DOCSLIB.ORG

Congressional Record—Senate S13995

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Congressional Record—Senate S13995 September 21, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S13995 Professor Handlin’s appealing writing Ferdie Reed had to leave school in The Senate resumed consideration of style allowed him to touch a genera- the sixth grade to work in the cotton the bill. tion of Americans far beyond the con- fields outside his home of Poplar Bluff, Pending: fines of the academic world. His obser- MO, and has worked as a night watch- Helms (for Dole/Helms) amendment No. vations on our history dealt movingly man at Three Rivers Community Col- 2707 (to committee amendment on page 2, with the experiences of immigrants lege for the past 28 years. He married line 25), to provide for the streamlining and from the beginning of our history. Dur- Lillie Mae Arrington in 1950 and to- consolidation of the foreign affairs agencies ing his brilliant career, he published gether they raised eleven children, of the United States. Brown amendment No. 2708 (to committee nearly a book a year, and each received stressing the values of hard work and amendment beginning on page 15, line 17 wide acclaim. responsibility as the keys to a success- through page 16, line 24), to clarify restric- As he notes, Americans have argued ful future. Ferdie worked hard to pro- tions on assistance to Pakistan. (By 37 yeas over immigration for centuries. To vide for his family by farming, while to 61 nays (Vote No. 452), Senate earlier those concerned that today’s immi- holding other jobs. Lillie devoted her- failed to table the amendment.) grants will not adjust to America and self to her family as a full time mother Murkowski amendment No. 2712, to set contribute to American life, he replies and was active in the work of the forth requirements for implementation of that in 1850, 27 languages were spoken Reed’s local church. She proved to be the Agreed Framework Between the United States and North Korea Act relating to the in Boston. Yet, these immigrants an inspiration for her children by going Korean Peninsula Energy Development Orga- quickly learned English and joined our back to school and earning her General nization. communities, just as immigrants are Equivalency Degree. AMENDMENT NO. 2708 doing today. The emphasis the Reed family places The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under When asked last month whether he on education and their example of hard the previous order, there will now be 1 still viewed our ethnic diversity a basic work was followed by their 11 children, hour of debate on the Brown amend- strength, he responded unequivocally, all of whom graduated from Three Riv- ment No. 2708, equally divided. ‘‘More so than ever.’’ ers Community College in Poplar Bluff. As we consider immigration reform Ten of the children have also gone on Mr. BROWN addressed the Chair. today, we would do well to keep Pro- to earn bachelors’ degrees at 4-year The PRESIDING OFFICER. The fessor Handlin’s insights in mind. I universities. Together, the 11 Reed Chair recognizes the Senator from Col- know my colleagues join me in com- children have more than 170 years of orado. mending the contributions of this great education. Mr. BROWN. Mr. President, I yield scholar and outstanding American. I Recently, the Reeds were honored in myself 1 minute. wish many happy returns as he and his their home of Poplar Bluff for their The PRESIDING OFFICER. So or- family celebrate his 80th birthday this dedication to education and the posi- dered. weekend. tive impact they have had on their Mr. BROWN. Mr. President, this amendment is about simple fairness. f children and their community. I join today in honoring Ferdie and Lillie We have taken their money. We have THE BAD DEBT BOXSCORE Reed, as well as their children, Wen- obtained a contract to deliver equip- Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, on that dell, Ferdie Jr., Linda, Brenda, Sharon, ment, and we do not want to deliver evening in 1972 when I first was elected Patricia, Kathryn, David, Karen, Paul, that equipment. I understand the feel- to the Senate, I made a commitment to and Mary Ann for their significant ings of those Members who have that myself that I would never fail to see a achievements. I salute them for their position. But, Mr. President, it is young person, or a group of young peo- dedication, determination, and perse- wrong to take somebody’s money and ple, who wanted to see me. verance in the pursuit of a