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Metadata of the chapter that will be visualized online Chapter Title Role of Defensive Antiviral Proteins from Higher Plants in the Management of Viral Diseases Copyright Year 2016 Copyright Holder Springer India Corresponding Author Family Name Awasthi Q1 Particle Given Name L.P. Suffix Division Department of Plant Pathology Organization/University N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology Street Kumarganj City Faizabad Postcode 224229 Country India Email [email protected] Author Family Name Singh Particle Given Name S.P. Suffix Author Family Name Verma Particle Given Name H.N. Suffix Division Organization/University Jaipur National University City Jaipur Country India Abstract Plants, animals, and other microorganisms are provided, in their genetic makeup, with a certain range of antimicrobial compounds. With respect to viruses, a few plants show resistance to their infection. This resistance, in many cases, has been associated with the protective chemicals within the plant cells which are known for their antifungal or antimicrobial property and reported to be proteinaceous in nature. Many higher plants have developed a variety of defense systems to combat pathogen attack which is essential for their survival. Some of these plants possess endogenous proteins that act as virus inhibitors. They are generally basic proteins with molecular weight ranging from 24 to 32 kDa and effective against a wide range of plant viruses. The viral inhibitors are well studied in Phytolacca americana, Dianthus caryophyllus, Mirabilis jalapa, Bougainvillea spectabilis, and Celosia cristata. These viral inhibitors are most effective when mixed with the virus inoculum or when they are applied one day before or shortly after mechanical inoculation. AUTHOR QUERIES Q1 Please confirm the author affiliation. 1 Role of Defensive Antiviral 2 Proteins from Higher Plants 12 3 in the Management of Viral 4 Diseases [AU1]5 L.P. Awasthi, S.P. Singh, and H.N. Verma 6 12.1 Introduction applied one day before or shortly after mechani- 28 cal inoculation. 29 [AU2]7 Plants, animals, and other microorganisms are 8 provided, in their genetic makeup, with a certain 9 range of antimicrobial compounds. With respect 12.2 History 30 10 to viruses, a few plants show resistance to their 11 infection. This resistance, in many cases, has Duggar and Armstrong (1925) reported for the 31 12 been associated with the protective chemicals first time that the crude sap extract of Pokeweed 32 13 within the plant cells which are known for their (Phytolacca decandra L.) markedly inhibited the 33 14 antifungal or antimicrobial property and reported infectivity of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). 34 15 to be proteinaceous in nature. Many higher plants Kuntz and Walker (1947) made first attempt to 35 16 have developed a variety of defense systems to investigate the nature and property of the spinach 36 17 combat pathogen attack which is essential for extract. A variety of plants belonging to different 37 18 their survival. Some of these plants possess taxonomic families were subsequently used for 38 19 endogenous proteins that act as virus inhibitors. viral disease management. Loebenstein and Ross 39 20 They are generally basic proteins with molecular (1963) demonstrated formation of virus interfer- 40 21 weight ranging from 24 to 32 kDa and effective ing substances in sap extracted from resistant 41 22 against a wide range of plant viruses. The viral apical uninoculated halves of Datura leaves, 42 23 inhibitors are well studied in Phytolacca ameri- whose basal halves had been inoculated ten days 43 24 cana, Dianthus caryophyllus, Mirabilis jalapa, earlier with TMV. The sap from resistant halves 44 25 Bougainvillea spectabilis, and Celosia cristata. of leaves when mixed with virus reduced the 45 26 These viral inhibitors are most effective when infectivity of TMV, as compared to control sap. 46 27 mixed with the virus inoculum or when they are Verma et al. (1979a, b, c) and Verma and Awasthi 47 (1979a, b, c) conducted experiments with antivi- 48 ral substance of plant origin and found consider- 49 L.P. Awasthi (*) able reduction in infection of viruses. Awasthi 50 Department of Plant Pathology, N. D. University of and Mukherjee (1980) found protection of potato 51 Agriculture and Technology, virus infection by extract from some medicinal 52 Kumarganj, Faizabad 224229, India e-mail: [email protected] plants. The control of viral diseases of some 53 cucurbitaceous crops was also reported by the 54 S.P. Singh same group (Verma et al. 1980). Awasthi et al. 55 H.N. Verma (1984) observed that pre-inoculation sprays of 56 Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India Boerhaavia diffusa root extract were effective 57 © Springer India 2016 L.P. Awasthi (ed.), Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Plant Diseases, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2571-3_12 L.P. Awasthi et al. 58 against tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco and diffusa. Surendran et al. (1999) observed the anti- 107 59 tomato, cucumber