DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation of Enewetak Radioactivity Containment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation of Enewetak Radioactivity Containment LI07564 PB83-204Z2= Evaluation of Enewetak Radioactivity Containment National Research Council, Washington, DC . Prepared for Defence Nuclear Agency, Washington, DC Mar 82 EM3TCOPYAV BLE ‘>, I ,—. .,.’-_.. .— _— . .—. 1.—.. — : . .- . ..-. -—— 4=. .-.--r.:.—------------ ..- “~- Z.=2.L=>2 Z -=.=------- ---- r NOTKE: Tho project that ia the subject of this report waa a * ro&d by the Governing Board of the National Research ColWcil, wt.JaE ~s are drawn from the COuncilu of the National tiemy of Sciencts, tbe National Academy of Engineering, and the Instituteof Medicin!). The members of the comittee responsible for the re~rt were chos (m fix their special qtences and with regard for appropriate bali ,11~. ‘rtiis report has been reviewed by ● group other then the a ,tborn according to procedures approved by a Report ~iew ~ittee consLs- ting of members of the National ~demg of Sciences, the Nati mlal Academy of engineering, and the Instituteof Nadicine. ‘WE NATIONAL RESEARCHCOUNCIL was aatabliabedby the Nati(d Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad ~nity cf sci~e and technology with the Aca~emy’s pu~e of furtheringknowl~dge and of advising the federal government. ‘f33eCouncil operates in wi*A general policies determined by the Acadq under the au its Congressionalcharter of 1863, which establishesthe Acad private, nonprofit, self-governing ~rship corporation. has becoae the principal operating agemcy of both the Mationa: Acmdw of Sciences and the National Acadw of ~gineering in the corduct of their services to the gwernment, the pblic, and the scienti engineering couazunities. It is administeredjointly by both and the Instituteof Medicine. The National Academy of Engin the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, zeapec- tively, under the charta of the National.Academyof Sciences. THE COMMISSION ON SOCIOTECENICAL BYBTR4B is one of the ma r com- ponents of the Nations& Research Council and has general res Sibf.lity for the cognizance over those program areas concernedwith ph ical, technological,and i~dustrial systems that are or may be depl ad in the public or private sector to serve societalneeds. f THE ADVISORY BOARD OH THE BUXLT ENVTRONNENTis that unit the Cormaisaionon SociotechnicalSystems which focuseson those s er~tific and technologicalissues that are critical to tbe lmprwement f national policies and programs for the built environment. f TMs report was prepared under contract number DNAO02-80-C-001 between the National Academy of Sciences and tbe Defense Nuciear Agent . Rx informationregarding this docueentp write the Executive D rector, Advisory Board on the Built Environment,National Research Coutcil. 2101 ConstitutionAvenue, N.W., ?lashingtonvD.C. 20418. I coNTEm3- Page COMMI~ ON EVALUATION OF ~ RADIOACTMTY CONTAIN’@== w ADvISORY BOARD ON TNE BUILT ~ vi vii PRBPACE Chapter 1--SQNMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1 1.1 The Containm ,ntStructure 1 1.2 Related I!!JSUeS 2 Chapter 2-BACKGROUND 3 2.1 Nature of tbe Islands 3 2.2 Normal Econw.y 3 2.3 Bnewetak Atall 3 2.4 The Rmwetak people 6 2.5 Weapons Testing 6 2.6 References 8 Chapter 3--TNE cmANDP 9 3.1 Cleanup Proposals 9 3.2 cleanup Criteria 9 3*3 Disposal OptiOnS M 3.4 Radioactive contaminants 10 3.5 Location of the contamination 11 3.6 Nature of the Problem U 3.7 Safety of Operators IL 3.8 cactus Crater 3.2 3.9 Filling of the crater ls 3.10 References 17 chanter 4—DESCRIPTION OF TEE ~ STR~ 19 4.1 General Observations 19 4.2 The Drilling Program u 4.3 Radioactive Contents 21 4.4 References 23 iii EVALUATION OF BNE??ETNCRADIOACTIVITYCONTAINMENT Camittee on Evaluation of Znewatak Radioactivity CQntaimt Advisory Board on the Built ~vironmexk -ission on SociotachnicalSystems National Research Ouncil NATIONAL AcADm4Y PRBSS Wask<ngton, D.C. 1982 Amoouc[o BY NATIONAL TECHNICAL m 10 R&d DOCUMENTATION L ss~ ~. 