DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Western Australian Sandalwood Seed Oil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Western Australian Sandalwood Seed Oil School of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Western Australian Sandalwood Seed Oil Dhanushka Sugeeshwara Hettiarachchi This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University August 2014 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Dhanushka Sugeeshwara Hettiarachchi Signature: ………………………………………….. Date : ..…………………………………………. i Women behind my success: My late grandmothers, my mother and my wife. Man who inspired me: My father ii Best virtues of a gentleman appear while facing hardships, such as a mature log of Sandalwood spreads the aroma upon chopping. - 15th century Sinhala poetry “Subhashitha” by Alagiyawanna Mukaweti iii Acknowledgement I would first give my salutation to Western Australian Sandalwood tree for paving my path for education and rewarding me financially, while scenting my day with much loved aroma. My supervisor Prof. Sunderland, I am in debt for your guidance and encouragement throughout the time of this study. Your knowledge and wisdom is always delivered with usual patience, I am indeed privileged and proud to be your student. I also kindly acknowledge the generous funding you provided towards the collaborative research projects. Dr. Yandi Liu, the person who introduced me to sandalwood industry and also co-supervised this study, I have no words to thank you but owe you a lot for what I am today. Thank you for mentoring me for all these years, and the familial treat your family has provided. It is an honour to be known as a student of Prof. John Fox, thank you very much for accepting to be my associate supervisor. Your advice and guidance have made me a complete sandalwood man. Mr. Michael Boddy, thank you for sharing your knowledge and guiding through all my laboratory work, you also taught me how to conduct laboratory practices, which has enormously helped my professional life. Dr. Rima Caccetta, thank you for your support as my supervisor during the last stage of my study. Your academic and administrative input was invaluable in completing this thesis. I highly appreciate the support from Prof. Jeff Hughes both as my thesis committee chairman and the Head of the School. I acknowledge the Australian Government for providing me the Australian Postgraduate Award and Curtin University for providing me the Curtin Research Scholarship during this study. This thesis and my studies into sandalwood would have never been realised without support of the Wescorp Group. Mr. Tim Coakley, your help in drafting this project and your technical and financial support was generous throughout the study. I thankful for Ms. Vanessa Pereira for proof reading my entire thesis. I thank everyone of the Wescorp family; Mr. Nathan O’Neill, Mr. Peter MacKinnon, Mr. Jay Coakley, Ms. Marie Farrow , Ms. Mirjana Stojic, Ms. Melinda Campbell, Ms. Fleur Coakley, Ms. Annette Siemes, Ms. Winnie Harper, Mr. Norman Butler, Mr. Daniel Donovan, late Mr. Neville Pratt and all the staff at the factory, all your hard work and iv dedication is presented here. Thank you for all the generosity and trust you showed, I enjoy and pride myself at every moment working with you at Wescorp. All the staff members of the School of Pharmacy need a special acknowledgement. I would acknowledge, Dr. Paul Murray, Ms. Kathy Whiteman, Dr. Richard Parsons, Dr. Madhu Page-Sharp, Ms. Joyce Thomas, Mr. Jorge Martinez, Mr. Giuseppe Luna and Assoc. Prof. Lynne Emmerton for your support during this study. I gratefully remember the support received from late Mr. Peter Mioduszewski of Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University. I would like to thank my friend Chirag for sharing your knowledge and all that coffee and food we had over political debates. I acknowledge the support received from Zen Ang during the plantation studies. I would also appreciate Sangeetha, Remya, Vikas, Elsamuel, Dimitri, Svetlana, Dolzenko family and all the friends who were there in time of need. Prof. Duo Li and Department of Food Science, Zhejiang University for hosting me for my exchange study and also the Western Australian government and Zhejiang Provincial government for providing me the scholarship to conduct my exchange study in the beautiful city of Hangzhou, China. I am grateful for my collaborator and good friend Fang Cai and all the friends at Zhejiang University for looking after me and the support given during my stay, a big Xie Xie for all of you. I am thankful for the kind cooperation given by Mr. Gordon Taylor in acquiring seeds for the study. I would