better life not deliver the equipment and not give It has proved enormously beneficial through education. them their money back. to me because I have been inspired by Mr. FAIRCLOTH. Mr. President, I If this were Sears, Roebuck in the the estimated 60,000 young people with suggest the absence of a quorum. United States, we would lock them up. whom I have visited during the nearly The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The The consumer protection laws do not 23 years I have been in the Senate. clerk will call the roll. apply to the U.S. Government, but, Mr. Most of them have been concerned The assistant legislative clerk pro- President, simple fairness does. The about the enormity of the Federal debt ceeded to call the roll. American people understand this issue that Congress has run up for the com- Mr. BROWN. Mr. President, I ask because they understand what it is like ing generations to pay. unanimous consent that further pro- when someone who is selling something The young people and I almost al- ceedings under the quorum call be re- takes their money and does not deliver ways discuss the fact that under the scinded. either the product or the money. That U.S. Constitution, no President can The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. is what this amendment is all about. It spend a dime of Federal money that FAIRCLOTH). Without objection, it is so is about fairness, and it is about saying has not first been authorized and ap- ordered. either give them their money back or propriated by both the House and Sen- f give them the equipment they con- ate of the United States. CONCLUSION OF MORNING tracted for. That is why I began making these BUSINESS Mr. President, I retain the remainder of my time. daily reports to the Senate on Feb- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under ruary 22, 1992. I wanted to make a mat- Mr. GLENN. Mr. President, I suggest the previous order, morning business is the absence of a quorum. ter of daily record of the precise size of closed. the Federal debt which as of yesterday, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Wednesday, September 20, stood at f clerk will call the roll. $4,967,473,200,287.86 or $18,856.61 for FOREIGN OPERATIONS, EXPORT The legislative clerk proceeded to every man, woman, and child in Amer- FINANCING, AND RELATED PRO- call the roll. ica on a per capita basis. GRAMS APPROPRIATIONS ACT, Mr. BROWN. Mr. President, I ask f 1996 unanimous consent that further pro- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under ceedings under the quorum call be dis- THE REED FAMILY OF POPLAR pensed with. BLUFF, MO the previous order, the hour of 10 a.m. having arrived, the Senate will now re- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Mr. ASHCROFT. Mr. President, sume consideration of H.R. 1868, which COVERDELL). Without objection, it is so today I rise to salute a family from the clerk will report. ordered. southeastern Missouri whose dedica- The legislative clerk read as follows: Mr. BROWN. Mr. President, par- tion to providing a better life for their A bill (H.R. 1868) making appropriations liamentary inquiry. children and whose commitment to for foreign operations, export financing, and Under the quorum call that just took education serves as a model for parents related programs for the fiscal year ending place, how is the time charged to each and families across America. September 30, 1996. side? VerDate Aug 31 2005 06:56 May 28, 2008 Jkt 041999 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 J:\ODA15\1995_F~1\S21SE5.REC S21SE5 mmaher on MIKETEMP with SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS S13996 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE September 21, 1995 The PRESIDING OFFICER. It was proliferation and are we serious about assistance was indeed inhibiting Paki- charged to the Senator that suggested it or not? stan’s bomb program, as was con- it. We all love to get up and make our fidently assumed by Reagan adminis- Mr. GLENN. Would the Chair repeat? press conference statements about how tration officers. Waiver after waiver The PRESIDING OFFICER. It was much we are against nuclear prolifera- after waiver, which I went through in charged to the Senator who suggested tion and we do not want to see nuclear detail last night, waiver after waiver it. weapons spread to more nations around after waiver for Pakistan. And every Mr. BROWN. Mr. President, my sense the world. We, in fact, right now are time one was granted, it was granted is that fairness would require that it be getting control of our nuclear weapons on the basis that we need to be their charged to both sides equally. stockpiles with the former Soviet friends so they will not continue along The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there Union, now the Russians, and we are this route. objection? scaling those down. At the same time And we have that whole trail of bro- Without objection, it is so ordered. we asked other nations, ‘‘Please do not ken promises, one after another after Mr. BROWN. I suggest the absence of go ahead with nuclear weapons pro- another. The result of all of this, all a quorum and request the time be grams.