2 > -low PAGE Pfq Llltla●ndSUM*IQ Saomltl March Evaluationof Enewetak RadioactivityContainment s I ‘.mahwm Advisory Boar Evaluationof Enewetak RadioactivityContainment ).xwwmlnsqn~ Mama●dMdN,8 National Research ‘onthe’ui’t’~Council I Advisory Board on the Built Environment llL- 2101 ConstitutionAvenue (W DNAO Washington,DC 20418 (a Defense Nuclear Agency Fins 6801 Telegraph Road I& Alexandria,VA 22310 1--- 1s.Supphwltalyw \, W. A&tnd(l.imk2Ca -md8) Between 1948 and 1958 the Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands w the site CIf43 nuclear explosions,part of the government’snuclear testing program. spossdingta t~ demands of the Enewetak people, the government in 1972 decided to rehab itate-the atolG- In the cleanup process, radiologicallycontaminatedsoil and debris frc Ulariyof the atoll’s <:;landswere placed in a massive, domed concrete containment st et-e buil= one of the bomb craters on Runit Island. In order to provide the peopl of ‘3ewe* ti , the MarshalleseCoverrment with an objective assessment of the nontainn t Suxucture’s EnviLzzonm~o~ safety, the Defense Nuclear Agency asked the AdvisoryBoard on the Buil i the National Research Council to study the matter. The committee appoi ed ED condocz the study concentratedon two issues: (1) the potential hazard of tr~ ran&s ~ ~ I transportedto the surrounding environmentfrom the structure, and (2) e possible 1 sequence of events that would affect the structure’sphysical integrit~ and the radio— ~ active hazards that would result from preachmentof the dome. ~The comn tee’s report concludes that the containment structureuresents no health hazard to t :Enewetak ~=~ ~ now or In the future. The committee went on to recommend periodic ins~ tion of tbe dome. Runit Island, on which the dome is situz~ed,was found to be un~ e draeto ‘h.@iLT [ toxic plutoniumparticles in the soil and was placed off-limits foreve] In additina, : the committee examined the possible radiation hazard on nearby Enjebi I and. a po=tiaSZ ~ 17. OOwmmt An81ySls a On@pmfS re: .tlennentsize. nuclear weapons, nuclear testing program,-radiologicalcleanup, radioat .vity. tr~ uranics, plutonium,nuclear hazards, nuclear waste containment structu] b. ldMUfhtl/O~Twms DNA, Enewetak Atoll, Marshall I:lands, Cactus Crater, Runit Island, En: ~i Island, 33E c. cosm F&ld/Omtv - :This report has been approved for xL-orm its distribution is unlimited 1 lzRk8 ~= —.-.—. — –.- I I Chapter 5—BAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITS TEE - 2s 5.1 Function of the Dome 25 5.2 Radionuclides in the Dome 25 5.3 Transuranics in the SurroundingEnvironment 26 5.4 Comparisons with Other Locations 27 5.5 Transuranics in Marine Foods 27 5.6 Dome Preachment 2s 5.7 Eazards Associated with Leaching from the Cent mment Structure 29 5.8 Hazards Associated with Breachhg of the Conta unent Structure 31 5.9 SlulmlarY 32 5.10 References 33 Chapter 6-—(XEER ISSUES 35 6.1 Runit Island 35 6.2 Enjebi Island 36 6.3 References 37 APPENDIX A ESTIMATED 30-YEAR INTXRAL MX3E VS. RATE OF REMO1 L12ATIOM 39 APPENDIX B BIOGRAPHICAL S=!W:.YS OF COMMITTEE ~ . 41 iv —_... .. ... .... CHI= ON EVALUATION OF BNEWETM mIoAcTIVITY a Chairman ROBERT W. MORSE, Woods F.oleoceanographic Institution, Node )le, Massachusetts ?4embeZ? JOHN P. GNAKDINGER, Soil Testing Services, me., N@hbrook, .linoti STEPHEN M. KIM, RMC Technical Services, Radiation Management )rporation8 Philadelphia PeKuM@V8nia COLIN A. MAWSON, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada WILLIAM F. MERRITT, Health Sciences Division, Chalk River Nu !ar Lahoratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada FRANK L. PETERSON , Department of @ology and cieophysics,uni n)ityof HawaSi, Honolulu JOHN H. WIGGINS, Jr., J. H. Wiggins Caspac Redondo Beach, .ifornia ALFRED A. YEE, Alfred A. Yee and Aasooiates, Inc., Honolulu, waii ABBE Staff JAMES R. SMITH, Principal Staff Officer DAVID STARK, Consultant CLARET H. HEIDER, Editorial Consultant DELPHINE D. GLAZE, Administrative Secretary BETTY LOU WELIS, Secretary v I i. ADVISORY BOARD ON THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT I 1981-82 Chairman PHILIP G. RMBSHR~ Palm Harbor, Plorida