like to thank Dr. Hans Wolmuth and Mr. Ashely Dowell from Southern Cross Plant Science for biological analysis conducted on biological studies; also the staff of CiTox laboratory, France for conducting the OECD toxicity analysis. I am grateful to Mr. Richard Daniels and Nutrazeal Ltd., New Zealand for all the support received during pilot studies. I would also express my gratitude to Dr. Upul Subasinghe of Sri Jayewardenepura University, Sri Lanka; who is a good friend and a colleague in sandalwood and agarwood research over the years. I would acknowledge the support and funding from Sadaharitha Plantations Ltd. for collaborative research projects in Sri Lanka. I would like to thank my good friend Mr. Grant Pronk for helping me in plantation studies and all the lessons given on agro-forestry. Also the input from Mr. Jonathan v Brand and Mr. Benjamin Sawyer of Forest Products Commission is highly appreciated. I appreciate the support received from Prof. Vijay Jayasena and Dr. Mala Senarathne of School of Public Health, Curtin University. My friends Chathura, Ashan, Rohitha, Oshadi, Sirikumara family, Rathnasekara family, Liyanage family, Ediriweera family and Fernando family; your presence made easy for me to call Perth home. I like to thank my brother Missaka and sister- in-law Induni. I also thank my father-in-law, mother-in-law and sister-in-law for their relentless support. My parents and both the late grandmothers have sacrificed a lot for the betterment of my life and education. I hope this work would stand a tribute to what you have given to me. This study is a result of dedication, care and understanding of my loving wife Sonia, you have being the driving force for all my life’s missions and thank you for been the greatest pillar of support in achieving this goal. vi Table of Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................... xii List of Tables ........................................................................................................... xiv Abstract .................................................................................................................... xvi List of Publications and Presentations .................................................................. xix Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... xx Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Western Australian Sandalwood ...................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Botanical Background ................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Sandalwood Essential Oil ............................................................................ 5 1.1.3 Sandalwood Industry in Western Australia ................................................. 6 1.1.4 Sandalwood Plantations ............................................................................... 7 1.2 Plant Lipids ...................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Lipid Components ....................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Lipid Analysis ............................................................................................ 10 1.2.3 Plant Lipids in Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Preparations ...................... 12 1.3 Sandalwood Seed Oil ..................................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Chemical Composition .............................................................................. 13 1.3.2 Ximenynic Acid ......................................................................................... 15 1.3.3 Pharmacological Studies ............................................................................ 18 1.3.4 Ethnobotanical Evidence ........................................................................... 20 1.3.5 Future Applications of Sandalwood Seed Oil ............................................ 21 1.4 Current Study ................................................................................................. 22 Chapter 2 General Methodology ......................................................................... 23 2.1 Materials ........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pacific Islands Area