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nysba Spring 2020 | Vol
    NYSBA SPRING 2020 | VOL. 31 | NO. 2 Entertainment, Arts and Sports Law Journal A publication of the Entertainment, Arts and Sports Law Section of the New York State Bar Association In This Issue n A Case of “Creative Destruction”: Takeaways from the 5Pointz Graffiti Dispute n The American Actress, the English Duchess, and the Privacy Litigation n The Battle Against the Bots: The Legislative Fight Against Ticket Bots ....and more www.nysba.org/EASL NEW YORK STATE BAR ASSOCIATION In The Arena: A Sports Law Handbook Co-sponsored by the New York State Bar Association and the Entertainment, Arts and Sports Law Section As the world of professional athletics has become more competitive and the issues more complex, so has the need for more reliable representation in the field of sports law. Written by dozens of sports law attorneys and medical professionals, In the Arena: A Sports Law Handbook is a reflection of the multiple issues that face athletes and the attorneys who represent them. Included in this book are chapters on representing professional athletes, NCAA enforcement, advertising, sponsorship, intellectual property rights, doping, concussion-related issues, Title IX and dozens of useful appendices. Table of Contents Intellectual Property Rights and Endorsement Agreements How Trademark Protection Intersects with the Athlete’s EDITORS Right of Publicity Elissa D. Hecker, Esq. Collective Bargaining in the Big Three David Krell, Esq. Agency Law Sports, Torts and Criminal Law PRODUCT INFO AND PRICES 2013 | 539 pages Role of Advertising and Sponsorship in the Business of Sports PN: 4002 (Print) Doping in Sport: A Historical and Current Perspective PN: 4002E (E-Book) Athlete Concussion-Related Issues Non-Members $80 Concussions—From a Neuropsychological and Medical Perspective NYSBA Members $65 In-Arena Giveaways: Sweepstakes Law Basics and Compliance Issues Order multiple titles to take advantage of our low flat Navigating the NCAA Enforcement Process rate shipping charge of $5.95 per order, regardless of the number of items shipped.
    [Show full text]
  • Resolving Native American Land Claims and the Eleventh Amendment: Changing the Balance of Power
    Volume 39 Issue 3 Article 1 1994 Resolving Native American Land Claims and the Eleventh Amendment: Changing the Balance of Power Katharine F. Nelson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Katharine F. Nelson, Resolving Native American Land Claims and the Eleventh Amendment: Changing the Balance of Power, 39 Vill. L. Rev. 525 (1994). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol39/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Villanova Law Review by an authorized editor of Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. Nelson: Resolving Native American Land Claims and the Eleventh Amendment: VILLANOVA LAW REVIEW VOLUME 39 1994 NUMBER 3 RESOLVING NATIVE AMERICAN LAND CLAIMS AND THE ELEVENTH AMENDMENT: CHANGING THE BALANCE OF POWER KATHARINE F. NELSON* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................... 526 II. INDIAN TITLE AND THE NONINTERCOURSE ACT ........... 530 III. THE HISTORY OF TRIBAL ACCESS TO THE FEDERAL COURTS ................................................... 533 A. Before Oneida I and II. ....................... 533 B. O neida I .......................................... 542 C. O neida II ......................................... 543 IV. NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENTS ............................... 546 A. Land Claims ......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Flying the Line Flying the Line the First Half Century of the Air Line Pilots Association