kkmbess-— WERNBR A. BAUM, College of Arts and Sciences, P1OCMS State m Je r.city, Tallahassee RICHARD BZNDZR, College of EnvironmentalDesign, university of >lifornia, Berkeley WXLLIAM S. BIRJIEY,United States Steel Corporation,Washingtm, D.C. JAMHS M. ~t School of Law, George wasb~ton university, Wmibi~, D-C. G. DAY D=, Small Homes--Building Research council, University of Illinois. Urbana-champsign PAUL C. GRBINER, Bdison Electric Institute,washington~ D.C. LAWREKH E. EINKLE, M.D., New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Cester, Saw Y~k ROBHRr C. HOLLAND, Coassitteefor Economic Development,Washingtcn , D.C. JOHN C. HORNIZW, General Electric Company, Schenectady,New Yorh GEORGH S. JHNKINS, Consultation Networks Inc., Washington, D.C. OLIVHR H. JONES, Oliver Jones and Aasoc<ates,Manns Choice, P&msylvania JOHN T. JdYCB, InternationalUnion of Bricklayers and xllied Cra lt~< Washington, D.C. STANISLAV V. KASL, Department of Epidemiologyand public Health Yale University,New Haven, Connecticut MJRTZMHR H. MARSHALL, Jr., Reston, Virginia lU3BHRTP. WARSHALL, Jr., Turner ConstructionCompanyl New York, kw York GKQRIA S. NcGREGOR, Coamunity Facilities Department, Internati-L 1 wgy ~~ *n n~cis=, California MELVIN A. MISTER, U.S. Conference of Mayors, Washington, D.C. C. E. (TE) PHCK, Tbe Rybnd Group, Inc., Columbia, Maryland L. R. S“wiPPER, U.S. Army Construction EngineeringResearch Labor2tory, Champaign, Illinois ARTHUR C. STHRN, Department of EnvironmentalSciences and -i neering, Universityof North Carolina, Chapel Hill WARRHN H. TuRNPiRrAmerican Telephone and Telegraph Capany, ESsking Ridge, New Jersey SHIRLEY P. WEISS, Department of City and Regional Planning, Tbe Cliversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill JONN l?.WIGGINS, Jr., J. H. Wiggins Company, Redondo Beach, cali rn.ia vi I .. ..%*-.”, - .. .. y, $’:i 4 Liaison Representatives LEE S. GARRETT, Arlington, Virginia MAXINE SAVITZ, Deputy As8i8tant Secretary for Conservation, Of Cite of Comervation and Solar ~ergy, Department of Energy, Washi igton, D.C. RICEARD N. WRIGNT, Director, Center fOr Building Technology, N 1tional Bureau of Standarda, Washington, D.C. Ex-officic$ JOSXPE ii.ZEITEL, Kastern Solar Utilization Network, Portland, Oregon vii =nPR?ktW’%”...,-,, ....-..-” ., .,.._, ,. PREFACE Betu-en 1948 and 1958 Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands a used for u.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Select Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley
    ENGLISH CLÀSSICS The vignette, representing Shelleÿs house at Great Mar­ lou) before the late alterations, is /ro m a water- colour drawing by Dina Williams, daughter of Shelleÿs friend Edward Williams, given to the E ditor by / . Bertrand Payne, Esq., and probably made about 1840. SELECT LETTERS OF PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY RICHARD GARNETT NEW YORK D.APPLETON AND COMPANY X, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET MDCCCLXXXIII INTRODUCTION T he publication of a book in the series of which this little volume forms part, implies a claim on its behalf to a perfe&ion of form, as well as an attradiveness of subjeâ:, entitling it to the rank of a recognised English classic. This pretensión can rarely be advanced in favour of familiar letters, written in haste for the information or entertain­ ment of private friends. Such letters are frequently among the most delightful of literary compositions, but the stamp of absolute literary perfe&ion is rarely impressed upon them. The exceptions to this rule, in English literature at least, occur principally in the epistolary litera­ ture of the eighteenth century. Pope and Gray, artificial in their poetry, were not less artificial in genius to Cowper and Gray ; but would their un- their correspondence ; but while in the former premeditated utterances, from a literary point of department of composition they strove to display view, compare with the artifice of their prede­ their art, in the latter their no less successful cessors? The answer is not doubtful. Byron, endeavour was to conceal it. Together with Scott, and Kcats are excellent letter-writers, but Cowper and Walpole, they achieved the feat of their letters are far from possessing the classical imparting a literary value to ordinary topics by impress which they communicated to their poetry.
