Modernismus Im Tanz Und Die Entwicklung Des Koreanischen Sinmuyong –

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Modernismus Im Tanz Und Die Entwicklung Des Koreanischen Sinmuyong – Zwischen Vertrautheit und Fremdheit – Modernismus im Tanz und die Entwicklung des koreanischen Sinmuyong – zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie am Fachbereich Philosophie und Geisteswissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Okju Son Berlin 2013 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Gabriele Brandstetter Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Eun-jeung Lee Tag der Disputation: 15. Januar 2014 Inhalt 1. Einleitung ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 2. Tanzmoderne im Westen 2.1. Tanz und Wissen: Geistige Wahrnehmung von Tanz im modernen Zeitalter ------------- 11 2.1.1. Einfluss der natur- und geisteswissenschaftlichen Diskurse ------------------------------ 13 2.1.2. Die technische Entwicklung und ihr Effekt auf den Tanz --------------------------------- 20 2.1.3. Kulturkonsum ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.2. Zwei Physiognomien der modernen westlichen performativen Künste: Der Einfluss des Anderen und die Interpretation des Anderen ------------------------------------------------------- 34 2.2.1. Der Kontakt der Theateravantgarde mit der ostasiatischen Bühnenkunst -------------- 36 2.2.2. Die Interpretation des Anderen im modernen westlichen Tanz -------------------------- 43 3. Die Begegnung der japanischen Tänzer mit der westlichen Tanzmoderne 3.1. Multiple Modernities: Modernität und Performative Künste in der Meiji-Zeit ---------- 51 3.1.1. Reformierung der traditionellen japanischen Bühnenkunst ------------------------------- 56 3.1.2. Die japanische Shinpa (新派, Neue Schule): Entstehung einer homosozialen Bühnenkunst -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 3.2. Die Taishô-Demokratie und die Blütezeit des modernen Tanzes in Japan ---------------- 72 3.2.1. Zwischen der kulturellen Diaspora und Selbstverfremdungserfahrung ----------------- 76 3.2.2. Die ästhetische Erfahrung fremder Körpersprache im japanischen Tanz: Buyôshi (舞踊 詩, Tanzgedicht) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87 4. Ü bergang von der Vormoderne zur Moderne im koreanischen Tanz 4.1. Tanzkunst in Korea ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 4.1.1. Verschiedene Klassifizierungsmodelle des koreanischen Tanzes ------------------------ 99 4.1.2. Ä sthetische Grundlagen des koreanischen Tanzes ---------------------------------------- 103 4.2. Kolonialzustand und Politisierung des tanzenden Körpers in Korea --------------------- 108 4.2.1. Die sozialpolitische Veränderung der Gisaeng im kolonialen Kontext ---------------- 113 4.2.2. Neue Bühnenbedingung und die Modifikation des koreanischen Tanzes ------------- 120 4.3. Ü bergang des koreanischen Tanzes zur Moderne ------------------------------------------- 125 4.3.1. Zwischen Bewegungsüberlieferung und –übertragung: Der Fall vom Volkskünstler Han Seong-jun (1874-1942) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 129 4.3.2. Die Säkularisierung des koreanischen Hoftanzes: Der Fall vom Hofkünstler Ha Gyu-il (1863-1937) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136 5. Koreanische Tanzmoderne und Sinmuyong (新舞踊, Neuer Tanz) 5.1. Modernität, Mobilität und Muyong (舞踊, Tanz) ------------------------------------------- 143 5.1.1. Die Begegnung des koreanischen Publikums mit den westlichen darstellenden Künsten ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 145 5.1.2. Der Rezeptionswandel des Sinmuyong im Zeitalter des Sin (新, Neu) ---------------- 157 5.2. Pionierin des koreanischen Shinmuyong während der Kolonialzeit: Choi Seung-hee (1911-1969) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162 5.2.1. Biographische Skizze der Jahre 1911 bis 1932 ------------------------------------------- 168 5.2.2. Biographische Skizze der Jahre 1933 bis 1937 ------------------------------------------- 176 5.2.3. Biographische Skizze der Jahre 1938 bis 1945 ------------------------------------------- 184 5.2.4. Analyse der Tanzstücke von Choi Seung-hee: Ehea Noara (1934) und Bosalchum (1938) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 197 6. Schlussfolgerung ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 210 Zusammenfassung ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 221 Abstract ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 222 Abbildungen ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 223 Literaturverzeichnis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 239 Abbildungsverzeichnis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 