adequate resource protection is accomplished. Site, survey, and implement minor realignments or re-routes around sensitive resources that are being significantly degraded by increased OHV use. Ongoing Utilize adaptive management practices. Section 5.3 Adaptive Management

BLM Kingman Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 27 Appendix A: Acronyms, Glossary, and References

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACEC – Area of Critical Environmental Concern ADOT – Arizona Department of Transportation ADT – Average Daily Traffic AGFD – Arizona Game and Fish Department ATV – all-terrain vehicle BLM – Bureau of Land Management CFR – Code of Federal Regulations CTTM – Comprehensive Travel and Transportation Management DFC – desired future conditions DOI – Department of the Interior DUI – driving under the influence EA – Environmental Assessment EIS – Environmental Impact Statement ERMA – Extensive Recreation Management Area EO – Executive Order FLPMA – Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 GIS – Geographic Information System GTLF – Ground Transportation Linear Feature GPS – Global Positioning System HMA – Herd Management Area IDT – Interdisciplinary Team IMARS – Incident Management Analysis and Reporting System KFO – Kingman Field Office NEPA – National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 OHV – off-highway vehicle RMP – Resource Management Plan ROD – Record of Decision ROW – right-of-way R.S. – Revised Statute SRMA – Special Recreation Management Area TMA – Travel Management Area TMP – Travel Management Plan U.S. – United States UTV – utility vehicle

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 A-1 Glossary

Access: The opportunity to approach, enter, or make use of public lands.

Adaptive Management: A process for continually improving management policies and practices by learning from the outcomes of operational programs and new scientific information. Under adaptive management, plans and activities are treated as working hypotheses rather than final solutions to complex problems.

Administrative Use: Official use related to management and resources of the public lands by Federal, State or local governments or non-official use sanctioned by an appropriate authorization instrument, such as right-of-way, permit, lease, or maintenance agreement.

Allotment: An area of land where one or more livestock operators graze their livestock. Allotments generally consist of BLM lands but may also include other federally managed and private lands. An allotment may include one or more separated pastures. Livestock numbers and periods of use are specified for each allotment.

Areas of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC): Areas within the public lands where special management attention is required (when such areas are developed or used or where no development is required) to protect and prevent irreparable damage to important historic, cultural, or scenic values, fish and wildlife resources, or other natural systems or processes, or to protect life and safety from natural hazards.

All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV): A wheeled or tracked vehicle, designed primarily for recreational use or for the transportation of property or equipment exclusively on trails, undeveloped road rights-of-way, marshland, open country, or other unprepared surfaces.

Alternatives: The four different scenarios outlined in the EA.

Authorized Users: Those permitted to use routes either through State leases or permits. Routes limited to authorized users are only available for motorized use by those with permits issued by the BLM.

Back country: A recreation setting classification which is characterized by a naturally appearing landscape with human modifications not readily noticeable.

Closed: Routes closed to motorized and mechanized use due to resource concerns or conflicts. The routes may be available for foot and equestrian travel. These routes will not be signed and will not be included on maps provided to the public. These routes may involve physical closure structures with the ultimate goal of being restored to a vegetated condition.

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR): The Code of Federal Regulations is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government.

Commercial Use: Commercial use is defined as recreational use of the public lands and related waters for business or financial gain. Financial gain includes gratuities, donations, gifts, bartering, etc.

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 A-2 When any person, group, or organization makes or attempts to make a profit, receive money, amortize equipment, or obtain goods or services, as compensation for recreational activities occurring on public lands, the use is considered commercial. Non-profit status of any group or organization does not, in itself, determine whether an event or activity arranged by such a group or organization is noncommercial. Profit-making organizations are automatically classified as commercial, even if that part of their activity covered by the permit is not profit making. (BLM H-2930-1).

Cross-Country Travel: Travel not on a road, primitive road, or trail.

Cultural Resources: Specific locations of human activity, occupation, or traditional use identifiable through field inventory, historical documentation, or oral evidence. The term includes archaeological, historic, and architectural sites and structures, as well as places with traditional cultural or religious importance within a social or cultural group.