    Flying the Line Flying the Line The First Half Century of the Air Line Pilots Association By George E. Hopkins The Air Line Pilots Association Washington, DC International Standard Book Number: 0-9609708-1-9 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-073051 © 1982 by The Air Line Pilots Association, Int’l., Washington, DC 20036 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Printing 1982 Second Printing 1986 Third Printing 1991 Fourth Printing 1996 Fifth Printing 2000 Sixth Printing 2007 Seventh Printing 2010 CONTENTS Chapter 1: What’s a Pilot Worth? ............................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Stepping on Toes ...................................................................... 9 Chapter 3: Pilot Pushing .......................................................................... 17 Chapter 4: The Airmail Pilots’ Strike of 1919 ........................................... 23 Chapter 5: The Livermore Affair .............................................................. 30 Chapter 6: The Trouble with E. L. Cord .................................................. 42 Chapter 7: The Perils of Washington ........................................................ 53 Chapter 8: Flying for a Rogue Airline ....................................................... 67 Chapter 9: The Rise and Fall of the TWA Pilots Association .................... 78 Chapter 10: Dave Behncke—An American Success Story ......................... 92 Chapter 11: Wartime.............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Idioms-And-Expressions.Pdf
    Idioms and Expressions by David Holmes A method for learning and remembering idioms and expressions I wrote this model as a teaching device during the time I was working in Bangkok, Thai- land, as a legal editor and language consultant, with one of the Big Four Legal and Tax companies, KPMG (during my afternoon job) after teaching at the university. When I had no legal documents to edit and no individual advising to do (which was quite frequently) I would sit at my desk, (like some old character out of a Charles Dickens’ novel) and prepare language materials to be used for helping professionals who had learned English as a second language—for even up to fifteen years in school—but who were still unable to follow a movie in English, understand the World News on TV, or converse in a colloquial style, because they’d never had a chance to hear and learn com- mon, everyday expressions such as, “It’s a done deal!” or “Drop whatever you’re doing.” Because misunderstandings of such idioms and expressions frequently caused miscom- munication between our management teams and foreign clients, I was asked to try to as- sist. I am happy to be able to share the materials that follow, such as they are, in the hope that they may be of some use and benefit to others. The simple teaching device I used was three-fold: 1. Make a note of an idiom/expression 2. Define and explain it in understandable words (including synonyms.) 3. Give at least three sample sentences to illustrate how the expression is used in context.
    [Show full text]
  • Clark County Veterinary Clinic
    March 23 - 29, 2012 • The Winchester Sun • 7 Spring is on its way! Dr. Je Castlestle Newly remodeled to better serve your pets. The Dr. Stacey Kimmerermmerreer Clark County most square feet in Central & Eastern Kentucky for Get fl ea and heart worm e family Veterinaryea tCedl liink ic your pet’s care. Doesn’t your pet deserve that? Dr. Daisy Richardsonhardson our pet is tr treatment early. where y Let Your Dog Baths, CLARK COUNTY VETERINARY CLINIC GROOMER WITH Blueberry Come Join the 18 YEARS EXPERIENCE Specialty Cuts, & 2 groomers facials & Fun at Our bubble baths Check out LARGER SURGERY SUITE! to meet your 859-744-5656 for your pet DOGGY these great PET TRAINING needs. businesses 6 x 2” ad offered here. on Hud Rd. www.clarkcounty.myvetonline.com BOARDING DAY CARE 116 Hud Rd. Winchester, KY SPORTS MOVIES KIDS SUNDAY MARCH 25, 2012 T - TIME WARNER S1 - DISH NETWORK S2 - DIRECTV T 8 AM 8:30 9 AM 9:30 10 AM 10:30 11 AM 11:30 12 PM 12:30 1 PM 1:30 2 PM 2:30 3 PM 3:30 4 PM 4:30 S1T S2 13 KET Super Why! Dinosaur Sid the Sci- Martha To the Con- Inside Moyers & Company McLaughlin Comment One to One- Connections American Experience The whaling industry in America Kentucky Kentucky 46 (EI) Train (EI) ence Kid Speaks (EI) trary Washington Group (N) on Kentucky Goodman W/Renee rises as an economic force in the 18th century. (DVS) Life Afield Today (N) Meet the Press (N) Southeast Wave Coun- Walnut Street Live Paid Pro- Paid Pro- Golf Digest Equipment Golf Cen- PGA Tour Golf Arnold Palmer Invitational, Final Round.