    [Show full text]
  • COURT of CLAIMS of THE
    REPORTS OF Cases Argued and Determined IN THE COURT of CLAIMS OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS VOLUME 39 Containing cases in which opinions were filed and orders of dismissal entered, without opinion for: Fiscal Year 1987 - July 1, 1986-June 30, 1987 SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS 1988 (Printed by authority of the State of Illinois) (65655--300-7/88) PREFACE The opinions of the Court of Claims reported herein are published by authority of the provisions of Section 18 of the Court of Claims Act, Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 37, par. 439.1 et seq. The Court of Claims has exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine the following matters: (a) all claims against the State of Illinois founded upon any law of the State, or upon an regulation thereunder by an executive or administrative ofgcer or agency, other than claims arising under the Workers’ Compensation Act or the Workers’ Occupational Diseases Act, or claims for certain expenses in civil litigation, (b) all claims against the State founded upon any contract entered into with the State, (c) all claims against the State for time unjustly served in prisons of this State where the persons imprisoned shall receive a pardon from the Governor stating that such pardon is issued on the grounds of innocence of the crime for which they were imprisoned, (d) all claims against the State in cases sounding in tort, (e) all claims for recoupment made by the State against any Claimant, (f) certain claims to compel replacement of a lost or destroyed State warrant, (g) certain claims based on torts by escaped inmates of State institutions, (h) certain representation and indemnification cases, (i) all claims pursuant to the Law Enforcement Officers, Civil Defense Workers, Civil Air Patrol Members, Paramedics and Firemen Compensation Act, (j) all claims pursuant to the Illinois National Guardsman’s and Naval Militiaman’s Compensation Act, and (k) all claims pursuant to the Crime Victims Compensation Act.
    [Show full text]
  • Lingering Radioactivity at the Bikini and Enewetak Atolls (Pdf)
    Science of the Total Environment 621 (2018) 1185–1198 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Lingering radioactivity at the Bikini and Enewetak Atolls Ken O. Buesseler ⁎, Matthew A. Charette, Steven M. Pike, Paul B. Henderson, Lauren E. Kipp Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Both 239,240Pu and 137Cs remain elevated today at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls. • These sites remain a small long term source of Pu and Cs to the North Pacific. • About half of the Pu in the waters at Enewetak Lagoon originates near Runit Dome. • Only a small fraction of Pu and Cs from Runit Dome is delivered via groundwater. article info abstract Article history: We made an assessment of the levels of radionuclides in the ocean waters, seafloor and groundwater at Bikini Received 4 August 2017 and Enewetak Atolls where the US conducted nuclear weapons tests in the 1940's and 50's. This included the Received in revised form 5 October 2017 first estimates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) derived from radium isotopes that can be used here Accepted 12 October 2017 to calculate radionuclide fluxes in to the lagoon waters. While there is significant variability between sites and Available online 30 October 2017 sample types, levels of plutonium (239,240Pu) remain several orders of magnitude higher in lagoon seawater 137 Editor: D. Barcelo and sediments than what is found in rest of the world's oceans. In contrast, levels of cesium-137 ( Cs) while relatively elevated in brackish groundwater are only slightly higher in the lagoon water relative to North Pacific Keywords: surface waters.