    Habitat Planting for Pollinators Pacific Islands Area November 2014 The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation www.xerces.org Acknowledgements This document is the result of collaboration with state and federal agencies and educational institutions. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude for the technical assistance and time spent suggesting, advising, reviewing, and editing. In particular, we would like to thank the staff at the Hoolehua Plant Materials Center on the Hawaiian Island of Molokai, NRCS staff in Hawaii and American Samoa, and researchers and extension personnel at American Samoa Community College Land Grant (especially Mark Schmaedick). Authors Written by Jolie Goldenetz-Dollar (American Samoa Community College), Brianna Borders, Eric Lee- Mäder, and Mace Vaughan (The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation), and Gregory Koob, Kawika Duvauchelle, and Glenn Sakamoto (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service). Editing and layout Ashley Minnerath (The Xerces Society). Updated November 2014 by Sara Morris, Emily Krafft, and Anne Stine (The Xerces Society). Photographs We thank the photographers who generously allowed use of their images. Copyright of all photographs remains with the photographers. Cover main: Jolie Goldenetz-Dollar, American Samoa Community College. Cover bottom left: John Kaia, Lahaina Photography. Cover bottom right: Gregory Koob, Hawaii Natural Resources Conservation Service. Funding This technical note was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and produced jointly by the NRCS and The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Additional support was provided by the National Institute for Food and Agriculture (USDA). Please contact Tony Ingersoll ([email protected]) for more information about this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER No -70 MARCH 1992
    AlAstraliaYJ S~stematic · · . BotaVl~ 5ociet~ . NEWSLETTER No -70 MARCH 1992 Dodonaea heteromorpha West . Price: $5.00 Registered by Australia Post Publication No. NBH 8068 ~ . , ISSN 1034-1218 AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY SOCIETY INCORPORATED . Office Bearers Pre~ide-nt Dr J.G. West Australian National Herbarium GPO ~Box 1600 CANBERRAACT2601 - Tel (06) 246 5113 Fax (06) 246 5000 Vice Pr-esident Secretary-~ Treasurer Dr G.P. Guymer Dr B.J. Conn Dr D.B. Foreman Queensland Herbarium National Herbarium of NSW · National Herbarium of Victoria Meiers Road Mrs Macquaries Road Birdwood Avenue INDOOROOPILLY QLJ:) 4068 SYDNEY NSW 2000 . SOU'I;H YARRAVIC3141 Tel (07) 377 9320 - Tel (02) 231 8131 Tel (03) 655 23oo Fax-(07) 870 327§ Fax (02) 251 4403 Fax (03) 650 5917 Councillors Dr J.A. Chappill Dr J.M. Powell DepartmentofBotany National Herbarium of NSW University of Western Australia Mrs MadJQaries Road NEDLANDS WA 6009 .SYDNEY NSW 2000" _'Tel (09) 380 2212 · Tel (02) 2:U 8135t . Fax (09) 380 1001, · FaJS (02) 251 4403 _ Affiliated So~iety ·Papua New Guinea Botanical Society Australian Botanical Liais-on Officer Dr P.S. Short Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Richmond, s'urrey. TW9 JAB. ENGLAND. Tel 44-81-940-1171 Fax 44-81C::B2-5278 Austral. Syst. Bot. Soc. Newsletter 70 (March 1992) 1 EDITORIAL It seems to me that systematics is at a cross­ slide, if not reverse the trend entirely. roads. During most of this century, taxonomy has There have been a couple of recent publications been on the decline from its pre-eminent position in discussing the details of these issues that are worth the biology of the previous two centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Sci 2009 Bergh N G.Pdf
    The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Systematics of the Relhaniinae (Asteraceae- Gnaphalieae) in southern Africa: geography and evolution in an endemic Cape plant lineage. Nicola Georgina Bergh Town Thesis presented for theCape Degree of DOCTOR OF ofPHILOSOPHY in the Department of Botany UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN University May 2009 Town Cape of University ii ABSTRACT The Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) houses a flora unique for its diversity and high endemicity. A large amount of the diversity is housed in just a few lineages, presumed to have radiated in the region. For many of these lineages there is no robust phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships, and few Cape plants have been examined for the spatial distribution of their population genetic variation. Such studies are especially relevant for the Cape where high rates of species diversification and the ongoing maintenance of species proliferation is hypothesised. Subtribe Relhaniinae of the daisy tribe Gnaphalieae is one such little-studied lineage. The taxonomic circumscription of this subtribe, the biogeography of its early diversification and its relationships to other members of the Gnaphalieae are elucidated by means of a dated phylogenetic hypothesis. Molecular DNA sequence data from both chloroplast and nuclear genomes are used to reconstruct evolutionary history using parsimony and Bayesian tools for phylogeny estimation.
