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UNIVERSITY of WINCHESTER Faculty of Education Health and Social Care Mrs Humphry Ward (1851-1920): a Greenian Educator Helen Lo

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UNIVERSITY of WINCHESTER Faculty of Education Health and Social Care Mrs Humphry Ward (1851-1920): a Greenian Educator Helen Lo UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER Faculty of Education Health and Social Care Mrs Humphry Ward (1851-1920): A Greenian educator Helen Loader Doctor of Philosophy April 2014 This thesis has been completed as a requirement for a postgraduate research degree of the University of Winchester UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER ABSTRACT FOR THESIS Mrs Humphry Ward (1851-1920): A Greenian Educator Helen Loader Faculty of Education Health and Social Care Doctor of Philosophy February, 2014 This thesis draws together a range of Mrs Humphry Ward’s writing alongside her activities as a reformer to reposition her as a Greenian educator. Education is conceived in terms of Thomas Hill Green’s (1836-1882) idealist philosophy as the progression towards a better society through the development of the individual. The granddaughter of Dr Arnold of Rugby, Mrs Humphry Ward was a famous English novelist whose reputation was established through her novel about religious doubt Robert Elsmere (1888), which brought the ideas of the Oxford philosopher, T. H. Green, to the attention of the public. The novel explored his belief that theory and practice must come together within un-dogmatic interpretations of Christianity for the benefit of society. Throughout her life, Mrs Humphry Ward pursued and pioneered educational reforms but her achievements have been overshadowed by her controversial role as the leader of the anti-suffrage movement. Following a chapter introducing the idealist principles underpinning Green’s philosophy and suggesting reasons why Mrs Humphry Ward can be considered among his pupils, disciples and followers, there are three substantive chapters. Each of these chapters has a separate but inter-related focus on religious, social and political aspects of her life and work as a writer and reformer; tracing the extent to which Green’s philosophical principles are discernible in her life and work. Within a gender history methodology, the thesis acknowledges the varied degrees to which Mrs Humphry Ward was simultaneously able to challenge and be complicit with power structures, which contrived to limit and control middle-class women’s ability to engage with the religious, social and political issues and debates affecting society. The thesis demonstrates Mrs Humphry Ward’s significance within histories of education and argues that the tensions within her life and work can be better understood and appreciated by viewing her as a Greenian educator. List of Contents List of Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 1 Declaration and Copyright Statement .......................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements and Preface .................................................................................................. 3 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6 Thesis Structure ...................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1 – Literature Review .................................................................................................... 14 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 14 Religion ................................................................................................................................... 14 Society ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Politics ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Histories of Education ............................................................................................................. 36 Conclusion and Research Questions ....................................................................................... 41 Chapter 2 – Methodology and Sources ...................................................................................... 43 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 43 Review and Methodology ....................................................................................................... 43 Terms, Interpretations and Definitions .................................................................................. 49 Sources .................................................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 3 – Biographical Overview, Education and Theory ....................................................... 64 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 64 Mary - Biographical Overview and Education ......................................................................... 65 T. H. Green - Biographical Overview and Education ............................................................... 74 Moral Philosophy .................................................................................................................... 80 The ‘Eternal Consciousness’ .................................................................................................... 81 The ‘Perfectibility of Mankind’................................................................................................ 83 The ‘Common Good’ ............................................................................................................... 84 Principles of Idealism .............................................................................................................. 86 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 88 Chapter 4 – Education and Religion ............................................................................................ 90 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 90 T. H. Green and Christianity..................................................................................................... 92 Religious Theory, Women and Fiction ..................................................................................... 95 Non-denominational Education in Practice........................................................................... 109 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 117 Chapter 5 – Education and Society ............................................................................................ 119 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 119 T. H. Green - Women, Family, Society ................................................................................... 121 Marriage, Equality and the Law ............................................................................................. 123 Educating the Community ..................................................................................................... 136 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 143 Chapter 6 – Education and Politics ............................................................................................ 145 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 145 T. H. Green’s Political Philosophy ......................................................................................... 146 Women, Politics and the State .............................................................................................. 149 Woman, Suffrage and Equality .............................................................................................. 164 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 167 Chapter 7 – Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 169 Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 182 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 195 Primary Sources ..................................................................................................................... 195 Secondary Sources ................................................................................................................. 200 List of Appendices Appendix 1 – List of MAW main works…………………………………………………………………….p. 182-83 Appendix 2 – Notable dates in the life of MAW………….……………………………………………pp. 184-87 Appendix 3 – MAW Education reforms time line...……………………………………………….…p. 188 Appendix 4 – List of
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