Santalum Spicatum) Oil Production Using Multiple Treatments
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The Vegetation of Robinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan
The Vegetation ofRobinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile1 Josef Greimler,2,3 Patricio Lopez 5., 4 Tod F. Stuessy, 2and Thomas Dirnbiick5 Abstract: Robinson Crusoe Island of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, as is the case with many oceanic islands, has experienced strong human disturbances through exploitation ofresources and introduction of alien biota. To understand these impacts and for purposes of diversity and resource management, an accu rate assessment of the composition and structure of plant communities was made. We analyzed the vegetation with 106 releves (vegetation records) and subsequent Twinspan ordination and produced a detailed colored map at 1: 30,000. The resultant map units are (1) endemic upper montane forest, (2) endemic lower montane forest, (3) Ugni molinae shrubland, (4) Rubus ulmifolius Aristotelia chilensis shrubland, (5) fern assemblages, (6) Libertia chilensis assem blage, (7) Acaena argentea assemblage, (8) native grassland, (9) weed assemblages, (10) tall ruderals, and (11) cultivated Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus. Mosaic patterns consisting of several communities are recognized as mixed units: (12) combined upper and lower montane endemic forest with aliens, (13) scattered native vegetation among rocks at higher elevations, (14) scattered grassland and weeds among rocks at lower elevations, and (15) grassland with Acaena argentea. Two categories are included that are not vegetation units: (16) rocks and eroded areas, and (17) settlement and airfield. Endemic forests at lower elevations and in drier zones of the island are under strong pressure from three woody species, Aristotelia chilensis, Rubus ulmifolius, and Ugni molinae. The latter invades native forests by ascending dry slopes and ridges. -
Host-Species-Dependent Physiological Characteristics of Hemiparasite
Tree Physiology 34, 1006–1017 doi:10.1093/treephys/tpu073 Research paper Host-species-dependent physiological characteristics of hemiparasite Santalum album in association with N2-fixing Downloaded from and non-N2-fixing hosts native to southern China J.K. Lu1, D.P. Xu1, L.H. Kang1,4 and X.H. He2,3,4 http://treephys.oxfordjournals.org/ 1Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangdong 510520, China; 2Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia; 3School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; 4Corresponding authors ([email protected], [email protected]) Received April 8, 2014; accepted July 25, 2014; published online September 12, 2014; handling Editor Heinz Rennenberg Understanding the interactions between the hemiparasite Santalum album L. and its hosts has theoretical and practical sig- nificance in sandalwood plantations. In a pot study, we tested the effects of two non-N2-fixing Bischofia( polycarpa (Levl.) Airy Shaw and Dracontomelon duperreranum Pierre) and two N2-fixing hosts (Acacia confusa Merr. and Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen) on the growth characteristics and nitrogen (N) nutrition of S. album. Biomass production of shoot, root and haustoria, N and 15 at South China Institute of Botany, CAS on October 8, 2014 total amino acid were significantly greater in S. album grown with the two N2-fixing hosts. Foliage and root δ N values of S. album were significantly lower when grown with N2-fixing than with non-N2-fixing hosts. Significantly higher photosynthetic rates and ABA (abscisic acid) concentrations were seen in S. album grown with D. -
Bettongia Penicillata Ogilbyi (Woylie)
Advice to the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) on Amendment to the list of Threatened Subspecies under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) 1. Scientific name (common name) Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi (Woylie) 2. Reason for Conservation Assessment by the Committee This advice follows assessment of information gathered through the Commonwealth’s Species Information Partnership with Western Australia, which is aimed at systematically reviewing species that are inconsistently listed under the EPBC Act and the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. The Woylie was listed as endangered under the former Endangered Species Protection Act 1992, but was not transferred to the EPBC Act threatened species list in 1999, reflecting an increase in Woylie distribution and abundance up to about year 2000. This assessment is in response to reported decline since that time. The Committee provides the following assessment of the appropriateness of the Woylie’s inclusion in the endangered category in the EPBC Act list of threatened species. 3. Summary of Conclusion The Committee judges that the subspecies has been demonstrated to have met sufficient elements of Criterion 1 to make it eligible for listing as endangered and of Criterion 2 as vulnerable. The highest level of listing recommended is endangered. 4. Taxonomy The Woylie is conventionally accepted as Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi . Family: Potoroidae. Other common names include: Brush-tailed bettong, Brush-tailed Rat-kangaroo. Indigenous names include: Woylyer and Karpitchi. 5. Description The Woylie is a small potoroid marsupial weighing 1-1.5 kg. It has a distinctive black brush at the end of its tail. -