    [Show full text]
  • Tmcm1de1.Pdf
    Departament de Biologia Facultat de Ciències Hybridization patterns in Balearic endemic plants assessed by molecular and morphological markers — Ph. D. Thesis — Miquel Àngel Conesa Muñoz Supervisors: Dr. Maurici Mus Amézquita (Universitat de les Illes Balears) Dr. Josep Antoni Rosselló Picornell (Universitat de València) May 2010 Palma de Mallorca El doctor Maurici Mus Amézquita, professor titular de la Universitat de les Illes Balears, i el doctor Josep Antoni Rosselló Picornell, professor titular de la Universitat de València, CERTIFIQUEN: Que D. Miquel Àngel Conesa Muñoz ha realitzat, baix la seva direcció en el Laboratori de Botànica de la Universitat de les Illes Balears i en el Departament de Botànica del Jardí Botànic de la Universitat de València, el treball per optar al grau de Doctor en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, amb el títol: “HYBRIDIZATION PATTERNS IN BALEARIC ENDEMIC PLANTS ASSESSED BY MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL MARKERS” Considerant finalitzada la present memòria, autoritzem la seva presentació amb la finalitat de ser jutjada pel tribunal corresponent. I per tal que així consti, signem el present certificat a Palma de Mallorca, a 27 de maig de 2010. Dr. Maurici Mus Dr. Josep A. Rosselló 1 2 A la meva família, als meus pares. 3 4 Agraïments - Acknowledgements En la vida tot arriba. A moments semblava que no seria així, però aquesta tesi també s’ha acabat. Per arribar avui a escriure aquestes línies, moltes persones han patit amb mi, per mi, o m’han aportat el seu coneixement i part del seu temps. Així doncs, merescut és que els recordi aquí. Segurament deixaré algú, que recordaré quan ja sigui massa tard per incloure’l.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Growing Sandalwood Plantations in Western Australia
    E R N V M E O N G T Forest E O H F T Products W A E I S L T A Commission E R R N A U S T WESTERN AUSTRALIA Guide to growing sandalwood plantations in Western Australia There are around 25 species of sandalwood found globally. Western Australia’s naturally growing species is Santalum spicatum, more commonly known as WA sandalwood. This guide has been developed WA sandalwood is one of Western Australia’s oldest export industries, with the wood first leaving the State to help landowners understand in 1845. the key considerations when Today the oils produced within the heartwood of sandalwood trees are highly valued internationally and establishing a WA sandalwood are used in a range of products, including perfumes, soaps and cosmetics. The scented wood is also prized and is plantation. often powdered to make incense sticks or carved to create ornaments. Growing sandalwood in plantations is complex, because it is a root hemiparasite. Sandalwood trees photosynthesize, but are also dependent on host trees for water and certain nutrients. Sandalwood can be successfully grown near a range of host species, but performs well when near nitrogen-fixing trees, especially within the genus Acacia. WA sandalwood can be grown using a variety of methods but the aim of this grower’s guide is to describe one commonly used approach that has been successful in a range of locations in the Wheatbelt and south west of Western Australia. It will include site selection, host species, establishment, thinning, host-to-sandalwood ratio, grazing, fire, seed production and rotation length.
    [Show full text]
  • BFS244 Site Species List
    Species lists based on plot records from DEP (1996), Gibson et al. (1994), Griffin (1993), Keighery (1996) and Weston et al. (1992). Taxonomy and species attributes according to Keighery et al. (2006) as of 16th May 2005. Species Name Common Name Family Major Plant Group Significant Species Endemic Growth Form Code Growth Form Life Form Life Form - aquatics Common SSCP Wetland Species BFS No beel01 (FCT28) beel02 (FCT23a) beel03 (FCT11) Wd? Acacia pulchella Prickly Moses Mimosaceae Dicot WA 3 SH P 244 y y * Aira caryophyllea Silvery Hairgrass Poaceae Monocot 5 G A 244 y y Allocasuarina fraseriana Fraser's Sheoak Casuarinaceae Dicot WA 1 T P 244 y y * Anagallis arvensis var. arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel Primulaceae Dicot 4 H A 244 y Anigozanthos humilis subsp. humilis Catspaw Haemodoraceae Monocot WA 4 H PAB 244 y Astartea aff. fascicularis (Gibson et al. 1994) Astartea Myrtaceae Dicot WA 3 SH P y 244 y Austrodanthonia occidentalis Western Wallaby Grass Poaceae Monocot WA 5 G P 244 y Austrostipa compressa Golden Speargrass Poaceae Monocot WA 5 G P 244 y y y Banksia attenuata Candle Banksia Proteaceae Dicot WA 1 T P 244 y Banksia ilicifolia Hollyleaf Banksia Proteaceae Dicot WA 1 T P 244 y y Banksia menziesii Firewood Banksia Proteaceae Dicot WA 1 T P 244 y y Baumea articulata Jointed Twigrush Cyperaceae Monocot AUST 6 S-C P AQE y 244 y Bossiaea eriocarpa Common Bossiaea Papilionaceae Dicot WA 3 SH P 244 y y Brachyloma preissii Globe Heath Epacridaceae Dicot WA 3 SH P 244 y y * Briza maxima Blowfly Grass Poaceae Monocot 5 G A 244 y y y * Briza minor Shivery Grass Poaceae Monocot 5 G A 244 y y Burchardia congesta Kara Colchicaceae Monocot WA 4 H PAB 244 y Caladenia flava subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sandalwood Industry in Australia: a History