    [Show full text]
  • 2D Mercury Crater Wordsearch V2
    3/24/2019 Word Search Generator :: Create your own printable word find worksheets @ A to Z Teacher Stuff MAKE YOUR OWN WORKSHEETS ONLINE @ WWW.ATOZTEACHERSTUFF.COM NAME:_______________________________ DATE:_____________ Craters on Mercury SICINIMODFIQPVMRQSLJ BEETHOVEN MICHELANGELO BLTVPTSDUOMRCIPDRAEN BYRON RAPHAEL YAPVWYPXSEHAUEHSEVDI CUNNINGHAM SAVAGE RRZAYRKFJROGNIGSNAIA DAMER SHAKESPEARE ORTNPIVOCDTJNRRSKGSW DOMINICI SVEINSDOTTIR NOMGETIKLKEUIAAGLEYT DRISCOLL TOLSTOI PCLOLTVLOEPSNDPNUMQK ELLINGTON VANGOGH YHEGLOAAEIGEGAHQAPRR FAULKNER VIEIRADASILVA NANHIDLNTNNNHSAOFVLA HEMINGWAY VIVALDI VDGYNSDGGMNGAIEDMRAM HOLST GALQGNIEBIMOMLLCNEZG HOMER VMESTIWWKWCANVEKLVRU IMHOTEP ZELTOEPSBOAWMAUHKCIS IZQUIERDO JRQGNVMODREIUQZICDTH JOPLIN SHAKESPEARETOLSTOIOX KIPLING BBCZWAQSZRSLPKOJHLMA LANGE SFRLLOCSIRDIYGSSSTQT LARROCHA FKUIDTISIYYFAIITRODE LENGLE NILPOJHEMINGWAYEGXLM LENNON BEETHOVENRYSKIPLINGV MARKTWAIN 1/2 Mercury Craters: Famous Writers, Artists, and Composers: Location and Sizes Beethoven: Ludwig van Beethoven (1770−1827). German composer and pianist. 20.9°S, 124.2°W; Diameter = 630 km. Byron: Lord Byron (George Byron) (1788−1824). British poet and politician. 8.4°S, 33°W; Diameter = 106.6 km. Cunningham: Imogen Cunningham (1883−1976). American photographer. 30.4°N, 157.1°E; Diameter = 37 km. Damer: Anne Seymour Damer (1748−1828). English sculptor. 36.4°N, 115.8°W; Diameter = 60 km. Dominici: Maria de Dominici (1645−1703). Maltese painter, sculptor, and Carmelite nun. 1.3°N, 36.5°W; Diameter = 20 km. Driscoll: Clara Driscoll (1861−1944). American glass designer. 30.6°N, 33.6°W; Diameter = 30 km. Ellington: Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899−1974). American composer, pianist, and jazz orchestra leader. 12.9°S, 26.1°E; Diameter = 216 km. Faulkner: William Faulkner (1897−1962). American writer and Nobel Prize laureate. 8.1°N, 77.0°E; Diameter = 168 km. Hemingway: Ernest Hemingway (1899−1961). American journalist, novelist, and short-story writer. 17.4°N, 3.1°W; Diameter = 126 km.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuesday, May 4, 2021 1. Call to Order 2:30 Pm Leiopapa a Kamehameha Building Office
    HA WAI'I BOARDON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES (HBGN) Tuesday, May 4, 2021 2:30 p.m. Leiopapa A Kamehameha Building Officeof Planning, 6th Floor Conference Room 235 S. Beretania Street Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813 Zoom Meeting information: https://bit.ly/hbgn-20210504 Meeting ID: 932 3302 1740 Passcode: 581819 1. Call to Order 2. Review ofMeeting Minutes forApril 6, 2021 3. Public Comments 4. Announcements 5. Status ofbills and resolutions in the Legislature 6. Discussion and Action on Permitted Interaction Group for Lo'ihi / Kama'ehu 7. Review selected place names on the island ofHawai'i (Camara) 8. Adjournment This meeting of the Hawai'i Board on Geographic Names (HBGN) will be available forlive viewing via Zoom. Zoom Meeting information: https://bit.ly/hbgn-20210504 or https://zoom.us/j/93233021740?pwd=Ui9LbmxwMERYRkhDWDR WUHZaeHFRdz09 Meeting ID: 932 3302 1740 Passcode: 581819 MINUTES DRAFT FOR THE MEETING OF THE HAWAI‘I BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES DATE: April 6, 2021 TIME: 2:30 p.m. PLACE: Leiopapa A Kamehameha Building Office of Planning, 6th Floor Library 235 S. Beretania Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813 AGENDA ITEM 1: Call to Order Mr. Marzan called the meeting to order at 2:36 p.m. The following were in attendance: MEMBERS: Marques Marzan (Bishop Museum) Arthur Buto for Mary Alice Evans (Office of Planning) Meyer Cummins (Land Survey Division) Holly McEldowney (Department of Land and Natural Resources) left early at 3:20pm Niniau Kawaihae (Department of Hawaiian Home Lands) Kapā Oliveira (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa) Brad Kaʻaleleo Wong (Office of Hawaiian Affairs) ABSENT: None GUESTS: Jennifer Runyon (USGS) Lāmaku Mikahala Roy Melia Lane-Kamahele Regina Hilo Bobby Camara Renee Pualani Louis Catherine Sullivan AGENDA ITEM 2: Review of Meeting Minutes for March 2, 2021 Lamakū Roy asked for her attendance to be recognized and that she is here to comment on the minutes from the March meeting.
