Dr. Christián László ALTERNATÍV RENDÉSZET

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Dr. Christián László ALTERNATÍV RENDÉSZET PÁZMÁNY PÉTER KATOLIKUS EGYETEM JOG – ÉS ÁLLAMTUDOMÁNYI KAR, DOKTORI ISKOLA dr. Christián László ALTERNATÍV RENDÉSZET PhD-disszertáció Témavezetők: DR. KISS LÁSZLÓ és DR. VARGA ZS. ANDRÁS Budapest 2010 II TARTALOMJEGYZÉK BEVEZETÉS ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. EPIZÓDOK A RENDÉSZET TÖRTÉNETÉBŐL .......................................................... 16 1.1. A KEZDETEKRŐL ......................................................................................................... 16 1.2. RÓMA, IUS PUBLICUM .................................................................................................. 17 1.3. „SÖTÉT KÖZÉPKOR”?! ................................................................................................. 18 1.3.1. Németország .......................................................................................................... 19 1.3.2. Franciaország, a csendőrség hazája ..................................................................... 21 1.3.3. Anglia, az alulról szerveződő rendőrség modellje ................................................. 22 1.4. A MAGYAR RENDÉSZET – RENDVÉDELEM TÖRTÉNETÉNEK RÖVID BEMUTATÁSA ........ 24 1.4.1. Az államalapítástól a török kiűzéséig .................................................................... 24 1.4.2. A XVIII-XIX. század rendvédelme ......................................................................... 29 1.4.3. A századforduló rendőrsége és a két világháború időszakának rendészeti vetületei 33 1.4.4. A szocialista rendvédelem ..................................................................................... 36 1.5. A PÉNZÜGYŐRSÉG ÉS A CSENDŐRSÉG TÖRTÉNETÉRŐL VÁZLATOSAN .......................... 39 1.5.1. Vámszedés, mint foglalkozás a Szentírásban ......................................................... 39 1.5.2. Vámszedés Magyarországon a honfoglalástól a kiegyezésig ................................ 42 1.5.3. A Vám- és Pénzügyőrség 140 éve .......................................................................... 46 1.6. A MAGYAR CSENDŐRSÉG TÖRTÉNETÉNEK RÖVID ÁTTEKINTÉSE .................................. 50 1.6.1. A magyar királyi csendőrség megszervezése ......................................................... 52 1.6.2. A csendőrség szervezete, működése ....................................................................... 53 1.6.3. Érdekességek a csendőrség hétköznapjaiból ......................................................... 54 1.6.4. A magyar királyi csendőrség fennállásának fordulópontjai .................................. 55 2. RENDÉSZET KÜLFÖLDÖN ............................................................................................ 59 2.1. AZ ANGOLSZÁSZ ÉS KONTINENTÁLIS RENDÉSZETI MODELLEKRŐL .............................. 59 2.2. AZ EGYESÜLT ÁLLAMOK RENDÉSZETE ....................................................................... 62 2.2.1. A „New York-i csoda”: zero tolerancia ................................................................ 65 2.2.2. Tucson Police Department .................................................................................... 67 2.2.3. Határrendészet az USA – mexikói határ (Nogales) ............................................... 68 2.2.4. Customs and Boarder Protection (CBP) ............................................................... 68 2.2.5. Office of the Inspector General (Miami) ............................................................... 69 2.3. A GUARDIA DI FINANZA, AZ OLASZ PÉNZÜGYŐRSÉG ................................................... 69 2.3.1. Az olasz rendészetről dióhéjban ............................................................................ 70 2.3.2. A GdF. létrejötte, a kezdetek ................................................................................. 72 2.3.3. A GdF szervezete, működése és legfőbb sajátosságai ........................................... 73 III 2.3.4. Személyi állomány ................................................................................................. 75 2.3.5. Oktatás, képzés ...................................................................................................... 77 2.3.6. Szervezeti felépítés ................................................................................................. 77 2.3.7. Nem adóbeszedés, ellenőrzés ................................................................................. 78 2.3.8. A pénzügyi rendőrség munkája a gyakorlatban .................................................... 79 2.3.9. Szervezett bűnözés elleni központ .......................................................................... 80 2.3.10. Külkapcsolatok, nemzetközi együttműködés, missziók ........................................... 