The Tolerance of Acacia Species to Herbicides
Seventeenth Australasian Weeds Conference The tolerance of Acacia species to herbicides John H. Moore1 and Geoff Woodall2 1 Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 444 Albany Hwy, Albany, WA 6330, Australia 2 Centre of Excellence in NRM, University of Western Australia, Albany, WA 6330, Australia Corresponding author: [email protected] Summary Herbicides are often required to reduce MATERIALS AND METHODS weed competition when establishing Acacias or are Two trials were conducted at Arthur River, WA needed to kill them when they become environmental (33.06°S, 117.36°E) in a Mediterranean environment weeds. The work presented provides the dose response with an annual rainfall of 450 mm. A ute-mounted curves for herbicides on various species of Acacia logarithmic sprayer with flat fan, 11002 nozzles that seedlings. Flumetsulam, glufosinate, iodosulfuron, delivers a constantly decreasing dose was used to apply imazamox and metosulam were tolerated at 160, 600, the herbicides. The logarithmic sprayer was calibrated 32, 60 and 35.7 g a.i. haí1 respectively or 3–10 times by measuring the change in common salt concentration their normal use rates. Clopyralid and glyphosate were over time. The volume of mix used for each treatment tolerated at the lower end of their normal use rates was measured as a check on calibration. around 60 and 600 g a.i. haí1 respectively. Clopyralid Tree height was determined by measuring the provided good control of Acacia seedlings at rates distance from ground level to the terminal point of above 500 g a.i. haí1 and control with glyphosate was the longest stem. -
Heterotrophic Carbon Gain and Mineral Nutrition of the Root Hemi-Parasite Santalum Album L
128 Heterotrophic carbon gain and mineral nutrition of Santa fum album L. Heterotrophic carbon gain and mineral nutrition of the root hemi-parasite Santalum album L. in pot culture with different hosts. Andrew M. Radomiljaci.2·A, Jen A. McComb2 and JohnS. Pate3 1Present address: Department of Conservation and Land Management, CALMSharefarms Maritime Pine, Lot 1, 260 Kalamunda Road, South Guilford, 6055, Western Australia 2Division of Science, Biological Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Western Australia 3Department of Botany, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth 6907, Western Australia Revised manuscript received 8 January 1999 Summary tices in relation to the best host species, and how to achieve This paper examines heterotrophic gain of carbon and min the highest volume and quality of sandalwood in a particular eral composition of Santalum album partnered singly in pot set of environmental circumstances. culture with three beneficial woody N,-tixing hosts and a non Our current projects, aimed at defining the best protocols for beneficial eucalypt host. Based on dry matter gains of the growth of S. album under irrigation culture in the Ord River parasite at 33 weeks, Sesbaniaformosa proved the best host region of North West Australia, have utilised a native herba followed by Acacia ampliceps and A. trachycarpa while no ceous perennial, Alternanthera nana R. Br., as a host during improvement in growth was seen with Eucalyptus pot culture with seedlings of the parasite, followed by use of camaldulensis as a host in comparison with Santalum grown various fast growing but relatively short lived species as 'in without a host. Numbers of haustoria formed by Santalum termediate hosts' once plants are transferred to the field. -
Forest Products Commission Further Information
FOREST PRODUCTS COMMISSION WA SANDALWOOD HARVESTING PROPOSAL 2016-2026 FURTHER INFORMATION FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY 10 June 2016 Forest Products Commission Sandalwood Harvesting Proposal Page 1 of 41 Uncontrolled when printed 10 June 2016 Contents 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3 2 Industry Strategy (the Proposal) ....................................................................................... 5 3 Significance ...................................................................................................................... 6 4 Public consultation.......................................................................................................... 12 5 Baseline Information ....................................................................................................... 14 5.1 Sandalwood distribution and biology ..................................................................... 14 5.2 Quantity of resource .............................................................................................. 16 5.3 Populations of Sandalwood ................................................................................... 16 5.4 Regeneration ........................................................................................................ 18 6 Planned Operations ........................................................................................................ 20 6.1 Planning ............................................................................................................... -
Sesquiterpene Variation in West Australian Sandalwood (Santalum Spicatum)