mosaic virus in cucumber, viral activity of plant extracts (Azadirachta 108 60 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in melon, indica, Clerodendrum infortunatum, Ocimum 109 61 sunn hemp rosette virus in Crotalaria juncea, and sanctum, and Vitex negundo) against Brinjal 110 62 Gomphrena globosa. Verma et al. (1985) sug- mosaic virus on local lesion host Datura stramo- 111 63 gested possible control of natural infection of nium. The pre-inoculation sprays of 10 % leaf 112 64 Mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) in extract or oil formulations of A. indica were 113 65 mung bean and urdbean by plant extracts. found effective in reducing the virus infection 114 66 Zaidi et al. (1988) reported inhibitory effect of under field conditions. Singh (2002) and Singh 115 67 neem extract (A. indica) against Spinach mosaic and Awasthi (2002) reported that aqueous root 116 68 virus in Chenopodium amaranticolor. Verma extract of B. diffusa effectively reduced mung 117 69 et al. (1994) observed the efficacy of leaf extracts bean yellow mosaic and bean common mosaic 118 70 of different species of Clerodendrum, when virus disease in mung bean and urdbean along 119 71 applied to leaves of several hypersensitive hosts. with increased grain yield in field conditions. 120 72 The aqueous leaf extract prevented the infection Later, Awasthi and Kumar (2003a, b), Kumar and 121 73 of viruses by increasing the resistance of the host Awasthi (2003a, b) revealed that weekly sprays 122 74 plants towards subsequent virus infection. Verma of aqueous root extract of B. diffusa significantly 123 75 and Varsha (1995) used Clerodendrum aculea- prevented infection, multiplication, and spread of 124 76 tum alone and with certain proteinaceous modi- Cucumber mosaic virus, Bottle gourd mosaic 125 77 fiers (CA-M) against sunn hemp rosette virus virus, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, and 126 78 (SHRV) in Crotalaria juncea and observed that Pumpkin mosaic virus in cucurbitaceous crops. 127 79 in CA-M (with papain) sprayed plants, disease Kumar and Awasthi (2008) were able to prevent 128 80 incidence was much lower when treated plants infection and spread of cucumber mosaic disease 129 81 were challenged with SHRV 6 days after the in cucumber through plant proteins. Singh and 130 82 treatment. Verma et al. (1996) purified a non-­ Awasthi (2009) tested various medicinal plants 131 83 phytotoxic systemic resistance inducer from C. for the management of yellow mosaic disease of 132 84 aculeatum leaves. A water-soluble basic protein mung bean (Vigna radiata) Yadav et al. (2009). 133 85 of mol. wt. 34 kDA present in Clerodendrum Awasthi and Yadav (2009) worked on the man- 134 86 aculeatum (Ca-SRI) when applied prior to virus agement of viral diseases of tomato by seed treat- 135 87 inoculation reduced more than 90 % of local ment and foliar sprays of Boerhaavia diffusa root 136 88 lesions in N. ghtinosa by TMV. extract and Clerodendrum aculeatum leaf extract. 137 89 Bharathi (1999) reported that extract of 90 Mirabilis jalapa completely inhibited Cucumber 91 mosaic virus in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), 12.3 Virus Inhibitors and Their 138 92 while the inhibition of CMV by the plant extract Characteristics 139 93 of Prosopis chinensis, Bougainvillea spectabilis, [AU3] 94 and Eucalyptus citriodora was 83 %, 75 %, and Antiviral resistance-inducing proteins act on any 140 95 58 %, respectively. In pre-inoculation treatments step of virus synthesis, i.e., from the uncoating of 141 96 with M. jalapa, the percent infection of CMV on viral proteins to the appearance of symptoms. 142 97 brinjal ranged from 0 to 56 % (Awasthi and Rizvi Proteins inhibit virus infection or multiplication 143 98 1999). They also found that infection of Tomato when applied before or after virus multiplication. 144 99 yellow leaf curl virus, a vector-borne virus, was Virus inhibitory property of virus inhibitors 145 100 checked significantly by the application of B. dif- depends on their concentration and time of appli- 146 101 fusa root extract. Jayashree et al. (1999) studied cation. Functions of proteins are also affected by 147 102 the efficacy of 10 plant extracts against Pumpkin temperature and pH. For example, virus inhibitor 148 103 yellow vein mosaic virus in pumpkin and in Boerhaavia diffusa roots was inactivated at 149 104 observed maximum inhibition of virus transmis- 95 °C and pH 4 but not at pH 10 (Verma and 150 105 sion by insect vector Bemisia tabaci by Awasthi 1979c). 151 106 Bougainvillea spectabilis extract followed by B. 12 Role of Defensive Antiviral Proteins from Higher Plants in the Management of Viral Diseases 152 Types of virus inhibitors: On the basis of mode an infectious preparation of TMV can be recov- 196 153 of action, the virus inhibitors may be grouped ered after centrifugation at 59, 000 g for 60 min. 197 154 into two types: Crude AVF preparation retained the activity for 198 several months when stored at 4–10 °C, and for 199 155 (A) Inhibitors of virus infection several days at room temperature.

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