    [Show full text]
  • Should Lawyers Be Permitted to Violate the Law?
    MILITARY LAWYERING AT THE EDGE OF THE RULE OF LAW AT GUANTANAMO: SHOULD LAWYERS BE PERMITTED TO VIOLATE THE LAW? Ellen Yaroshefsky* I. INTRODUCTION “Where were the lawyers?” is the familiar refrain in the legal profession’s reflection on various corporate scandals.1 What is the legal and moral obligation of lawyers who have knowledge of ongoing illegality and criminal behavior of their clients? What should or must those lawyers do? What about government lawyers who have knowledge of such behavior? This Article considers that question in the context of military lawyers at Guantanamo—those lawyers with direct knowledge of the treatment of prisoners at Guantanamo, treatment criticized throughout the world as violative of fundamental principles of international law. In essence, where were the lawyers for the government and for individual detainees when the government began to violate the most fundamental norms of the rule of law? This Article discusses the proud history of several military lawyers at Guantanamo who consistently demonstrated an unwavering commitment to the Constitution and to the rule of law. They were deeply offended about the actions of the government they served as it undermined the fundamental premises upon which the country was formed. Their jobs placed them at the edge of the rule of law and caused consistent crises of conscience.2 These military lawyers typically are not * Clinical Professor of Law and Director of the Jacob Burns Ethics Center at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. Sophia Brill, a brilliant future law student, deserves significant credit for her invaluable work on this Article.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of the Recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities to Estonia, 1993-2001
    Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg Wolfgang Zellner/Randolf Oberschmidt/Claus Neukirch (Eds.) Comparative Case Studies on the Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities Margit Sarv Integration by Reframing Legislation: Implementation of the Recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities to Estonia, 1993-2001 Working Paper 7 Wolfgang Zellner/Randolf Oberschmidt/Claus Neukirch (Eds.) Comparative Case Studies on the Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities Margit Sarv∗ Integration by Reframing Legislation: Implementation of the Recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities to Estonia, 1993-2001 CORE Working Paper 7 Hamburg 2002 ∗ Margit Sarv, M.Phil., studied Political Science at the Central European University in Budapest. Currently Ms. Sarv works as a researcher at the Institute of International and Social Studies in Tallinn. 2 Contents Editors' Preface 5 List of Abbreviations 6 Chapter 1. Introduction 8 Chapter 2. The Legacies of Soviet Rule: A Brief History of Estonian-Russian Relations up to 1991 11 Chapter 3. Estonia after Independence: The Radicalized Period from 1991 to 1994 19 3.1 From Privileges to Statelessness: The Citizenship Issue in Estonia in 1992 19 3.2 Estonia's Law on Citizenship and International Reactions 27 3.3 HCNM Recommendations on the Law on Citizenship of 1992 29 3.4 Language Training - the Double Responsibility Towards Naturalization and Integration 35 3.5 New Restrictions,
    [Show full text]
  • Dollars and Decadence Making Sense of the US-UAE Relationship
    Dollars and Decadence Making Sense of the US-UAE Relationship Colin Powers April 2021 Noria Research Noria Research is an independent and non-profit research organization with roots in academia. Our primary mandates are to translate data gathered on the ground into original analyses, and to leverage our research for the purpose of informing policy debates and engaging wider audiences. It is our institutional belief that political crises cannot be understood without a deep grasp for the dynamics on the ground. This is why we are doctrinally committed to field-based research. Cognizant that knowledge ought to benefit society, we also pledge to positively impact civil society organizations, policymakers, and the general public. Created in Paris in 2011, Noria’s research operations now cover the Americas, Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. Licence Noria Research encourages the use and dissemination of this publication. Under the cc-by-nc-nd licence, you are free to share copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. Under the following terms, you must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. You may not use the material for commercial purposes. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of Noria Research. Author: Colin Powers Program Director: Robin Beaumont Program Editor: Xavier Guignard Graphic Design: Romain Lamy & Valentin Bigel Dollars and Decadence Making Sense of the US-UAE Relationship Colin Powers April 2021 About Middle East and North Africa Program Our research efforts are oriented by the counter-revolution that swept the Middle East and North Africa in the aftermath of 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Saadat May Return to Play Despite Injuries
    Saadat may return to play despite injuries By AARON hand, Price said. are still possible, according to police. hoi, Tobacco and Firearms investigators he Saadat's left hand was lost in the pipe Sgt. Chris Tennant of the Pullman Police and Waldron were experimenting to see if Daily Evercreen Staff bomb explosion that killed teammate Har- Department said Monday no decision had they could make a bomb. Despite losing his left hand in last vey "Buddy" Waldron. been made about possible charges. The two made the bomb following month's pipe bomb explosion, Payam Saa- While his injuries were severe, Price said Tennant said he will finish conducting instructions from a book found at Saadat's dat may play football again for WSU, head Saadat is "definitely still part of the team," interviews and the investigation before he apartment. coach Mike Price said. and will try to come back to play. makes any other decisions. Police investigators also found enough Price said next fall Saadat will most "I'm working very closely with the pros- Price said Saadat was released from Har- materials to make another pipe bomb in likely be redshirted to retain his eligibility. borview Medical Center Saturday and is ecutor right now, and after the investiga- the apartment. Price said he is unsure what Saadat's now living in an apartment near the Seattle tion is finished I will go through the law plans are for the summer, but said he Saadat was transferred to Harborview hospital while he continues to receive treat- books and see if any charges pertain to might return to WSU to complete his Medical Center immediately following the ment and learn how to use a prosthetic this case," Tennant said.
    [Show full text]
  • Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States
    Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States Edited by Tony Lawrence Tomas Jermalavičius 1 Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States Edited by Tony Lawrence Tomas Jermalavičius International Centre for Defence Studies Toom-Rüütli 12-6 Tallinn 10130 Estonia Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States Edited by Tony Lawrence Tomas Jermalavičius © International Centre for Defence Studies Tallinn, 2013 ISBN: 978-9949-9174-7-1 ISBN: 978-9949-9174-9-5 (PDF) ISBN: 978-9949-9174-8-8 (e-pub) ISBN 978-9949-9448-0-4 (Kindle) Design: Kristjan Mändmaa Layout and cover design: Moonika Maidre Printed: Print House OÜ Cover photograph: Flag dedication ceremony of the Baltic Peacekeeping Battalion, Ādaži, Latvia, January 1995. Courtesy of Kalev Koidumäe. Contents 5 Foreword 7 About the Contributors 9 Introduction Tomas Jermalavičius and Tony Lawrence 13 The Evolution of Baltic Security and Defence Strategies Erik Männik 45 The Baltic Quest to the West: From Total Defence to ‘Smart Defence’ (and Back?) Kęstutis Paulauskas 85 The Development of Military Cultures Holger Mölder 122 Supreme Command and Control of the Armed Forces: the Roles of Presidents, Parliaments, Governments, Ministries of Defence and Chiefs of Defence Sintija Oškalne 168 Financing Defence Kristīne Rudzīte-Stejskala 202 Participation in International Military Operations Piret Paljak 240 Baltic Military Cooperative Projects: a Record of Success Pete Ito 276 Conclusions Tony Lawrence and Tomas Jermalavičius 4 General Sir Garry Johnson Foreword The swift and total collapse of the Soviet Union may still be viewed by some in Russia as a disaster, but to those released from foreign dominance it brought freedom, hope, and a new awakening.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitution and Interpretation of the Authority Dilemma for the Leadership of the National Defence After Estonia Regained Its Independence