Decision Record (DR): The BLM document associated with an Environmental Assessment that describes the action to be taken when the analysis supports a finding of no significant impact.

Designated Roads and Trails: Specific roads and trails identified by the BLM (or other agencies) where some type of motorized vehicle use is appropriate and allowed either seasonally or year-long.

Effects (or Impacts): The biological, physical, social, or economic consequences resulting from a Proposed Plan or its alternatives. Effects may be adverse (detrimental) or beneficial, and cumulative, direct, or indirect.

Endangered Species: Any species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

Environmental Assessment (EA): A document prepared early in a planning process that evaluates the potential environmental consequences of a project or activity. An EA results in a decision, based on the assessment of the degree of impact of an action, that an EIS is necessary, or that an action will have no significant effect and a finding of no significant impact can be made.

Evaluation Criteria: Criteria used by Authorized Officer to designate public lands as either open, limited or closed to off-road vehicles in order to reduce impact to sensitive resources, and conflict between users.

Executive Order (EO): A presidential policy directive that implements or interprets a Federal statute, a constitutional provision, or a treaty. To have the effect of law, executive orders must appear in the Federal Register, the daily publication of Federal rules and regulations. The president's power to issue executive orders comes from Congress and the U.S. Constitution. Executive orders differ from presidential proclamations, which are used largely for ceremonial and honorary purposes.

Facility Asset Management System (FAMS): The BLM’s official database for the management of transportation system assets.

Field Office: It is the administrative subdivision whose manager has primary responsibility for day-today resource management activities and resource use allocations and is, in most instances, the area for which resource management plans are prepared and maintained.

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 A-3 Four-Wheel Drive Vehicle (4WD): A passenger vehicle or light truck having power available to all wheels.

Goal(s): Statement(s) of what a plan or action in a plan hopes to accomplish in the long term. Goals state the preferred situation, and usually are not quantifiable and may not have established time frames for achievement.

Ground Transportation Linear Feature (GTLF) database: A geospatial database of motorized and non-motorized transportation linear features as they exist on the ground. Features include all linear features; not just what is within the BLM Transportation System. All designated roads, primitive roads and trails in the planning area are classified as transportation assets within Facilities Asset Management System and are tracked in the GTLF geospatial database.

Habitat: An environment which meets a specific set of physical, biological, temporal or spatial characteristics that satisfy the requirements of a plant or animal species or group of species for part or all of their life cycle.

Implementation Plan: A site-specific plan written to implement decisions made in a land use plan. An implementation plan usually selects and applies best management practices to meet land use plan objectives. Implementation plans are synonymous with “activity” plans.

Instruction Memorandum (IM): A temporary directive that supplements the Bureau Manual Sections. IMs contain new policy or procedures that must reach BLM employees quickly, interpret existing policies, or provide one-time instructions.

Interdisciplinary Team: A team of resource specialists with extensive knowledge of the study area who identifies key resources to focus on in the travel management plan and environmental analysis.

Land Use Plan: A set of decisions that establish management direction for land within an administrative area, as prescribed under the planning provisions of Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA); an assimilation of land use plan-level decisions developed through the planning process outlined in 43 CFR 1600, regardless of the scale at which the decisions were developed.

Limited: Limitation may be based on vehicle type, size, season of use, or users with special authorization.

Limited Area: As defined in Title 43 Part 8340, means an area restricted at certain times, in certain areas, and/or to certain vehicular use. These restrictions may be of any type, but can generally be accommodated within the following type of categories: Numbers of vehicles; types of vehicles; time or season of vehicle use; permitted or licensed use only; use on existing roads and trails; use on designated roads and trails; and other restrictions.

Linear Disturbance: Term utilized to identify man-made linear features that are not part of the BLM’s transportation system. Linear disturbances may include engineered (planned) as well as unplanned single and two-track linear features that are not part of the BLM’s transportation system.

Maintenance: The work required to keep a facility in such a condition that it may be continuously utilized at its original or designed capacity and efficiency, and for its intended purpose.