Article Sesquiterpene Variation in West Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) Jessie Moniodis 1,2,3,*, Christopher G. Jones 1, Michael Renton 1,4, Julie A. Plummer 1, E. Liz Barbour 1, Emilio L. Ghisalberti 2 and Joerg Bohlmann 3 1 School of Biological Sciences (M084), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; [email protected] (C.G.J.); [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (J.A.P.); [email protected] (E.L.B.) 2 School of Chemistry and Biochemistry (M310), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; [email protected] 3 Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada; [email protected] 4 School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-(08)-6488-4478 Academic Editors: Robert M. Coates and Derek J. McPhee Received: 13 April 2017; Accepted: 19 May 2017; Published: 6 June 2017 Abstract: West Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) has long been exploited for its fragrant, sesquiterpene-rich heartwood; however sandalwood fragrance qualities vary substantially, which is of interest to the sandalwood industry. We investigated metabolite profiles of trees from the arid northern and southeastern and semi-arid southwestern regions of West Australia for patterns in composition and co-occurrence of sesquiterpenes. Total sesquiterpene content was similar across the entire sample collection; however sesquiterpene composition was highly variable. Northern populations contained the highest levels of desirable fragrance compounds, α- and β-santalol, as did individuals from the southwest. -
Sandalwood Fact Sheet No. 1
Preparation and Planning for your Sandalwood Plantation 1 Sandalwood Santalum spicatum Planning and site selection The hardiness of the Sandalwood and the ability of Correct site selection is important to the success of considered in conjunction with soil type when your existing farming operations? Generally, the site assessing whether a site is suitable. With climate should not be adjacent to large native bush areas, change winter rain is becoming more unreliable and due to grazing pressure from native herbivores. summer rain becoming common, a native deep Ideally do not plant into low lying frost prone areas. perennial which can take advantage of moisture at Ideally the site should be water gaining but well any time such as Sandalwood is an attractive option. drained. Deep white sands are less suitable. Saline soils, waterlogged or heavy clay soils are generally not suitable although sandalwood can be used to Selection of host species address these issues by strategic planting. It is important to select host species that are suited to both the soil type and climatic conditions of the Soil type site. Generally local provenance species growing on similar soil types are preferred. survival and growth of both host and sandalwood. The preferred site to grow sandalwood in the WA soil type/rainfall areas is provided below, this is not Wheatbelt is a sandy-loam over clay, duplex soil type. an exhaustive list, there will be other species particularly However, sandalwood will also grow on some Acacias which will be suited to your area. Consult loamy-gravels, yellow sands and red sands. Good your local nursery or seed supplier who will be able sandalwood plantations are now being established to provide the correct provenance. -
Adelaide Botanic Gardens
JOURNAL of the ADELAIDE BOTANIC GARDENS AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL FOR AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY flora.sa.gov.au/jabg Published by the STATE HERBARIUM OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on behalf of the BOARD OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS AND STATE HERBARIUM © Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, Adelaide, South Australia © Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Government of South Australia All rights reserved State Herbarium of South Australia PO Box 2732 Kent Town SA 5071 Australia J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 19: 75-81 (2000) DETECTING POLYPLOIDY IN HERBARIUM SPECIMENS OF QUANDONG (SANTALUM ACUMINATUM (R.Br.) A.DC.) Barbara R. Randell 7 Hastings Rd., Sth Brighton, South Australia 5048 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Stomate guard cells and pollen grains of 50 herbarium specimens were measured, and the results analysed. There was no evidence of the presence of two size classes of these cell types, and thus no evidence suggesting the presence of two or more ploidy races. High levels of pollen sterility were observed, and the consequences of this sterility in sourcing and managing orchard stock are discussed. Introduction In arid areas of Australia, the production of quandong fniit for human consumption isa developing industry. This industry is hampered by several factors in the breeding system of this native tree (Santalum acuniinatum (R.Br.) A. DC.- Santalaceae). In particular, plants grown from seed collected from trees with desirable fruit characters do not breed true to the parent tree. And grafted trees derived from a parent with desirable fruit characters are not always self-pollinating. This leads to problems in sourcing orchard trees with reliable characteristics, and also problems in designing orchards to provide pollen sources for grafted trees. -
Woylie Conservation Research Project the Woylie Has Been Hailed As One of the Success Stories of Wildlife Conservation Programs Like DEC's Western Shield