    175 The Constitution and Interpretation of the Authority Dilemma for the Leadership of the National Defence After Estonia Regained its Independence Hellar Lill ABSTRACT After the restoration of independence in August 1991, Estonia had no national defence, defence capability or capacity for international defence cooperation. The armed forced had to be ‘invented’. However, this can be regarded as an advantage, since retraining and reorganising an existing system is usually more difficult. The main principles of national defence were established in Chapter 10 of the Constitution, which was approved in a referendum held in June 1992. This chap- ter, which was influenced by the presidential constitution of 1937/1938, did not answer the question of whether the Commander of the Defence Forces would be placed under the authority of the President, the parliament or the govern- ment. Two voluntary national defence organisations, the Defence League and the Home Guard, which competed with each other, already existed in Estonia when the Defence Forces were established. The Ministry of Defence was established even later. There were fears that subordinating the Commander of the Defence Forces to the government may lead to the politicisation of the army and uneven development due to frequent changes of government. These problems were eased by subordinating the commander to the President – however, this caused ten- sion between the Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces Headquarters. The parliament had the right to appoint and remove the Commander of the Defence Forces, but the proposal had to come from the President. This conflict culminated in summer 2000 when the Commander of the Defence Forces was removed as a result of a vote in the Riigikogu, which the President called an issue of civilian control; the removal, as well as the Defence Minister and government keeping their positions, was decided by one vote, allegedly given by accident… 176 Hellar Lill The Constitution was amended in 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Hip Hop Studies
    et al.: Journal of Hip Hop Studies Published by VCU Scholars Compass, 2014 1 Journal of Hip Hop Studies, Vol. 1 [2014], Iss. 1, Art. 1 Editor in Chief: Daniel White Hodge, North Park University Book Review Editor: Gabriel B. Tait, Arkansas State University Associate Editors: Cassandra Chaney, Louisiana State University Jeffrey L. Coleman, St. Mary’s College of Maryland Monica Miller, Lehigh University Editorial Board: Dr. Rachelle Ankney, North Park University Dr. Jason J. Campbell, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Jim Dekker, Cornerstone University Ms. Martha Diaz, New York University Mr. Earle Fisher, Rhodes College/Abyssinian Baptist Church, United States Dr. Daymond Glenn, Warner Pacific College Dr. Deshonna Collier-Goubil, Biola University Dr. Kamasi Hill, Interdenominational Theological Center Dr. Andre Johnson, Memphis Theological Seminary Dr. David Leonard, Washington State University Dr. Terry Lindsay, North Park University Ms. Velda Love, North Park University Dr. Anthony J. Nocella II, Hamline University Dr. Priya Parmar, SUNY Brooklyn, New York Dr. Soong-Chan Rah, North Park University Dr. Rupert Simms, North Park University Dr. Darron Smith, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Dr. Jules Thompson, University Minnesota, Twin Cities Dr. Mary Trujillo, North Park University Dr. Edgar Tyson, Fordham University Dr. Ebony A. Utley, California State University Long Beach, United States Dr. Don C. Sawyer III, Quinnipiac University Media & Print Manager: Travis Harris https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/jhhs/vol1/iss1/1 2 et al.: Journal of Hip Hop Studies Sponsored By: North Park Universities Center for Youth Ministry Studies (http://www.northpark.edu/Centers/Center-for-Youth-Ministry-Studies) . FO I ITH M I ,I T R T IDIE .ORT ~ PAru<.UN~V RSllY Save The Kids Foundation (http://savethekidsgroup.org/) 511<, a f't.dly volunteer 3raSS-roots or3an:za6on rooted :n h;,P ho,P and transf'orMat:ve j us6c.e, advocates f'or alternat:ves to, and the end d, the :nc..arc.eration of' al I youth .
    [Show full text]