    [Show full text]
  • Marshall Islands Adoption Treaty
    Marshall Islands Adoption Treaty Glimmery and dissymmetrical Thaxter always deionize incessantly and skunk his funfairs. Sasha remains wriggling: she whipsawing her luminosities honing too indestructibly? Acaroid Jehu never vilified so ungravely or unfasten any blusters spiritually. An online forum for rigorous discussion and analysis of current issues in human rights law. Easiest Countries To grain From 2021 World who Review. States under this section may not be made when incorrect payment has been made to an individual who is without fault and when adjustment or recovery would defeat the purpose of this title or would be against equity and good conscience. Since the indictment in October, Petersen was suspended from his elected position and subsequently resigned in January. Visit our fee schedule, when adjustment in a long term. The women later told authorities that they were headed to Arkansas to put their children up for adoption. In some instances, domestic insolvency proceedings have amounted to a breach of IIA obligations. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. It was not always that way. To activate this feature, you will need to add a parameter to your apstag. Funding for groundwater monitoring. This balancing act is exacerbated by limited access to water, electricity, technology, and internet for Marshallese students. When traveling during the adoption process, we encourage you to enroll with the Department of State. Sciences under which the National Academy of Sciences shall conduct an assessment of the health impacts of the United States nuclear testing program conducted in the Republic of the Marshall Islands on the residents of the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Marshall Islands Chronology: 1944-1981
    b , KARSHALL ISLANDS CHRONOLOGY - ERRATUM SHEET Page 12. column 1 and 2. “1955 - March 9 United Xations. .‘I and “May Enewetak . .” This should read. L956 - IMarch 9 United Nations..,“and IMay Enewetak .--*‘ Marshal ACHRONOLOGY: 1944-1981 LISRARY - ~ASHINCTGN, D.C. 2054-5 MICRONESIA SUPPORT COMlITTEE Honolulu, Hawalt F- ‘ifm ti R.EAD TICS ~RO?OLOGY: Weapons Testim--even numbered left hand pages 4-34; destruction of island home- Lands and radioactive wntamination of people, land and food sources. Resettlement of People--odd numbered right hand pages 5-39; the struggle to survive in exile. There is some necessary overlap for clarity; a list of sources used concludes the Chronology on pages 36 and 38. BIKINI ATOLL IN 1946, PRIOR TO THE START OF THE NUCLEAR TESTS. 1st edition publishe'dJuly 1978 2nd edition published August 1981 “?aRTlEGooDoFM ANKlND..~ Marshall Islands people have borne the brunt of U.S. military activity in Micronesia, from nuclear weapons experiments and missile testing to relocations of people and radio- active contamination of people and their environment. All, as an American military com- mder said of the Bikini teats, “for the good of mankind and to end all world wars.” Of eleven United Nations Trusteeships created after World War II, only Micronesia was designated a “strategic” trust, reflecting its military importance to the United States. Ihe U.N. agreement haa allowed the U.S. to use the islands for military purposes, while binding the U.S. to advance the well being of the people of Micronesia. Western nuclear powers have looked on the Pacific, because of its small isolated popu- lations, aa an “ideal” location to conduct nuclear activities unwanted In their own countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands
    Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 11/11/2020 3:57:37 PM TVS- Republic of the Marshall Islands PO Box 2 Majuro, MH 96960 September 24, 2020 The Honorable Deb Fischer Chairman, Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services 454 Russell Senate Office Building Washington, DC 20510 The Honorable Martin Heinrich Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services 303 Hart Senate Office Building Washington, D.C. 20510 Dear Chairperson Fischer and Ranking Member Heinrich, Warm greetings from the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and thank you for your continued leadership to ensure that the Compact of Free Association actively maintains our bilateral friendship and mutual commitments. We are writing to you today regarding the recent report by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) on the status of the Runit Dome on Enewetak Atoll. The report was submitted to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives last June as required by Section 364 of Public Law 116-92, National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2020. The RMI welcomed the request in the NDAA for this report and we thank you and your colleagues in the Senate for your support for its inclusion. We note that there was an element in the original House version of the bill to ask the DOE to provide options for relocating the waste in the Runit Dome, but this was removed in the final version adopted by the Senate. We would be interested in revisiting this request in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • DOE Runit Dome Report to Congress Signed June 2020
    Report on the Status of the Runit Dome in the Marshall Islands Report to Congress June 2020 United States Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 Department of Energy | June 2020 Message from the Secretary The Department of Energy (DOE) is committed to fulfilling the United States’ commitments to the health and safety of the people of the Marshall Islands from the effects of the nuclear weapons testing conducted in the past. This is the DOE Report to Congress regarding the status of the Runit Dome in the Marshall Islands, as outlined in Section 364 of Public Law 116-92, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020. Pursuant to statutory requirements, this report is being provided to the following members of Congress: The Honorable James Inhofe Chairman, Senate Committee on Armed Services The Honorable Jack Reed Ranking Member, Senate Committee on Armed Services The Honorable Deb Fischer Chairman, Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services The Honorable Martin Heinrich Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services The Honorable Adam Smith Chairman, House Committee on Armed Services The Honorable William “Mac” Thornberry Ranking Member, House Committee on Armed Services The Honorable Jim Cooper Chairman, Subcommittee on Strategic Forces House Committee on Armed Services The Honorable Michael Turner Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Strategic Forces House Committee on Armed Services Report on the Status of the Runit Dome in the Marshall Islands | Page i Department of Energy | June 2020 If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact me or Mr. Shawn Affolter, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Senate Affairs, or Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • CATCHING the DRIFT: Impacts of Oceanic Drift Material in the Marshall Islands
    MICRONESIAN JOURNAL OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Vol. 5, nº 1/2 Combined Issue November 2006 CATCHING THE DRIFT: Impacts of Oceanic Drift Material in the Marshall Islands Nancy Vander Velde and Brian Vander Velde Majuro, Marshall Islands The Marshall Islands, situated in the Central Pacific, are far from any major landmass. However, by means of oceanic drift, they are connected with virtually all the Pacific. This paper reviews how the types of drift from various areas have impacted the lives of people on the Marshall Islands. The local language, canoe construction, tools, food, agriculture and other aspects of the culture have been influenced by oceanic drift, with the effects continuing to the present The Marshall Islands, located from between with the help of humans. All other plants likely 160º to 173º east and 4º to 14º north, lie thou- came by traveling the waves. sands kilometers in all directions from any ma- The proportion of plant species which likely jor mass of land. Geologically the 29 atolls and came through oceanic drift is quite high when 5 solitary coral