    United States Department of Proceedings of the Symposium on Agriculture Forest Service Sandalwood in the Pacific Pacific Southwest April 9-11, 1990, Honolulu, Hawaii Research Station General Technical Report PSW-122 Hamilton, Lawrence; Conrad, C. Eugene, technical coordinators. 1990. Proceedings of the Symposium on Sandalwood in the Pacific; April 9-11,1990; Honolulu, Hawaii. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-122. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 84 p. Sandalwood (Santalum spp.) trees grow in a variety of climates around the world and are culturally and economically important to about 15 countries. Exploitation of the fragrant heartwood for carvings, oil, and incense in the past has led to the need to conserve and manage the genus. The first substantial logging of sandalwood in Hawaii in 150 years generated local controversy in 1988, uncovered misinformation and speculation about the genus, and eventually led to the symposium in 1990. Papers in this proceedings cover history, distribution, status, ecology, management, propagation, and use of sandalwood. A synthesis paper summarizes the state-of-knowledge of the symposium participants. Research is needed to fill gaps in information on various aspects of sandalwood in many of the countries where it grows. Retrieval Terms: forestry, Pacific, sandalwood, Santalum, Australia, Hawaii, India, Indo­ nesia, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu Technical Coordinators: LAWRENCE HAMILTON is a research associate, Environment and Policy Institute, East- West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. C. EUGENE CONRAD is director, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Honolulu, Hawaii. Views expressed in each paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the sponsoring organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaiian Plant Studies 14 1
    The History, Present Distribution, and Abundance of Sandalwood on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands: . Hawaiian Plant Studies 14 1 HAROLD ST. JOHN 2 INTRODUCTION album L., the species first commercialized, TODAY IT IS a common belief of the resi­ is now considered to have been introduced dents of the Hawaiian Islands that the san­ into India many centuries ago and cultivated dalwood tree was exterminated during the there for its economic and sentimental val­ sandalwood trade in the early part of the ues. Only in more recent times has it at­ . nineteenth century and that it is now ex­ tained wide distribution and great abun­ tinct on the islands. To correct this impres­ dance in that country. It is certainly indige­ sion, the following notes are presented.. nous in Timor and apparently so all along There is a popular as well as a scientific the southern chain of the East Indies to east­ interest in the sandalwood tree or iliahi of ern Java, including the islands of Roti, We­ the Hawaiians, the fragrant wood of which tar, Sawoe, Soemba, Bali, and Madoera. The was the first important article of commerce earliest voyagers found it on those islands exported from the Hawaiian Islands. and it was early an article of export, reach­ For centuries the sandalwood, with its ing the markets of China and India (Skotts­ pleasantly fragrant dried heartwood, was berg, 1930: 436; Fischer, 1938). The in­ much sought for. In the Orient, particularly sufficient and diminishing supply of white in China, Burma, and India, the wood was sandalwood gave it a very high and increas­ used for the making of idols and sacred ing value.' Hence, trade in the wood was utensils for shrines, choice boxes and carv­ profitable even when a long haul was in­ ings, fuel for funeral pyres, and joss sticks volved.
    [Show full text]
  • Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Sandalwood (Santalum Species)
    Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry (http://agroforestry.net/scps) Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Sandalwood (Santalum species) By Lex A.J. Thomson, John Doran, Danica Harbaugh, and Mark D. Merlin USES AND PRODUCTS apart from carving, sandalwood is rarely used in many of Wood from the Hawaiian and South Pacific sandalwoods these traditional ways nowadays because of its scarcity and traditionally had a diversity of uses such as carving, medi- economic value. cine, insect repellent when burnt (St. John 1947), and fuel Commercial exploitation of sandalwood commenced in the (Wagner 1986). The grated wood was used to a limited ex- Hawaiian and some South Pacific islands during the late 18th tent to scent coconut oil (for application to the hair and and early 19th centuries when the aromatic lower trunks and body) and cultural artifacts such as tapa cloth (Krauss 1993; rootstock of native Santalum species were harvested in great Kepler 1985). In Hawai‘i, sandalwoods were used to make quantity and shipped to China. There they were used to musical instruments such as the musical bow (‘ūkēkē) and make incense, fine furniture, and other products. The exten- to produce hoe (paddles) as part of traditional canoe con- sive and often exploitative sandalwood trade in Hawai‘i was struction (Buck 1964; Krauss 1993). The highest-value wood an early economic activity that adversely affected both the from the sandalwoods is used for carving (i.e., religious stat- natural environment and human health. Indeed, this activ- ues and objects, handicrafts, art, and decorative furniture). ity represented an early shift from subsistence to commer- For most purposes larger basal pieces and main roots are cial economy in Hawai‘i that was to have far-reaching and preferred due to their high oil content and better oil profiles, long-lasting effects in the islands (Shineberg 1967).