DEC Website (2010) http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/content/view/3230/1630/ Woylie Conservation Research Project The woylie has been hailed as one of the success stories of wildlife conservation programs like DEC's Western Shield. In 1996, it was the first endangered species to be removed from listing under the Commonwealth Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 as a direct result of a recovery program. However, a dramatic decline in woylie numbers has been observed over the past few years. With funding from Saving our Species, the State Government's biodiversity conservation initiative, research is now under way to determine possible causes. Juvenile woylie (Photo: Sabrina Trocini)” On 22nd January 2008 the then Environment Minister, David Templeman, re-listed the woylie as endangered under Schedule 1 of the State Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. The assessment of the conservation status of the woylie and the Woylie Conservation Research Project are funded through Saving our Species. About the woylie What is a woylie? Woylies (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi) are small marsupials that weigh between 1 and 1.5kg. They are distantly related to kangaroos. They are also known as brush-tailed bettongs because of the distinctive black brush they have at the end of their tail. ‘Woylie' is the indigenous Nyoongar name which refers to their ability to carry leaves and DEC Website (2010) http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/content/view/3230/1630/ sticks with their tail. Woylie at Keninup forest Woylies are nocturnal and forage primarily for underground fungi (native truffles). They also eat seeds, tubers and bulbs. What important role does the woylie play in the environment? Woylies make many diggings in search of their favourite food, underground fungi. -
The Sandalwood Industry in Australia: a History
United States Department of Proceedings of the Symposium on Agriculture Forest Service Sandalwood in the Pacific Pacific Southwest April 9-11, 1990, Honolulu, Hawaii Research Station General Technical Report PSW-122 Hamilton, Lawrence; Conrad, C. Eugene, technical coordinators. 1990. Proceedings of the Symposium on Sandalwood in the Pacific; April 9-11,1990; Honolulu, Hawaii. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-122. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 84 p. Sandalwood (Santalum spp.) trees grow in a variety of climates around the world and are culturally and economically important to about 15 countries. Exploitation of the fragrant heartwood for carvings, oil, and incense in the past has led to the need to conserve and manage the genus. The first substantial logging of sandalwood in Hawaii in 150 years generated local controversy in 1988, uncovered misinformation and speculation about the genus, and eventually led to the symposium in 1990. Papers in this proceedings cover history, distribution, status, ecology, management, propagation, and use of sandalwood. A synthesis paper summarizes the state-of-knowledge of the symposium participants. Research is needed to fill gaps in information on various aspects of sandalwood in many of the countries where it grows. Retrieval Terms: forestry, Pacific, sandalwood, Santalum, Australia, Hawaii, India, Indo nesia, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu Technical Coordinators: LAWRENCE HAMILTON is a research associate, Environment and Policy Institute, East- West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. C. EUGENE CONRAD is director, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Honolulu, Hawaii. Views expressed in each paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the sponsoring organizations. -
Sandalwood Research: a Global Perspective
Subasinghe /Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment Vol. 3, No. 01 (2013) 1-8 Feature Article Sandalwood Research: A Global Perspective S.M.C.U.P. Subasinghe Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka 1. Introduction Sandalwood is a commercially and culturally important plant species belonging to the family Santalaceae and the genus Santalum. Sandalwood oil extracted from the heartwood has been used for perfumery, medicinal, religious and cultural purposes over centuries of years. In addition to oil, the wood and its powder are used for religious, cultural and medicinal purposes especially in the Asian and Arab regions. There are around 18 sandalwood species belonging to the genus Santalum which are; S. freycinetianum , S. haleakalae , S. ellipticum , S. peniculatum , S. pyrularium , S. involutum , S. boninese, S. insulare, S. austrocaledonicum, S. yasi, S. macgregorii, S. accuminatum, S. murrayanum, S. obtusifolium, S. lanceolatum, S. fernandezianum, S. salicifolium and S. spicatum. All the sandalwood species are identified as obligate wood hemi-parasites which means they absorb certain nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates from the host trees via root connections called haustoria. The global distribution of the sandal family is between 30 degrees N and 40 degrees S from Indonesia in West to Juan Fernandez Island in the north to New Zealand in the South. These species are mainly found in India, Indonesia, Australia, Timor, Hawaii etc. Out of the 18 species mentioned above, about 6 species can be found in Hawaii Islands which shows the highest sandalwood diversity. The main reason for the economic and cultural value of sandalwood is the oil contained in the sandalwood timber, mainly in the heartwood.