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 A-4 Maintenance Intensity: provide guidance for appropriate “standards of care” to recognized routes within the BLM.

Management Area: An area selected for management of an emphasized natural resource, and common management objectives.

Monitoring: Collecting and assessing data to evaluate the effectiveness of planning decisions.

Motorized Travel: Moving by means of vehicles that are propelled by motors such as cars, trucks, OHVs, motorcycles, and boats.

Motorized Vehicle: Synonymous with off-highway vehicle. Examples of this type of vehicle include all- terrain vehicles (ATV), Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV), motorcycle, and snowmobiles.

Multiple use: The management of the public lands and their various resource values so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the present and future needs of the American people; making the most judicious use of the land for some or all of these resources or related services over areas large enough to provide sufficient latitude for periodic adjustments in use to changing needs and conditions; the use of some land for less than all of the resources; a combination of balanced and diverse resource uses that takes into account the long-term needs of future generations for renewable and nonrenewable resources, including, but not limited to, recreation, range, timber, minerals, watershed, wildlife and fish, and natural scenic, scientific and historical values; and harmonious and coordinated management of the various resources without permanent impairment of the productivity of the land and the quality of the environment with consideration being given to the relative values of the resources and not necessarily to the combination of uses that will give the greatest economic return or the greatest unit output (BLM 1976).

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Federal law (established by Congress in 1969), which requires that every Federal agency with public involvement assess the environmental impacts of all Federal actions, evaluate if there will be any significant environmental impacts of the proposed project, and disclose the findings to the public.

Navigation Number: Final identification number assigned to designated road, primitive road, or trail to be used on public maps and route signs or markers. This number is assigned to meet a statewide numbering standard for open routes.

Non-mechanized: Routes limited to hikers and equestrian travel.

Non-motorized: Routes limited to non-motorized uses, such as bicycle, horseback, or hiking.

Off-highway vehicle (OHV): Any motorized vehicle capable of, or designed for, travel on or immediately over land, water, or other natural terrain, excluding: (1) any non-amphibious registered motorboat: (2) any military, fire, emergency, or law enforcement vehicle while being used for emergency purposes; (3) any vehicle whose use is expressly authorized by the Authorized Officer, or otherwise officially approved; (4) vehicles in official use; and (5) any combat or combat support vehicle when used for national defense.

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 A-5 Open: Routes where all types of motorized and mechanized vehicle use is permitted at all times, and subject to the operating regulations and vehicle standards set forth in 43 CFR 8341 and 8342.

Permitted Use: The forage allocated by, or under the guidance of, an applicable land use plan for livestock grazing in an allotment under a permit or lease, and is expressed in Animal Unit Months.

Primitive Road: A linear route managed for use by four-wheel-drive or high-clearance vehicles. These routes do not customarily meet any BLM road design standards. Unless specifically prohibited, primitive roads can also include other uses such as hiking, biking, and horseback riding.

Project Area: The lands and water within the KFO boundary.

Public: Individuals, including consumer organizations, public land resource users, corporations and other business entities, environmental organizations and other special interest groups, and officials of State, local, and Tribal governments affected or interested in public land management decisions.

Public Land: Land or interest in land owned by the United States and administered by the Secretary of the Interior through the BLM without regard to how the United States acquired ownership, except lands located on the Outer Continental Shelf, and land held for the benefit of Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos.

Recreation Management Area: Recreation management areas are sub-units of resource areas that are the basic land units of recreation management. Each area is identified and managed as a unit based on similar or interdependent recreation values, homogenous or interrelated recreation use, land tenure and use patterns, or administrative efficiency. There are two types of recreation management areas, Extensive and Special.

Resource Management Plan (RMP): A land use plan as prescribed by the FLPMA that establishes, for a given area of land, land-use allocations, coordination guidelines for multiple-use, objectives, and actions to be achieved.

Right-of-Way (ROW). Means the public lands authorized to be used or occupied for specific purposes pursuant to a ROW grant, which are in the public interest and which require ROWs over, upon, under, or through such lands.