islands1, which constitute this compared with other islands. After Krakatau country, are figured to be quite young, prob- was devastated in 1883, the restoration process ably only coming to a point where they could began a little over a year later with a “few be colonized by land species three- to four- blades of grass.” Although the nearest unaffec- thousand years ago. Furthermore, it was likely ted land was comparatively near, being only only about two-thousand years ago when hu- about 40 km away, early plant recolonization mans were able to colonize the land (NBTRMI consisted of many species which spread via 2000, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • William Gilbert Anderson, Md
    THE LIFE AND PROFESSIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF "WILLIAM GILBERT ANDERSON, M. D. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By HAROLD LLOYD RAY, A. B., M. S. The Ohio State University 1959 Approved by Adviser Department of Physical Education WILLIAM GILBERT ANDERSON I860 - 19U7 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to all who helped in this project. Particular thanks are due Dr. Bruce L. Bennett, De­ partment of Physical Education, The Ohio State University, for his guid­ ance, encouragement and excellent critioisms. The writer is grateful for the help given by the other members of the reading committee~Dr. Lewis A. Hess, Chairman of the Department of Physical Education, and Dr. Francis Weisenburger, Department of History. Dr. Chalmers Hixson, Department of Physical Education, offered suggestions which aided in structuring the study. Fred Shults, Department of Physical Education, Oberlin College, contributed to the study by making the Fred E. Leonard papers available. Many library personnel gave assistance in conducting research. The writer is grateful to the staffs of the libraries at The Ohio State University, Adelphi College and the Library of Congress, and to Mrs. Margaret Copeland of the Smith Memorial Library, Chautauqua Institution, and Miss Jane Hill, in charge of the Yale Memorabilia Collection. The author wishes to acknowledge the cooperation of the staff of the Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, in photostating portions of the Anderson Memorabilia and for permission to use the photograph as a frontispiece. The writer appreciates the information given by the following people, through interviews and correspondence, which contributed to the iii iv authenticity of this study: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Venice, Childe Harold IV and Beppo, July 30Th 1817-January 7Th 1818
    116 Venice, Childe Harold IV and Beppo, July 30th 1817-January 7th 1818 Venice, 1817 July 30th 1817-January 7th 1818 Edited from B.L.Add.Mss. 47234. In the notes, “J.W.” indicates assistance from Jack Wasserman, to whom I’m most grateful. Hobhouse has been on a tour of Italy since December 5th 1816, and hasn’t seen Byron – who’s just moved from Venice to La Mira – since Byron left Rome on May 20th. For the next five-and-a-half months he’s with Byron in Venice and the surrounding area. Byron is for the most part polishing Childe Harold IV, and Hobhouse takes upon himself the task of annotating it. The truly significant event, however – which neither man fully understands, and Hobhouse never will – is when Byron, having read Hookham Frere’s Whistlecraft, suddenly composes Beppo on October 9th. Venice is held by Austria, which is systematically running down its economy so that the poor are reduced to eating grass. Hobhouse glances at the state of the place from time to time. His terribly British account of the circumcision ceremony on August 2nd implies much about what Byron found fascinating about the city – though Byron would never put such feelings into explicit prose. Wednesday July 30th 1817: I got up at four – set off half past five, and, crossing the Po, went to Rovigo, three posts and a half. A long tedious drive, in flats. From Rovigo I went to Padua without going five miles out of my way to see Arquà in the Euganean Hills – Petrarch’s tranquil place – it was too hot – the thermometer at eighty-three in the shade.
    [Show full text]