81 2.3.11. Logisztikai háttér, infrastruktúra ........................................................................... 83 2.3.12. Összegzés, konklúziók ............................................................................................ 84 2.4. NÉMETORSZÁG ............................................................................................................ 85 2.4.1. A rendészet bölcsője .............................................................................................. 85 2.4.2. A német pénzügyőrség ........................................................................................... 88 2.4.3. Szervezeti felépítés ................................................................................................. 91 2.4.4. Nyomozás .............................................................................................................. 91 2.4.5. Állomány összetétele, felvétel ................................................................................ 92 2.4.6. Eredmények, hatékonyság .................................................................................... 93 2.4.7. Újdonságok, különbözőségek, ötletek .................................................................... 94 3. A BIZONYTALAN ALAPRA ÉPÜLŐ HÁZ, AVAGY A RENDÉSZET FOGALMAINAK TISZTÁZÁSA ............................................................................................... 96 3.1. RENDÉSZET ................................................................................................................. 96 3.2. RENDÉSZET KONTRA RENDVÉDELEM ......................................................................... 100 3.2.1. A rendvédelem érvei ............................................................................................ 101 3.2.2. A rendészetpárti érvek ......................................................................................... 103 3.3. RENDÉSZET – RENDVÉDELEM A JOGALKOTÁSBAN ..................................................... 105 3.4. A MAGYAR ALAPTÖRVÉNY A RENDÉSZETRŐL ........................................................... 111 3.5. KÖZREND, KÖZBIZTONSÁG ........................................................................................ 114 3.5.1. Közrend ............................................................................................................... 114 3.5.2. Közbiztonság ....................................................................................................... 118 3.6. VESZÉLY ................................................................................................................... 120 4. A RENDÉSZET ALKOTMÁNYOS MEGALAPOZÁSA ............................................ 122 4.1. JOGÁLLAMISÁG ......................................................................................................... 122 4.2. A RENDÉSZET ALKOTMÁNYOS MŰKÖDÉSE ................................................................ 126 4.3. RENDÉSZETI FUNKCIÓK ............................................................................................. 127 4.3.1. Jelenlét, őrködés .................................................................................................. 128 4.3.2. Legitim fizikai erőszak monopóliuma .................................................................. 130 4.3.3. Az információszerzés funkciója, a bűnügyi rendészet .......................................... 132 4.4. MÁS ASPEKTUSÚ FELOSZTÁSOK ................................................................................ 135 4.5. A „RENDŐRKÖDÉS” (POLICING), MINT HIVATÁS ........................................................ 138 IV 4.6. RENDŐRSÉG KONTRA KATONASÁG ............................................................................ 139 4.7. NEMZETI ALKOTMÁNYOK A RENDÉSZETRŐL .............................................................. 1 4 0 4.8. A TÖRVÉNYESSÉG ELVE A RENDÉSZETBEN ................................................................ 143 4.9. A KÖZBIZTONSÁG, MINT ALAPVETŐ EMBERI JOG? ..................................................... 145 4.10. KIINDULÁSI ALAPOK, ALAPJOGVÉDELEM .................................................................. 146 4.11. ALKOTMÁNYBÍRÓSÁGI GYAKORLAT ......................................................................... 149 4.12. BÍRÓI ALAPJOGVÉDELEM, STRASBOURGI ESETJOG ..................................................... 153 5. MAI MAGYAR RENDÉSZET ........................................................................................ 157 5.1. VÁLTOZÓ KÖZIGAZGATÁS ......................................................................................... 157 5.2. KORSZERŰSÍTÉS, MODERNIZÁCIÓ, REFORM ..............................................................
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