O Realismo Mágico No Cinema - O Caso De Veit Helmer

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O Realismo Mágico No Cinema - O Caso De Veit Helmer Ricardo Ferreira de Almeida O REALISMO MÁGICO NO CINEMA - O CASO DE VEIT HELMER Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos Artísticos, orientada pelo Doutor Sérgio Emanuel Dias Branco, apresentada ao Departamento de História, Estudos Europeus, Arqueologia e Artes da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra 2018 Faculdade de Letras O REALISMO MÁGICO NO CINEMA – O CASO DE VEIT HELMER Ficha Técnica: Tipo de trabalho Dissertação de Mestrado Título O REALISMO MÁGICO NO CINEMA O CASO DE VEIT HELMER Autor Ricardo Ferreira de Almeida Orientador Sérgio Emanuel Dias Branco Júri Presidente: Doutor João Maria Bernardo Ascenso André Vogais: 1. Doutora Maria Irene Aparício (Arguente) 2. Doutor Sérgio Emanuel Dias Branco (Orientador) Identificação do Curso Mestrado em Estudos Artísticos Área científica Artes Data da defesa 19-7-2018 Classificação 19 valores 1 RESUMO Esta dissertação é um olhar sobre o cinema do alemão Veit Helmer (1968) através da perspetiva estilística do realismo mágico, proposto pelo próprio para classificar a sua obra. Primeiro, investiga-se a história do realismo mágico desde a origem no discurso da arte plástica, passando pela sua adaptação à literatura, até à aplicação na crítica de cinema, analisando a sua teorização e os problemas críticos que o acompanham desde sempre e fazem com que seja pouco usado, erradamente usado e, ainda assim, continue intrigante e no horizonte dum crescente interesse académico. Também se identifica um conjunto de conceitos e questões relacionadas com esse modo que ajudam a análise do cinema de Helmer sob a sua perspetiva. Em segundo, analisa-se os cinco filmes de ficção do cineasta e seu processo de produção para mostrar como e em que medida as características e questões do realismo mágico se articulam, efetivamente, no seu cinema. Em terceiro, propõe-se, com o realismo mágico e a sua versão cinemática, um enquadramento teórico renovado, mais claro e adequado à observação da sua arte que permita contextualizar, compreender, definir e chamar a atenção para o cinema curioso deste cineasta singular. Finalmente, reflete-se sobre a pertinência e os problemas do uso do realismo mágico como potencial género cinematográfico contemporâneo. Palavras-chave: Realismo, Mágico, Veit, Helmer, Cinema 2 ABSTRACT This dissertation is a look on the cinema of the German Veit Helmer (1968) through the stylistic perspective of magic realism, proposed by himself to classify his work. First, it investigates the history of magic realism from its inception in the visual art’s discourse, passing through its adaptation into literature, to its application to film criticism, analysing its theorisation and the critical problems that accompany it since always and make it little used, wrongly used and, yet, still intriguing and on the horizon of a growing academic interest. It also identifies a group of concepts and questions somehow related to that mode that help the analysis of Helmer’s cinema under its perspective. Secondly, it analyses the filmmaker’s five feature films and their production process to show how and to what extent the characteristics and questions of magic realism effectively articulate themselves in his cinema. Thirdly, it proposes, with magic realism and its cinematic version, a renewed, clearer and suitable theoretical frame to the observation of his art which can allow to contextualize, understand, define and call attention to this unique filmmaker’ curious cinema. Finally, it reflects about the pertinence and the problems of magic realism’s use as a potential contemporary film genre. Key words: Realism, Magic, Veit, Helmer, Cinema 3 ÍNDICE RESUMO ............................................................................................................................................... página 1 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Notas e agradecimentos .................................................................................................................................. 5 Introdução ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Parte 1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 – Realismo mágico – modo complexo, história complexa ............................................... 10 1.2 – Realismos mágicos – a passagem ao cinema .................................................................... 17 Realismo mágico cinemático ........................................................................................ 28 1.3 – Algumas questões envolvidas ................................................................................................ 35 Trapaceiro; carnavalesco (Popovich, Bowers); infantil (Skrodzka, etc.) .............. 35 Cinema Menor (Blankenship e Nagl) .......................................................................... 36 Literatura e cinema de Terceiro Mundo (Gee) .......................................................... 37 Cinema com Sotaque (Naficy) ....................................................................................... 38 Cinema do Mundo (Elsaesser) ...................................................................................... 40 Artesanal vs. Industrial (Stoneman); Cinema Artesanal (Graça) .......................... 41 Cinema de autor; Autorenkino (Knight) .................................................................. 42 Pontos que atravessam .................................................................................................... 42 Parte 2 – O cinema de Veit Helmer ........................................................................................................... 44 Tuvalu (1999) ................................................................................................................................... 44 Tor Zum Himmel (2003) ............................................................................................................... 54 Absurdistan (2008) .......................................................................................................................... 59 4 Baikonur (2011) ................................................................................................................................ 68 Quatsch und die Nasenbärbande (2014) ..................................................................................... 75 Parte 3 – Olhar de novo, clarificar Veit Helmer ..................................................................................... 80 Mágico ou Maravilhoso? ............................................................................................................... 80 Trapaceiro, subversivo, transgressivo, carnavalesco, infantil ............................................... 82 Menor, Terceiro, do Mundo, com Sotaque, Artesanal .......................................................... 84 Atitudes semelhantes .................................................................................................................... 90 Conclusão – o futuro .................................................................................................................................... 91 Anexos ............................................................................................................................................................ 99 Referências .................................................................................................................................................... 113 5 Notas e agradecimentos Imagem da capa: cortesia de Maria Helena Matias. Todo o texto citado e os títulos das obras foram traduzidos para português por mim, salvo indicação em contrário. A ortografia original dos textos de André Rui Graça e Sérgio Dias Branco foi adaptada por mim à nova ortografia portuguesa, a que uso em todo o trabalho. Agradeço ao professor Sérgio Dias Branco a confiança e o apoio ao longo dos meus anos de aprendizagem e a indicação da obra de Blankenship e Nagl, sem a qual não teria feito este trabalho. Agradeço à professora Marta Teixeira Anacleto as repetidas palavras de apoio. Agradeço a Barbara Klonowska, Eddie Bertozzi, Ignacio López-Calvo, James Honiball, Janelle Blankenship, Tobias Nagl e Ljudmila Popovich a cortesia de me terem disponibilizado os seus textos e as palavras de incentivo. Agradeço a Veit Helmer o interesse e a disponibilidade para responder às minhas questões e enriquecer este trabalho. 6 Introdução Esta dissertação é um olhar sobre o cinema do alemão Veit Helmer, nascido a 24 de abril de 1968 em Hanôver. Realizou o primeiro filme aos catorze anos e com vinte mudou-se para a parte oriental de Berlim. Estudou na Escola de Artes Dramáticas “Ernst Busch” de Berlim (Hochschule für Schauspielkunst Berlin “Ernst Busch”) e depois estudou Realização na Universidade de Televisão e Filme (Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film) de Munique. Iniciou a sua carreira a realizar curtas metragens e anúncios publicitários, realizou a primeira longa metragem com dez anos de trabalho e, até à data, fez mais de trinta anúncios, treze curtas metragens, cinco filmes de ficção e três documentários. Desde a primeira longa metragem, ocupa-se principalmente com estes projetos maiores e, em paralelo, tem realizado algumas curtas no âmbito da carreira pedagógica que passou a desenvolver
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