Riparian Area: A form of wetland transition between permanently saturated wetlands and upland areas. Riparian areas exhibit vegetation or physical characteristics that reflect the influence of permanent surface or subsurface water. Typical riparian areas include lands along, adjacent to, or contiguous with perennially and intermittently flowing rivers and streams, glacial potholes, and the shores of lakes and reservoirs with stable water levels. Excluded are ephemeral streams or washes that lack vegetation and depend on free water in the soil.

Road: A linear route declared a road by the owner, managed for use by low-clearance vehicles which have four or more wheels, and are maintained for regular and continuous use.

Routes: Multiple roads, trails, and primitive roads; a group or set of roads, trails, and primitive roads that represents less than 100 percent of the BLM transportation system. Generically, components of the transportation system are described as “routes”.

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 A-6 Route Designation -Specific route designations should be determined concurrently with the Plan development. Route designations may be deferred for up to five years (see Instruction Memorandum No. 2004-005) following completion of the Plan Record of Decision, with State Director concurrence. National Landscape Conservation System unit route designations are completed concurrently with the Land Use Plan development.

Route Evaluation: After each individual route within the planning area has been reviewed by the public, the evaluation process uses route selection criteria to identify resources, develop minimization options, identify route objectives and document the designation process. Route evaluation is conducted by an IDT consisting of specialists with adequate knowledge of the resource issues.

Scoping: This is a process that the BLM solicits internal and external input on the issues and concerns on the effects of proposed project or plan. This process includes discussion of how these issues should be addressed in the project and its alternatives or in a NEPA document.

Sedimentation: Deposition of organic or inorganic material that has been transported by wind or water, typically in a river, stream, or in runoff.

Semi- primitive motorized setting or Semi-primitive non-motorized setting: Some opportunity for isolation from man-made sights, sounds, and management controls in a predominantly unmodified environment. There is an opportunity to have a high degree of interaction with the natural environment, to have moderate challenge and risk, and to use outdoor skills. Concentration of visitors is low, but evidence of users is often present, On-site managerial controls are subtle. Facilities are provided for resource protection and the safety of users. Motorized use is prohibited.

Some opportunity for isolation from man-made sights, sounds and management controls in a predominantly unmodified environment. There is opportunity to have a high degree of interaction with the natural environment, to have moderate challenge and risk, and use outdoor skills. Concentration of visitors is low, but evidence of other area users is present. On-site managerial controls are subtle. Facilities are provided for resource protection and the safety of users. Motorized use is permitted.

Sensitive species: Includes proposed species or candidate species under the Endangered Species Act; State-listed species; and BLM State Director-designated sensitive species (see BLM Manual 6840, Special Status Species Policy).

Shoulder: The portion of the roadway contiguous to the travel way for accommodation of stopped vehicles.

Single Track: Trails wide enough for just one vehicle at a time, usually 18 inches wide.

Special Recreation Management Area (SRMA): A public lands unit identified in land use plans to direct recreation funding and personnel to fulfill commitments made to provide specific, structured recreation opportunities (i.e., activity, experience, and benefit opportunities). The BLM recognizes three distinct types of SRMAs: community-based; intensive; and undeveloped big open.

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 A-7 Special Status Species: Species that are considered sufficiently rare that they require special consideration and/or protection and should be, or have been, listed as rare, threatened or endangered by the Federal and/or State governments.

Standard(s): A statement and/or illustration describing a design recommendation or principle that recommends a preferred development technique for use as a rule or basis of comparison in measuring maximum or ideal requirements, quantity, quality, value, etc.

Sustainable (Sustainability): Use of natural resources in a way that allows for long term use while minimizing impacts to resources and need for continuing maintenance.

Threatened Species: Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

Trail: A linear route managed for hiking, bicycle, stock, or OHV forms of transportation or for historical or heritage values. Trails are not generally maintained or managed for use by four-wheel drive or high- clearance vehicles.

Trailhead: An access point to a trail or trail system often accompanied by various public facilities, such as hitching posts for horses, a horse or OHV unloading dock or chute, parking areas, toilets, water, directional and informational signs, and a trail use register. Designed and managed for those embarking on an overnight or long-distance trip, whereas a staging area caters to trail day use.