    [Show full text]
  • Santalum Spicatum) Oil Production Using Multiple Treatments
    Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2019 Stimulation of Western Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) oil production using multiple treatments Peta-Anne Smith Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Agriculture Commons Recommended Citation Smith, P. (2019). Stimulation of Western Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) oil production using multiple treatments. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2202 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2202 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form.
    [Show full text]
  • *Wagner Et Al. --Intro
    NUMBER 60, 58 pages 15 September 1999 BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS HAWAIIAN VASCULAR PLANTS AT RISK: 1999 WARREN L. WAGNER, MARIE M. BRUEGMANN, DERRAL M. HERBST, AND JOEL Q.C. LAU BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS HONOLULU Printed on recycled paper Cover illustration: Lobelia gloria-montis Rock, an endemic lobeliad from Maui. [From Wagner et al., 1990, Manual of flowering plants of Hawai‘i, pl. 57.] A SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE RECORDS OF THE HAWAII BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1998 Research publications of Bishop Museum are issued irregularly in the RESEARCH following active series: • Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. A series of short papers PUBLICATIONS OF describing original research in the natural and cultural sciences. Publications containing larger, monographic works are issued in BISHOP MUSEUM four areas: • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Anthropology • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Botany • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Entomology • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Zoology Numbering by volume of Occasional Papers ceased with volume 31. Each Occasional Paper now has its own individual number starting with Number 32. Each paper is separately paginated. The Museum also publishes Bishop Museum Technical Reports, a series containing information relative to scholarly research and collections activities. Issue is authorized by the Museum’s Scientific Publications Committee, but manuscripts do not necessarily receive peer review and are not intended as formal publications. Institutions and individuals may subscribe to any of the above or pur- chase separate publications from Bishop Museum Press, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-0916, USA. Phone: (808) 848-4135; fax: (808) 841-8968; email: [email protected]. Institutional libraries interested in exchanging publications should write to: Library Exchange Program, Bishop Museum Library, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-0916, USA; fax: (808) 848-4133; email: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania
    A CENSUS OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF TASMANIA, INCLUDING MACQUARIE ISLAND MF de Salas & ML Baker 2016 edition Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery Department of State Growth Tasmanian Vascular Plant Census 2016 A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, Including Macquarie Island. 2016 edition MF de Salas and ML Baker Postal address: Street address: Tasmanian Herbarium College Road PO Box 5058 Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 UTAS LPO Australia Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia © Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery Published by the Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery GPO Box 1164 Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia www.tmag.tas.gov.au Cite as: de Salas, M.F. and Baker, M.L. (2016) A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, Including Macquarie Island. (Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. Hobart) www.tmag.tas.gov.au ISBN 978-1-921599-83-5 (PDF) 2 Tasmanian Vascular Plant Census 2016 Introduction The classification systems used in this Census largely follow Cronquist (1981) for flowering plants (Angiosperms) and McCarthy (1998) for conifers, ferns and their allies. The same classification systems are used to arrange the botanical collections of the Tasmanian Herbarium and by the Flora of Australia series published by the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). For a more up-to-date classification of the flora refer to The Flora of Tasmania Online (Duretto 2009+) which currently follows APG II (2003). This census also serves as an index to The Student’s Flora of Tasmania (Curtis 1963, 1967, 1979; Curtis & Morris 1975, 1994). Species accounts can be found in The Student’s Flora of Tasmania by referring to the volume and page number reference that is given in the rightmost column (e.g.
    [Show full text]