268 Erklärung der Selbständigkeit ------------------------------------------------------------------- 270 1. Einleitung Das Thema dieser Arbeit geht von einer Reihe von Fragen nach dem Phänomen der sogenannten ‚Interkulturalität‘ und ‚Globalisierung der Kultur‘ im Bereich der darstellenden Künste aus: Was bedeutet eigentlich der Austausch zwischen den unterschiedlichen Kulturen? Und unter welchen Bedingungen ist Kulturaustausch tatsächlich verwirklicht worden? Ist er ein neues Phänomen? Oder ist seine Spur bereits in der Kultur- und Kunstgeschichte zu finden? Und wenn es früher ein solches Phänomen gab, findet man es auch in der asiatischen Kulturgeschichte? Diese Fragen lassen auch an eine bestimmte Epoche denken; sie rufen Erinnerungen an das historische moderne Zeitalter hervor, als man fremde Kulturen beispielsweise im Fall der darstellenden Künste durch Tourneen ausländischer Künstler unmittelbar erfahren konnte. Das führte dazu, dass die heimischen Künstler von ihnen beeinflusst wurden oder umgekehrt die fremden Künstler von den ansässigen beeinflusst wurden. Den Kulturaustausch im modernen Zeitalter kann man insofern als ein gegenseitiges Einwirken der Vertrautheit der eigenen Kultur und Fremdheit der andersartigen, fremdländischen Kultur verstehen. Dieser Kulturaustausch ermöglichte es außerdem, die unterschiedlichen Kulturen in einem globalen Rahmen wahrzunehmen. Hierbei bedeutet die Globalisierung der Kultur die Schaffung eines internationalen, homogenen Raums, in dem jede Kultur unter einem gemeinsamen ästhetischen Kriterium interpretierbar und mithilfe dieser Gemeinsamkeit untereinander kommunizierbar wird. Diese Form der Globalisierung ist während des modernen Zeitalters innerhalb der verschiedenen Kunstgattungen besonders durch die Tanzkunst vorangetrieben worden, vielleicht auch, weil diese durch ihre nonverbale künstlerische Ausdrucksweise die internationale Kommunikation erleichterte. Dies ist beispielsweise anhand der Tourneen der westlichen Tänzer zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts in Asien und deren enormen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der modernen asiatischen Tanzszene erkennbar. Daher lohnt es sich besonders, den Tanz des modernen Zeitalters genauer zu betrachten, wenn es um Fragen nach möglichen Mechanismen eines modernen Kulturaustausches geht. Eine weitere, ganz konkrete Frage schließt sich an diese Ü berlegungen an: Entwickelte sich die aus diesem Kulturaustausch resultierende Modernisierung des Tanzes in Asien auf 1 ähnliche Art und Weise wie im Westen? In Asien löste die Auseinandersetzung der asiatischen Tänzer mit dem fremden westlichen Tanz eine allgemeine Reformbewegung im Tanz aus, die sich damit beschäftigte, die eigenen physischen Bedingungen mit dem westlichen Bewegungs- sowie Darstellungsprinzip zu verbinden. Daraus ergab sich weder ein eindeutig westlicher noch östlicher Tanz, sondern eine hybride Bewegungsform, sozusagen ‚ein Cyborg-Tanz‘ in Asien.1 Die Eigenschaft dieses hybriden Tanzes lässt sich genauer betrachten, wenn man, wie in dieser Studie beabsichtigt, die moderne westliche Tanzszene mit der damaligen asiatischen vergleicht. Ü ber einen Vergleich zwischen dem Westen und Asien hinaus möchte ich versuchen, ein neues Forschungsmodell vorzustellen, welches auf einem Vergleich der modernen Tanzlandschaft im Westen, in Japan und in Korea beruht. Der Entwurf dieses alternativen Modells bezieht vor allem die diversen Modi der Kolonialisierung innerhalb der asiatischen Länder mit ein. In Asien wurde die westliche Kolonialmacht von Anfang an ausnahmslos als feindliche Bedrohung wahrgenommen. Die Reaktionen der jeweiligen Staaten auf diese Bedrohung waren jedoch – besonders in Ostasien – sehr unterschiedlich, und von eben diesen verschiedenartigen Reaktionen gingen entsprechend die unterschiedlichen Modernisierungsmodi dieser Länder aus. Aufgrund des westlichen Drucks zu einer Ö ffnung des Landes entschied sich beispielsweise Japan Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts für eine Art „Selbstkolonialisierung“, 2 um zu vermeiden, vom Westen kolonialisiert zu werden. Im Vergleich dazu behielten China und Korea ihre Isolationspolitik gegenüber dem Westen bei. Der Fall Koreas war jedoch noch komplizierter, da Korea später, im Jahr 1910, nicht direkt vom Westen, sondern von der verwestlichten Kolonialmacht Japan annektiert wurde. Diese gedoppelten und miteinander verschränkten kolonialen Bedingungen spielten eine wichtige Rolle hinsichtlich der Transformationsprozesse des koreanischen Tanzes und der Identitätsbildung der koreanischen Tänzer
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