Transportation Management Plan: A document that focuses on all aspects of transportation in a land area. Transportation planning can also be accomplished within Integrated Activity Plans, or Coordinated RMPs where multiple resource programs are planned for concurrently.

Travel Network (TN): The network of roads, primitive roads, and trails (motorized and non-motorized) that are selected (recognized, designated, or authorized) for use through the comprehensive travel and transportation planning process.

Tribal Lands: Any Tribal nation recognized by the United States Federal government as "domestic dependent nations" with the inherent authority to govern themselves within the borders of the United States.

Utility Type (or Terrain) Vehicle (UTV): Any recreational motor vehicle other than an ATV, motorbike or snowmobile designed for and capable of travel over designated unpaved roads, traveling on four or more low-pressure tires of 20 psi or less, maximum width less than 74 inches, maximum weight less than 2,000 pounds, or having a wheelbase of 94 inches or less. Utility type vehicle does not include golf carts, vehicles specially designed to carry a disabled person, implements of husbandry.

Visual Resources: The visible physical features of a landscape (topography, water, vegetation, animals, structures, and other features) that constitute the scenery of an area.

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 A-8 References

Bureau of Land Management (BLM). 1976. The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976.

–––. 1993. Kingman Resource Area. Proposed Resource Management Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement. September 1993. Available online at: http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/feddocs/id/482.

–––. 1995. Record of Decision (ROD) and Resource Management Plan (RMP)

–––. 2001. National Management Strategy for Motorized OHV Use on Public Lands.

–––. 2005. Land Use Planning Handbook.

–––. 2006. Roads and Trails Terminology.

–––. 2008. NEPA Handbook.

–––. 2011. Roads and Designs Handbook

–––. 2012a. Travel and Transportation Handbook.

–––. 2012b. Primitive Roads Design Handbook.

–––. 2015. MS 9113 Roads Manual.

–––. 2016. Travel and Transportation Manual.

U.S. Department of the Interior. (DOI). 2009. Adaptive Management Technical Guide.

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018 A-9 Appendix B: Resource Management Objectives

Mitigation Monitoring Maintenance

MI1: Possibly re-route based on MO1: Monitor for pronghorn, and MA1: Apply low maintenance monitoring. cultural sites, Siler Pincushion intensity for low volume, single lane habitat. primitive road. MI2: Work with quarry operator to avoid quarry operations by the public. MO2: Monitor for route proliferation, MA2: Apply low maintenance Siler Pincushion habitat and other intensity for non-motorized trail. MI3: Mitigate public safety concerns sensitive resources. Correct drainage and erosion by gating route at intersection with problem areas. T0023. MO3: Monitor for route proliferation and land abuse from overuse. MA3: Correct safety, drainage and MI4: Maintain waterbars. erosion problem areas. MO4: Acquire baseline data for MI5: Repair waterbars. desert tortoise. Monitor for impacts to MA4: Work with Pinal County on desert tortoise and habitat. FLPMA ROW. MI6: Include weed management stipulations in ROW grant upon MO5: Monitor for adaptive MA5: Ensure proper drainage. renewal. management needs for cultural sites. Ensure drainage structures meet AGFD guidelines for wildlife. MI7: Stabilize soil loss and MO6: Reassess access needs when movement. quarry operations cease. MA6: Ensure roadway design meets AGFD guidelines for wildlife MI8: Proximate to area identified by MO7: Monitor for excessive erosion. permeability. citizens as having wilderness characteristics (Mescal Mtns.) MO8: Monitor for impacts of vandalism of range facilities. MI9: Use signage, kiosks, or notes on the access guides to encourage MO9: Conduct route condition users to stay in the active channel of assessments every 5 years. the wash to reduce impacts to vegetation and wildlife. MO10: Conduct route condition assessments every 5 years. Monitor for traffic volume and route proliferation.

Kingman Field Office Travel Management Implementation Plan August 2018